中国盐湖资源与生态环境

中国盐湖区受干旱-半干旱气候控制,现代盐湖主要分布于年降水量500mm范围内。依据中国盐湖地貌、地质构造条件及物质成分特点,将中国盐湖划分为4个盐湖区,并简述第四纪以来各区由于古气候变化和地质构造活动性不同,而具有各自的盐湖演化特点。由于各区盐湖规模、经济价值和交通技术条件不同,开发利用程度有差异,以吉兰泰盐湖和运城盐湖综合利用和环境保护较好;以察尔汗为代表的钾盐湖开发规模最大。目前中国盐湖区环境还存在很多需要改善的问题,尤其是地处边远的中小型盐湖,采富弃贫、回收率低和单一矿种开采使大量伴生有用组分贫化等。同时,由于气候环境因素也引起盐湖环境的重大变化,在全球变暖的背景下,西北盐湖区,自1987年以来,出现向暖湿转型,湖泊有扩大上升趋势;青藏高原盐湖区则大致从1992年以来,由东往西,相继出现高湖面,显现向暖湿转型;而西北盐湖区仍处于暖干阶段,湖水位下降,盐湖沙化。随着中国全面建设小康和和谐社会的实施,生态环境保护日益受到重视,建议进一步吸取国内外在盐业综合利用、整体开发和环境保护的经验和先进技术,加强盐湖环境变化观察和监测,建设环境友好型的绿色大盐湖产业。     

基于河湖地质过程的武汉市湖泊的成因划分

武汉市位于长江中游,长江与汉江在此交汇,城区河网纵横,湖泊众多,素有"江城"和"百湖之市"之称.湖泊对于武汉城市的可持续发展及宜居城市建设有着特别重要的意义.关于武汉市的湖泊前人曾开展了大量的研究,但对于湖泊的成因则研究较少.湖泊的成因不仅对武汉市近代地质环境演化具有重要意义,同时也是湖泊保护的基础科学问题.在地质地貌调查上,通过江湖古地理演变分析,结合历史文献记录等综合研究,认为武汉湖泊的形成与河流地质作用过程密切相关,据此将武汉市湖泊的成因类型划分为:河道遗迹湖（又分河道废弃湖和河道洲滩夹湖）、河堤溃口湖、河间洼地湖和沟谷壅塞湖四种类型.分析了各类湖泊的特征、地貌分布及形成过程.其中沟谷壅塞湖是现存湖泊的主要类型,其形成演化与区域气候变化背景下的河海相互作用密切相关,分别经历了湖盆形成期（20~14 ka）、湖泊形成期（14~7 ka）和湖泊发展期（7 ka以来）3个阶段.此外,武汉的城市与湖泊经历了由"湖中城"到"城中湖"的发展历程,围湖造地是武汉市最重要人为改造自然工程,依湖泊类型的不同采取了不同的围湖发展方式,汉口地区以河间洼地湖为主,主要以"筑堤-排水-造地"填湖发展;武昌和汉阳地区以沟谷壅塞湖为主,采取的是"堵塞湖汊造地"的环湖发展方式.在未来的城市建设中,有计划地实施湖-湖连通和河-湖连通工程是十分必要的.      

中国盐湖锂资源的产业化现状-以西台吉乃尔盐湖和扎布耶盐湖为例

锂对国民经济和国家安全具有重要意义, 是21世纪的能源金属。近10年, 中国主要从国外进口碳酸锂产品。中国是一个多盐湖的国家, 盐湖锂占锂资源工业总储量的85%。现代第四纪盐湖主要分布在我国西北的青海、西藏、新疆和内蒙古四省区, 具有很好的开发前景。经过多年科研后, 目前国内已经在西台吉乃尔和扎布耶两个盐湖建立了卤水提锂产业。本文对比研究了这两个盐湖资源状况和地理气候条件, 以及由此而决定的盐湖资源开发工艺流程, 探讨了其工艺优化方向。并指出这两个盐湖具有锂资源储量大, 品位高的优势, 但是受盐湖类型或地理气候条件限制, 工艺上有待改善。建议继续加强对盐湖开发技术优化和对盐湖提锂产业的扶持。     

