辽河油田锦99块扇三角洲前缘储层隔夹层成因与分布

陆相储层隔夹层是形成油藏内流体流动非均质的主要原因之一,也是控制厚油层复杂水淹形式的主要地质因素。通过对辽河油田锦99块扇三角洲前缘储层隔夹层进行研究,认为在沉积作用、成岩作用的控制下,研究区内形成了泥质、物性、钙质三类隔夹层,其岩-电识别特征与分布规律均存在明显的差别。泥质夹层主要分布于厚层水下分流河道砂叠置区、水道侧缘区以及邻近砂岩尖灭区;物性夹层分布较杂乱,常分布于物性较差的区域;钙质夹层主要分布于砂厚较大、原生孔隙发育的岩相带以及Ⅱ级边界断层附近。隔夹层对油藏内剩余油分布具有重要影响,需要综合断裂构造、沉积相、成岩相等多种地质因素进行预测。     

人工夹层的抑制水锥作用的研究

人工夹层在油田开发的堵水防水中具有重要作用。从研究底水突入油井的机理出发 ,分析了底水上窜绕过人工夹层的过程。讨论了K H Coat的底水流模型 ,对底水绕过夹层时的累计水侵量进行了计算 ,分析了夹层所在的位置、大小和厚度对底水锥进的影响。研究表明 :人工夹层处于油水界面之上对底水锥进能有效的抑制 ,使开采效果得到提高 ;夹层半径越大 ,水侵量的减小越多 ,夹层的有效作用时间越长 ;人工夹层的作用还同油层的非均质性和开采速度密切相关。最后给出了带夹层底水油藏水侵量的计算公式     

底水油藏开发中夹层的作用研究

从研究底水突出油井的机理出发，讨论了底水上窜绕过夹层的过程。根据Coats KH的底水流模型，计算了底水绕过夹层时的累计水侵量，详细讨论了夹层所在位置、大小和厚度对底水锥进的影响。研究表明，处于油水界面之上的夹层对底水锥进能有效抑制,提高了开采效果；夹层半径越大，对水侵量的减小越大，其有效作用时间越长；夹层的作用还同油层的非均质性和开采速度密切相关；有夹层的油藏，开采速度和打开程度可适当提高。     

热屏障井对地下水源热泵换热影响模拟

对于场地受限的地下水源热泵项目,随着系统运行时间的增加易引发热贯通现象进而降低机组运行效率。地下水源热泵设计中,在抽灌水井连线间布设热屏障井可改变地下水流场,降低热量在抽灌井间的运移速度,有利于延长热贯通发生时间并缓解热贯通程度。通过构建地下水换热模型,模拟计算夏季制冷工况条件下36组热泵运行场景,分析了热屏障井的位置,过滤管长度及回灌量对热贯通和含水层温度场的影响规律。结果表明:热屏障井回灌量的增加有利于提升热屏障效果,但提升幅度随回灌量的增加逐渐减弱;最大水位降深值随着热屏障井回灌量的增加呈线性增长;增加热屏障井滤管长度可提升热屏障效果,提升效果随屏障井回灌量的增加逐渐增强。通过模型多周期、长时间模拟计算发现,热屏障井的运行可促使回灌的冷热量集中在回灌井一侧,对于采用冬夏季抽灌井交换运行模式的热泵系统,可充分利用含水层储能,提升机组运行效率。     

地下水有机污染控制及就地恢复技术研究进展（三）

本文是关于地下水有机污染控制及其就地恢复技术进展概况的第3篇文章，文中主要介绍渗以应格栅中的氧化－还原反应格栅和生物降解反应格栅。     

Risk Assessment and Treatment Countermeasures for the Barrier Lakes of Wenchuan Earthquake on May 12th, 2008

Abstract: This paper introduced the first hand investigation results of the risk and treatment measures for the barrier lakes triggered by the earthquake of Wenchuan. Characteristics of 10 barrier lakes were investigated and analyzed; procedure and methods for barrier lake treatment were brought forward. The dams of the barrier lakes can be classified as two classes: block rock in the south and loose deposit in the north. All the barrier dams were stable at the time of investigation, but water drainage channel needed to be constructed and to be protected from blockage or collapse. After the rain season of 2008, some dams needed to be consolidated, and change the barrier lakes to reservoirs.     

