天然矿物材料在复合材料中的应用价值

本文介绍了复合材料的特殊工业意义、发展前景及天然矿物在复合材料中的利用价值，天然矿物和复合材料的关系及应注意的问题。     

天然矿物在CVD法合成碳纳米管中的应用

化学气相沉积(CVD)合成碳纳米管时,催化剂具有重要的作用。实验证实,一些天然矿物也是潜在的催化剂材料,能在高温下裂解乙炔合成碳纳米管。吸附性能良好的坡缕石和海泡石是优异的催化剂载体,负载钴制备碳纳米管的直径均匀细小;钛酸脂改性后的坡缕石能释放金属铁,并催化碳纳米管的生长;由于矿物晶格中含有催化剂金属离子,大洋锰结核是天然的催化剂。采用矿物催化剂,成本低廉,能够获得碳纳米管与矿物的复合材料,拓宽矿物的应用领域。     

纳米TiO2/天然矿物复合材料的环境效应

本文系统论述了国内外有关纳米TiO2/矿物复合材料的研究和应用现状,重点介绍了负载纳米TiO2的矿物种类及其复合材料在环境科学研究中的应用。分别介绍了氧化物、层状硅酸盐、架状硅酸盐和硅藻土,重点论述了层状硅酸盐类。纳米TiO2/矿物复合材料主要应用于降解有机污染物(如有机染料、苯酚、甲基橙、亚甲基蓝、邻氯苯酚、DDVP、HCH、DDT、DDE、DDD、反式氯丹和顺式氯丹等),将其变为H2O、CO2等无害小分子化合物,不产生二次污染。纳米TiO2/天然矿物复合材料对污染物的降解效果优于单相TiO2,在环境方面的应用很有潜力。     

一种对饮用水进行降氟、矿化处理的新材料

一种由多种天然矿物组成的复合材料，可将高氟饮用水的含氟量降至0.1mg/L，Sr增至矿化水水平，其他指标也符合卫生标准，且使用寿命长、成本低、操作简便，是一种新型的环保矿物材料。     

天然有机质与矿物间的吸附及其环境效应的研究进展

本文综述了天然有机质与矿物间吸附行为的研究进展.具体介绍了天然有机质与矿物间的吸附机理,包括配位交换、范德华力、静电引力、疏水作用、离子交换及阳离子桥;阐述了不同分子大小及亲疏水性组分的天然有机质在矿物上的吸附行为;讨论了影响吸附行为的环境条件（pH,离子强度）及天然有机-矿物体系对全球碳循环、重金属和有机污染物产生的环境效应,并提出了研究展望.     

环境矿物材料基本性能：无机界矿物天然自净化功能

重点阐述环境矿物材料基本性能，包括矿物表面吸附、孔道过滤、结构调整、离子交换、化学活性、物理效应、纳米效应及与生物交互作用等，旨在发掘、凝炼并新提出物理方法和化学方法之后与有机界生物同效的无机界矿物天然自净化功能的基础理论与应用方法，以发展和完善无机矿物与有机生物所共同构筑的自然界中存在的天然自净化系统，并就目前笔者在黄铁矿、锰钾矿、金红石、蛭石、蒙脱石、苋铁铁钒等天然矿物方面已经完成和正在开展的一系列环境矿物材料研究工作进行了举例说明。     

天然矿物材料在废水处理中的应用

利用天然矿物进行废水处理优势明显。当前,层状(粘土矿物)、架状(沸石)、链状(硅灰石)、岛状(电气石)硅盐酸矿物及锰的氧化物、氢氧化物和铁的硫化物在废水处理方面已有许多研究成果和成功应用的实例,其发展前景广阔。今后,有关金属矿的矿物学特征及其在环境净化中的应用、天然矿物应用条件和再生条件的研究工作应进一步加强。     

铁矿物催化氧化技术在水处理中的应用

广泛存在于地下水中的各种有机污染物严重影响着水资源的安全利用,常见的水处理工艺对持久性有机污染物去除效果不够理想。近年来,天然含铁矿物作为催化剂,催化过氧化氢的化学治理方法对各种有机污染物去除效果显著。概述近年来主要含铁矿物、负载型矿物和纳米矿物材料催化过氧化氢在地下水有机污染去除中的应用,探讨了该领域的发展现状和存在问题,并对其应用前景进行展望。认为天然矿物材料具有成本低、在地壳中含量高、环境友好等特点,可用于多种有机污染物的去除与降解。但处理过程中,天然有机质的作用、纳米矿物材料的毒性和地球化学归宿问题应该做进一步研究。     

天然矿物低温催化脂肪酸酯生烃反应动力学研究

选择十八烷酸甲酯为模型化合物,以 10种天然矿物为载体,通过动力学方法考察了天然矿物对脂肪酸酯生烃反应的催化作用.结果表明,地质低温条件下天然矿物对脂肪酸酯生烃反应具有催化作用.矿物的催化作用主要体现在对反应活化能和指前因子的影响上.粘土、碳酸盐和金属元素对于脂肪酸酯生烃反应具有不同的催化作用,碳酸盐矿物相对于粘土矿物使生烃反应的活化能降低,过渡金属化合物矿物存在时,催化反应活化能介于碳酸盐和粘土矿物之间.天然矿物的存在能够升高或降低反应指前因子.     

有机粘土矿物在环境矿物学中的意义与应用前景

由于天然矿物或稍经改性的天然矿物具有良好的环境属性 ,具有广泛而有效地应用于实际生产生活的环境污染控制和环境失衡修复的功能 ,因此 ,应努力研究和广泛开发天然矿物的环境应用。天然产出的粘土矿物 ,其颗粒最为细小 (ｄ <0 0 1ｍｍ) ,以含铝、镁等为主的一类矿物 ,除海泡石、坡缕石等少数为层链状外 ,其它均为层状结构 ,其层间包含可交换性无机阳离子 ,出露在晶体表面上有一部分氧原子价。这种特有的分子结构的不规则性和晶格缺陷 ,使其具有贮藏能量然后再释放出来的能力 ,对于这种能力的研究和应用 ,使其在诸多经济部门和学科领域都…     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.