应用氢、氧同位素研究苏干湖盆地大、小苏干湖湖水补给来源

苏干湖盆地是嵌套在柴达木盆地中的一个封闭盆地,大、小苏干湖是盆地地表水和地下水的汇集中心,两湖相距20km,但大苏干湖为咸水湖、小苏干湖为淡水湖。文章通过氢、氧同位素分析盆地中大、小苏干湖湖水补给来源,解释了两湖虽近,但矿化度差别较大的原因。为解决敦煌盆地地下水资源短缺问题,政府部门计划从苏干湖盆地地下水的主要补给源——大哈尔腾河引水至党河当中,但湖水补给源的不同,导致引水对两湖影响不一。结果表明,大苏干湖湖水补给来源为大、小哈尔腾河上游4 800m以上冰雪融水补给,且径流路径长,蒸发强烈。小苏干湖主要由来自党河南山西段和阿尔金山区雨水补给,径流路径短。因此,大、小苏干湖矿化度差别较大,补给源的不同导致引水对大苏干湖湖水影响较大,而对小苏干湖湖水影响较小。     

中国新生界咸水湖相烃源岩和原油生物标志物组合特征

我国广泛发育着新生界咸水湖盆,这些湖盆具有独特的沉积环境和生油气条件。咸水湖相烃源岩及其所形成烃类的地球化学特征,既不同于淡水湖相,又不同于海相烃源岩及原油的地球化学特征。介绍了我国咸水湖相中烃源岩及原油的生物标志物组合特性、形成条件及其地球化学意义。     

Geomorphic and chronometric evidence for high lake level history in Gahai Lake and Toson Lake of north‐eastern Qaidam Basin,north‐eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Palaeoshorelines, highstand lacustrine sediments and lakeshore terraces are preserved around saline lakes in the arid Qaidam Basin. Previous research indicates that the chronology of a mega‐paleolake in the Qaidam Basin during the late Pleisotocene is controversial. Here we report quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) age estimates of highstand lacustrine sediments, shoreline features and geomorphic exposures that contribute to a revision of the lake level history of Gahai and Toson lakes in the north‐eastern Qaidam Basin, on the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) margin. The results imply that: (i) high lake levels at Gahai and Toson lakes based on quartz OSL dating occurred at 85–72, 63–55, 31, 5.4 and 0.9–0.7 ka, probably corresponding to periods of warm and wet climate; (ii) periods of high lake levels are almost synchronous with other lakes on the QTP (e.g. Qinghai and Namco lakes), with the highest late Pleistocene levels occurring during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 5; and (iii) highstand phases on the QTP are out of phase with those of low‐latitude lakes in the southern hemisphere, possibly driven by solar insolation variability in the low‐latitude region. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Research on the carbon isotopic composition of organic matter from Lake Chenghai and Caohai Lake sediments

The carbon isotopic composition of organic matter from lake sediments has been extensively used to infer variations in productivity. In this paper, based on the study of the contents and δ13C values of organic matter in different types of lakes, it has been found that δ13C values of organic matter have different responses to lake productivity in different lakes. As to the lakes dominated by aqutic macrophytes such as Lake Caohai, organic matter becomes enriched in 13C with increasing productivity. As to the lakes dominated by aquatic algae such as Lake Chenghai, δ13C values of organic matter decrease with increasing productivity, and the degradation of aquatic algae is the main factor leading to the decrease of δ13C values of organic matter with increasing productivity. Therefore, we should be cautious to use the carbon isotopic composition of organic matter to deduce lake productivity.     

湖泊数值模拟研究现状综述

作为陆面过程的重要组成部分,湖泊在天气气候预测中的作用得到了相关研究者的广泛关注,并成为大气科学研究领域中的一个热点.主要综述了当前湖泊模式的基本类型、所考虑的关键物理过程及其参数化方案,并尝试分析了各个方案的优劣以及模拟效果.相关研究表明,现有的湖泊模式对浅湖的模拟比较成熟,而对深湖和冰湖的模拟有待改进.未来的研究亟需构筑适用于大湖、深湖以及冰湖的参数化方案,发展能全面模拟各类型湖泊的数值模式,并且湖泊数值模拟的改进依赖于今后更多高质量的全球湖泊观测结果.     