Risk Assessment and Treatment Countermeasures for the Barrier Lakes of Wenchuan Earthquake on May 12~(th),2008

This paper introduced the first hand investigation results of the risk and treatment measures for the barrier lakes triggered by the earthquake of Wenchuan.Characteristics of 10 barrier lakes were investigated and analyzed;procedure and methods for barrier lake treatment were brought forward.The dams of the barrier lakes can be classified as two classes:block rock in the south and loose deposit in the north.All the barrier dams were stable at the time of investigation,but water drainage channel needed to...     

Classification of paraglacial barrier systems: coastal New England, USA

The New England coast harbours a wide variety of barrier forms, which we organize into six barrier-coastline types. The barriers develop in response to the relative importance of several spatially and temporally variable parameters, particularly antecedent topography and geology, sediment abundance and size, exposure to wave and tidal energy and sea-level history. The six coastline types can also be identified in other paraglacial regions. Existing barrier-coastline classification schemes do not allow consistent subdivision of paraglacial barrier coasts. This paper presents a new scheme that is applicable to paraglacial and non-paraglacial barrier coasts alike. Aside from hydrodynamic regime, which forms the basis of the barrier classification most commonly used to date, it includes a compartmentalization factor. Sediment-starved ‘isolated’ (‘type 1’) barrier coastlines are characterized by short, widely spaced barriers. Small, localized updrift and offshore sources have provided sediment for short barriers along ‘clustered headland-separated’ (‘type 2’) barrier coastlines. Various amounts of sediment from larger updrift and offshore glaciofluvial deposits or directly from rivers have formed the longer barriers along ‘wave-dominated mainland-segmented’ (‘type 3a’), ‘mixed-energy mainland-segmented’ (‘type 3b’), ‘wave-dominated inlet-segmented’ (‘type 4a’) and ‘mixed-energy inlet-segmented’ (‘type 4b’) barrier coastlines. Geomorphic form, grain size and stratigraphy can be used to characterize individual barriers along barrier coastlines. Most paraglacial barriers form as spits, but many are transformed subsequently. Welded barriers are common along ‘type 1’ and ‘type 2’ coasts. Baymouth barriers are characteristic of ‘type 3’ coasts, and barrier islands occur exclusively along ‘type 4’ coasts. The coarsest grained barriers are located along ‘type 1’ and ‘type 2’ coasts. Progradational barrier sections are concentrated along ‘type 3’ and ‘type 4’ coasts with abundant sediment supply, but are also present along ‘type 2’ coasts. Temporary increases in sediment supply, common in paraglacial regions, result in transitions between retrogradational and progradational barrier behaviour, which may be recognized on shore-perpendicular stratigraphic cross-sections.     

Contradicting Barrier Reef relationships for Darwin’s Evolution of reef types

The Darwinian progressive subsidence model for the evolution of fringing reefs, barrier reefs and atolls has been generally accepted following the indisputable proof of subsidence provided by drilling results in the Pacific. Nonetheless, there are data that do not fit the expectations of the model, such as the similar lagoon depths of barrier reefs and atolls as opposed to the subsidence theory’s implicit prediction that atolls should have significantly greater depths. In contrast, a great deal of evidence supports the influence of meteoric solution on barrier reef morphology. For example, the maximum lagoon depth of 56 modern barrier reefs is statistically correlated with the lagoon catchment area for modern annual rainfall. These modern rainfall patterns would seem to be a reasonable proxy for relative geographic differences in glacial lowstand rainfall, even though the absolute amounts of such rainfall are unknown. The correlation therefore suggests the importance of Pleistocene subaerial solution in contributing to barrier reef morphology. Further support for antecedent influence occurs in the form of barrier reef passes in which the depth of the reef pass is correlated with onshore drainage volumes. On a larger scale, the Cook Island of Mangaia provides evidence that solution can produce barrier reef morphology independent of reef development. In contrast, there are no examples of the subsidence-predicted lagoon transition of fringing reefs to barrier reefs to atolls. Moreover, the common occurrence of fringing reefs within barrier reefs negates subsidence as a causal factor in their ‘presumed progressive evolutionary development. Consequently, the evidence to date suggests that a solution morphology template has been accentuated by reef construction to produce the diagnostic barrier reef morphology we see today. The importance of subsidence would seem to be in accounting for the overall thickness of the resulting carbonate caps of oceanic examples and in contributing to lagoon depth variation among the larger continental entities.