藏南羊卓雍错流域主要湖泊水质状况及其评价

湖泊水质是研究湖泊变化及其对气候变化响应的重要指标.分析了藏南羊卓雍错流域主要湖泊的水化学指标概况、 水化学组成、 矿化度时空分布及其驱动, 并在此基础上对各湖泊的水质现状进行了评价. 研究表明: 流域内各湖泊水化学性质虽有一定的相似性, 但矿化度等水化学指标浓度存在显著差异, 各湖泊水化学组成亦差异显著. 羊卓雍错和巴纠错均为硫酸盐类-镁组, 沉错为硫酸盐类-钠组, 普莫雍错和空姆错则分别为重碳酸盐类-镁组和重碳酸盐类-钙组. 各湖泊矿化度差异较大的主要原因在于其补给来源不同, 以降水补给为主的湖泊矿化度远高于以冰雪融水补给为主的湖泊. 与全球气候变暖相对应, 各湖泊矿化度变化反映了气候变化的影响, 而水电站运行对羊卓雍错水体化学性质变化有所贡献. 目前, 羊卓雍错、 普莫雍错水质为劣V类, 空姆错、 沉错、 巴纠错水质为V类. 深入探讨该流域水质对气候变化的响应, 亟需更长时间序列的数据支持. 为此, 必须继续在该流域长期开展全方位的水化学观测与水质监测、 评价工作.     

喜马拉雅山中段波曲流域近期冰湖溃决危险性分析与评估

西藏聂拉木县波曲流域内分布有大量的冰湖,对2000/2001年度卫星遥感数据遥感解译获取了冰湖的分布及面积;对比1987年的数据发现,经过15 a流域内冰湖数量和面积均发生了巨大的变化.通过野外考察获取了重要冰湖的溢流状态、冰碛堤稳定性、冰川影响等资料,在此基础上使用直接判别法和冰湖溃决危险性指数(I_dl)进行了冰湖溃决危险性评价,所有冰湖中有9个处于高度危险状态的,3个处于较高危险的,2个处于稳定状态,其余35个处于相对稳定或趋于衰退状态.冲堆普下游、科亚普下游和主河至科亚普汇口以下为高度危险区,塔吉岭普下游、如甲普下游和章藏布下游处于较高危险,其他支沟下游及所有上游区处于冰湖溃决相对安全区.基于危险性评价结果,建议下游根据危险性大小,采取相应的应对措施以减轻冰湖溃决泥石流的危害.     

Carbon Sequestration and Release from Antarctic Lakes: Lake Vida and West Lake Bonney (McMurdo Dry Valleys)

Perennial ice covers on many Antarctic lakes have resulted in high lake inorganic carbon contents. The objective of this paper was to evaluate and compare the brine and CO₂ chemistries of Lake Vida (Victoria Valley) and West Lake Bonney (Taylor Valley), two lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys (East Antarctica), and their potential consequences during global warming. An existing geochemical model (FREZCHEM-15) was used to convert measured molarity into molality needed for the FREZCHEM model, and this model added a new algorithm that converts measured DIC into carbonate alkalinity needed for the FREZCHEM model. While quite extensive geochemical information exists for ice-covered Taylor Valley lakes, such as West Lake Bonney, only limited information exists for the recently sampled brine of >25 m ice-thick Lake Vida. Lake Vida brine had a model-calculated pCO₂ = 0.60 bars at the field pH (6.20); West Lake Bonney had a model-calculated pCO₂ = 5.23 bars at the field pH (5.46). Despite the high degree of atmospheric CO₂ supersaturation in West Lake Bonney, it remains significantly undersaturated with the gas hydrate, CO₂·6H₂O, unless these gas hydrates are deep in the sediment layer or are metastable having formed under colder temperatures or greater pressures. Because of lower temperatures, Lake Vida could start forming CO₂·6H₂O at lower pCO₂ values than West Lake Bonney; but both lakes are significantly undersaturated with the gas hydrate, CO₂·6H₂O. For both lakes, simulation of global warming from current subzero temperatures (?13.4 °C in Lake Vida and ?4.7 °C in West Lake Bonney) to 10 °C has shown that a major loss of solution-phase carbon as CO₂ gases and carbonate minerals occurred when the temperatures rose above 0 °C and perennial ice covers would disappear. How important these Antarctic CO₂ sources will be for future global warming remains to be seen. But a recent paper has shown that methane increased in atmospheric concentration due to deglaciation about 10,000 years ago. So, CO₂ release from ice lakes might contribute to atmospheric gases in the future.     

Late Holocene lacustrine chronology and archaeology of ancient Lake Cahuilla, California

Freshwater lakes existed intermittently in the Salton Trough of southern California during the late Holocene. The lakes formed north of the subaerial Colorado River Delta whenever the Colorado River flowed west into the trough instead of south to the Gulf of California. Water filled the trough to a maximum altitude of 12 m. Stratigraphy, radiocarbon dates, and supplementary evidence document four lacustral intervals of Lake Cahuilla between A.D. 700 and 1580. Archaeological sites are associated with the 12-m shoreline and their occupation correlates with these lacustral intervals.     

Lake water geochemistry on the western Kola Peninsula,north-west Russia

Water samples were taken from 120 lakes spread over the western half of the Kola Peninsula, NW Russia. The samples were analysed for 37 elements, pH and electrical conductivity. Lake water chemistry appears in most cases to be dominated by a Ca/Na–HCO₃ signature, characteristic of natural carbonate/silicate weathering. Input of elements from marine derived salts and from the Ni industry (roasting plant at Zapoljarnij, smelter at Nikel and smelter/refinery at Monchegorsk) emissions are restricted to limited regions. Considering that 3 of the world's largest point source emitters of SO₂ are located within the area, the median lake water pH is surprisingly close to neutral (6.6, range 4.2–7.4). Indeed some of the apparently SO₄ contaminated lakes nearest to the smelters yield the highest pH values. Changes in climate and vegetation from north to south within the survey area probably have an influence on element concentrations and pH as observed in the lake waters. Proton displacement by sea salt cation input provides an explanation of low pH lakes in coastal areas.     

The Chemical Nature of Phosphorus in Subtropical Lake Sediments

The phosphorus (P) composition of sediment profiles in three subtropical lakes of contrasting trophic state in Florida, USA, was determined by sequential fractionation and solution ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. Sediment from Lake Annie, an oligo-mesotrophic sinkhole with moderately acidic sediment (pH 5.4; loss on ignition 58 %), contained higher total P concentrations than sediment from eutrophic Lake Okeechobee (pH 7.7, loss on ignition 36 %) and hyper-eutrophic Lake Apopka (pH 7.5, loss on ignition 69 %). The chemical nature of sediment P varied markedly among the three lakes, suggesting the predominance of different diagenetic processes. Lake Okeechobee sediment was dominated by inorganic P, indicating the dominance of abiotic reactions; Lake Annie sediment contained abundant organic P throughout the sediment profile, indicating the importance of organic P stabilization at acidic pH; Lake Apopka contained almost half of its sediment P in microbial biomass, indicating the importance of biotic processes in regulating P dynamics. Solution ³¹P NMR spectroscopy of NaOH–EDTA extracts revealed that organic P occurred mainly as phosphomonoesters in all lakes. However, sediment from Lake Apopka also contained abundant phosphodiesters and was the only lake to contain detectable concentrations of polyphosphate, perhaps due to a combination of alternating redox conditions and high concentrations of inorganic phosphate and organic carbon. Organic P concentrations determined by sequential fractionation and solution ³¹P NMR spectroscopy were similar for all lakes when microbial P was included in values for sequential fractionation. We conclude that the chemical nature of sediment P varies markedly depending on trophic state and can provide important information on the dominant processes controlling P cycling in subtropical lakes.     

湖泊沉积中的10Be含量变化——有助于识别第四纪古冰川的有无

20世纪50-70年代核试验产生的¹³⁷Cs尘埃,在现代冰川和非冰川湖泊沉积剖面中的深度分布存在明显差异.同理,大气宇宙射线成因的长半衰期¹⁰Be尘埃,在第四纪冰川和非冰川湖泊沉积剖面中的深度分布也应存在差异.第四纪冰川湖泊,冰期时流域内冰雪和¹⁰Be的累积量大于消融量,间冰期时冰雪和¹⁰Be的消融量大于累积量.因此,冰川湖泊冰期的¹⁰Be入湖通量小于间冰期.湖泊沉积剖面¹⁰Be浓度的波动,很可能表征流域内冰雪消融与累积的变化.非冰川湖泊,不存在冰川的累积与消融对¹⁰Be入湖通量的影响.开展第四纪冰川与非冰川湖泊沉积¹⁰Be含量变化的对比研究,有可能为破译中国东部中低山区古冰川和青藏高原大冰盖的世纪之争提供新的证据.     