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High‐resolution reconstruction of a coastal barrier system: impact of Holocene sea‐level change

This study presents a detailed reconstruction of the sedimentary effects of Holocene sea‐level rise on a modern coastal barrier system. Increasing concern over the evolution of coastal barrier systems due to future accelerated rates of sea‐level rise calls for a better understanding of coastal barrier response to sea‐level changes. The complex evolution and sequence stratigraphic framework of the investigated coastal barrier system is reconstructed using facies analysis, high‐resolution optically stimulated luminescence and radiocarbon dating. During the formation of the coastal barrier system starting 8 to 7 ka rapid relative sea‐level rise outpaced sediment accumulation. Not before rates of relative sea‐level rise had decreased to ca 2 mm yr^?1 did sediment accumulation outpace sea‐level rise. From ca 5·5 ka, rates of regionally averaged sediment accumulation increased to 4·3 mm yr^?1 and the back‐barrier basin was filled in. This increase in sediment accumulation resulted from retreat of the barrier island and probably also due to formation of a tidal inlet close to the study area. Continued transgression and shoreface retreat created a distinct hiatus and wave ravinement surface in the seaward part of the coastal barrier system before the barrier shoreline stabilized between 5·0 ka and 4·5 ka. Back‐barrier shoreline erosion due to sediment starvation in the back‐barrier basin was pronounced from 4·5 to 2·5 ka but, in the last 2·5 kyr, barrier sedimentation has kept up with and outpaced sea‐level. In the last 0·4 kyr the coastal barrier system has been prograding episodically. Sediment accumulation shows considerable variation, with periods of rapid sediment deposition and periods of non‐deposition or erosion resulting in a highly punctuated sediment record. The study demonstrates how core‐based facies interpretations supported by a high‐resolution chronology and a well‐documented sea‐level history allow identification of depositional environments, erosion surfaces and hiatuses within a very homogeneous stratigraphy, and allow a detailed temporal reconstruction of a coastal barrier system in relation to sea‐level rise and sediment supply.     

稠油热采储层渗流屏障特征--以辽河西部凹陷某试验区于楼油层为例

渗流屏障为储层系统内遮挡流体渗流的岩体。以辽河西部凹陷某试验区于楼油层为例, 综合地质、400口井测井资料、6口取芯井岩芯资料、10口典型井水分析资料等多种资料, 详细研究了目的层渗流屏障的分类、发育规律以及对稠油热采储层开发的影响。从成因角度将研究区目的层扇三角洲前缘储层渗流屏障划分为沉积渗流屏障、成岩渗流屏障和封闭性断层渗流屏障等3种类型, 其中沉积渗流屏障占主导地位。受沉积作用控制, 沉积渗流屏障大体呈北东南西向条带状展布, 主要位于水下分流河道间泥和水下分流河道间砂的位置。从北西向南东方向, 随着与物源区距离逐渐增加, 沉积物粒度逐渐变小, 渗流屏障的发育程度也逐渐增强。渗流屏障的存在使得蒸汽驱热采过程中蒸汽的推进路径复杂化, 并进一步降低了蒸汽驱的热效率和经济有效性。渗流屏障的存在对分层注汽等开发措施的实施也具有十分重要的影响。     

滑坡碎屑流冲击拦挡结构的离散元模拟

拦挡结构可以有效减小滑坡致灾范围、减弱致灾强度。文章以滑坡碎屑流为研究对象,通过对比模型试验和数值模拟结果,校正三维离散元模拟参数,进而研究不同坡脚角度和挡板高度对冲击力、最大水平运动距离的影响。研究结果表明:三个坡脚角度碎屑流冲击力的变化过程存在明显区别,坡脚角度为35°和45°时,冲击力时程曲线经历了两个显著的变化阶段:线性增大、线性减小。而坡脚角度为55°时,碎屑流冲击力时程曲线出现三个变化阶段:线性增加、恒力阶段、线性减小。挡板高度越高,恒力阶段的持续时间越短,冲击力线性减小阶段时间越长。小颗粒（2.5~10 mm）对挡板的冲击效应显著;中等颗粒（10~25 mm）随着挡板高度的增加,对挡板的冲击效应逐渐增大;而大颗粒（25~60 mm）作用在挡板上的冲击效应出现突变,与其他两种颗粒对比,整个运动过程冲击效应不显著。碎屑流的运程随着挡板高度的增加逐渐减小。对比三个坡脚角度下挡板的拦挡效果,坡脚角度α≤45°时,拦挡效果显著。     