Glacial Lake Victoria,a high‐level Antarctic Lake inferred from lacustrine deposits in Victoria Valley

We present evidence of a large lake (Glacial Lake Victoria) that existed in Victoria Valley in the dry valleys region of Antarctica between at least 20 000 and 8600 ¹⁴C yr BP. At its highstands, Glacial Lake Victoria covered 100 km² and was ca. 200 m deep. The chronology for lake‐level changes comes from 87 AMS radiocarbon dates of lacustrine algae preserved in deltas and glaciolacustrine deposits that extend up to 185 m above present‐day lakes on the valley floor. The existence of Glacial Lake Victoria, as well as other large lakes in the dry valleys, indicates a climate regime significantly different from that of today at the last glacial maximum and in the early Holocene. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lacustrine Record of 1954 Flood Event on Begnas and Rupa Lake,Central Nepal

In recent decades, there have been discussions and predictions regarding the impact of climate on floods, due to its socioeconomic and environmental consequences. For accurate prediction of future flood events and their impacts, it is crucial to have an improved understanding on past flood events. Lacustrine sediments have been used as a natural archive to study the past flood events. Here, we study the impact of 1954 flood event on the lacustrine environment of Bengas and Rupa Lake in central Nepal based on X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) element analysis, magnetic susceptibility (MS), total organic carbon (TOC) and the biomarker molecular compositions. Results showed that 1954 flood event had significant impacts on the two lakes in terms of detrital input, organic matter deposition and aquatic production. Before the flood event, both two studied lakes had relatively lower catchment erosion rate, lower organic matter deposition and aquatic production. During the flood event, catchment erosion and aquatic production increased in both lakes due to mass transport deposits and the increased nutrition loading attributed to flood event. Following the flood event, Begnas Lake showed the sharp increase in organic matter deposition, whereas in the Rupa Lake organic matter deposition showed minor changes. The difference in organic matter deposition in lakes during flooding event is likely due to detrital material brought and deposited by the flood activity. Overall our results suggest that lacustrine sediments are sensitive to the extreme event and would be an ideal archive for the reconstruction of flood events.     

西藏扎布耶碳酸盐型盐湖卤水相化学研究

中国盐湖资源丰富,且水化学类型齐全。西藏扎布耶盐湖位于西藏高原腹地,该湖卤水水化学类型为碳酸盐型,已处于盐湖演化晚期,是一个固液共存的盐湖矿床,具有很好的工业开发价值。笔者分别在15℃、25℃下对该卤水进行了等温蒸发实验,研究了在此两个温度下卤水中各元素富集行为和盐类矿物析出规律。并通过讨论其与国内外碳酸盐型和硫酸盐型锂盐湖的卤水蒸发路径和矿物析出异同,指出扎布耶盐湖具有其独特的卤水蒸发析盐路径。在本实验中低温有利于卤水中锂的富集,而高温有利于硼的富集,碳酸锂和钾盐交叉析出,低温时钾的矿物主要为钾石盐,高温时主要为钾芒硝,高温有利于获得高品位的碳酸锂混盐。     

定量再造湖泊古生产力的尝试

根据海洋学计算古生产力的方法,利用云南现代陆相断陷湖盆的沉积学和生物学资料,推导出了湖泊中用有机碳法计算古生产力的公式：R＝C×ρ×（1－Φ）／（0．00421×S^0.0826）,并比较了用此公式和海洋中计算古生产力的公式计算出的山东济阳坳陷沙三段沉积时期的古生产力。结果表明,湖泊古生产力大多高于海洋古生产力,推导出来的计算湖泊古生产力大多的公式,对定量计算新生代古湖泊,尤其是类似于渤海湾盆地的断陷湖泊的古生产力有着重要的实际意义。