渤海湾西北岸几道牡蛎礁

渤海湾西北岸划分出了第Ⅰ道—第Ⅵ道牡蛎礁的平面分布(图1);对牡蛎礁壳体的几何形态特征进行了描述(图2),并将牡蛎礁壳体进行了剖面切割(图3);对牡蛎礁壳体进行了X光衍射与激光拉曼(活—古)矿物晶型的对比分析(表1,图4);对俵口村BKP20-2剖面(-2.84m)牡蛎礁一个体右壳:在双目镜下对其内部结构与矿物组分进行了分析(图5);通过机械挖掘剖面及钻探获得:牡蛎礁体的空间堆积厚度与赋存的海拔高度及其各剖面垂直方向上的14C年代数据;并获得牡蛎礁体堆积的内部结构特征(图6);以及牡蛎礁体水平夹层与CaCO3含量变化(图7),其中水平夹层CaCO3含量往往偏高,初步分析可能与气候偏冷有关。对牡蛎礁壳体内充填物及壳外沉积物进行了粒度分析(表3),粒度组分及概率累积曲线等(图9)为分析牡蛎礁的生态环境提供了佐证:即牡蛎礁基本以潮下带生活环境为主。以俵口BKP20剖面为例分析了牡蛎礁体堆积物从埋深-2.14～-6.90m的生物组合特征(表4)。以上资料为获得牡蛎礁堆积体的生长-发育-消亡等演化模式提供了依据(图10)。     

3S技术在西藏墨脱堰塞湖水文抢险监测中的应用

2008年雅鲁藏布江干流墨脱县境内甘德乡斜对面无人区西南约7km处发生山体崩塌滑坡,堵塞河道形成堰塞湖。水利部突击队队员利用先进的3S技术解决了特殊条件下常规方法解决不了的问题,测得和计算出堰塞湖的库容、堰体体积、入出库流量、口门宽及口门影像图等,为水利部墨脱堰塞湖工作组处置和实时监测堰塞湖提供了及时可靠的决策依据。     

New methods for searching for waste disposal sites in the Chiang Mai-Lamphun basin, northern Thailand

The site-searching process for waste disposal sites should guarantee that the best suitable site to construct a landfill will be selected by means that are reproducible and of scientific character. A method to achieve this is described for the Chiang Mai-Lamphun basin, northern Thailand, using new techniques and methods. The process begins with the design of a map of potential barrier properties, which qualifies and displays each unit of the legend of a geological map that has a potential barrier property. The core of this site-searching process is a newly developed PC database. With this database, the lithological records of boreholes can be queried if they have potential barrier properties, and information on which class of properties they belong to and whether they form a geological barrier can be ascertained. These data are overlaid with the map of potential barrier properties to give a map of potential barrier rock. This displays all areas with a geological barrier, and its thickness at the well locations.     

Study on the snowdrift disaster influenced by w-beam barrier used in expressway北大核心CSCD

Snowdrift is one of the most typical snow disaster forms of road traffic in Xinjiang area. Its impact on road traffic is mainly reflected in reducing driving visibility and causing traffic interruption induced by a large amount of snow on the road surface. The snowdrift disaster along the road in Xinjiang area shows the characteristics as many points,long lines and wide spread occurring with uneven distribution in time and space. Snowdrift question involves wind field,snow distribution field,temperature field and humidity field coupling,which is a very complex scientific problem. At the same time,the prevention and control of snowdrift disasters is also a practical problem that needs to be solved urgently in the construction and operation of road traffic infrastructure in cold areas. For expressways in areas of frequent snowdrift occurring,its snowdrift disaster caused by the w-beam barrier is becoming more and more obviously. But there is still a lack of in-depth research on the w-beam barrier,which is one kind of auxiliary facilities of the highway deepening the snowdrift disaster. In view of the status mentioned above and in order to explore the causes and prevention methods to snowdrift disaster by w-beam barrier,on the background of Beijing-Urumqi Expressway（G7）engineering,the field model tests of the w-beam barrier,the cable barrier and the no barrier embankment were designed. The study also combined with numerical simulation and highway field investigation and other methods in order to verify each other. In the meantime,the influence of the w-beam barrier and cable barrier on the road snowdrift disaster of the highway is studied,and the distribution law of wind field and snow field on the embankment surface with w-beam barrier and cable barrier is obtained. The results show that the snowdrift velocity increases from the foot of the embankment on the upwind side till to the w-beam barrier installed at the shoulder of or the central divider of the road. Then it moves to the road surface through the gap in the lower part of the w-beam barrier. At this time the w-beam barrier disturbs the wind field near the ground,causing a weak wind area to appear behind the beam,resulting in a large number of snow particles deposited. Especially when the lower gap of the w-beam barrier is filled with snow,the road area behind the w-beam barrier covers the driving lane with snow,which seriously affects the road capacity. While the section without setting up a barrier or setting a cable barrier is conducive to the passage of snowdrift flow. Considering the uncertainty of future climate change,in order to better prevent the impact of snowdrift on traffic operation safety,it is proposed to replace the w-beam barrier in some areas with serious wind and snow disasters with cable barrier that meet the safety requirements of expressways. Moreover,other snowdrift protection measures such as snow fences,snow barriers and snow walls can also be adopted. The research results can provide useful reference for snow removal of the expressway and new expressway construction in the windy and snow areas of Xinjiang. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

单一裂隙优势渗流对黏土层防渗性能的影响分析

垃圾填埋体不均匀沉降等容易引起压实黏土防渗层开裂,显著降低其防渗性能。将裂隙作为高渗透性的多孔介质材料,建立了含单一裂隙压实黏土层的饱和/非饱和渗流模型,数值研究了含裂隙黏土层中的优势渗流过程,对比分析了裂隙位置、深度、宽度和渗透系数对压实黏土层水分击穿时间和稳定渗漏量的影响。结果表明,含裂隙压实黏土层的渗流过程可分为3个阶段：初始阶段、击穿阶段和稳定阶段;底部裂隙对压实黏土层防渗性能的影响较小,而顶部裂隙和贯通裂隙的影响较大;水分击穿时间随裂隙深度增大而迅速缩短,为保证黏土层防渗性能,宜将裂隙深度控制在0.1倍土层厚度以内;水分击穿时间和稳定渗漏量随裂隙宽度、渗透系数的增大而分别缩短和增加,且当其达到一定值后逐渐趋于稳定;裂隙贯通后将显著降低压实黏土层的防渗性能,其稳定渗漏量随裂隙宽度和渗透系数的增大而呈线性增长。     

Some aspects of sandwiched soil cover design for toxic waste repositories

The environmental concern favours “dry” waste management systems compared to the more common practice of shallow land burial. With the former, sandwiched soil covers are usually employed. A double barrier concept is presented and discussed for the sandwiched construction. The critical matrix potentials of the two barrier materials appear to have significant influence on the performance of the dual barrier system. Despite some practical problems, the concept appears promising.     

堰塞坝形成机理及稳定性分析

滑坡、崩塌和泥石流是形成堰塞坝的三种主要方式,其形成堰塞坝的条件非常复杂,涉及因素广泛。另一方面,堰塞坝完全堵江形成堰塞湖在世界各国山区广泛分布,时有发生,造成严重灾害。因此,有必要对堰塞坝形成机理及安全性状评估进行研究。本文主要针对滑坡、崩塌、泥石流和碎屑流形成堰塞坝机理进行介绍并探讨了堰塞坝的破坏机制。同时,通过渗透稳定性、抗滑稳定性和抗冲刷稳定性3个方面评估了堰塞坝稳定性分析,以期为堰塞湖的防治与治理提供科学依据。     

Controls of heavy minerals and grain size in a holocene regressive barrier (Ilha Comprida,southeastern Brazil)

Ilha Comprida is a regressive barrier island located in southeastern Brazil that was formed essentially by Quaternary sandy sediments. Ilha Comprida sediments were analyzed to assess heavy mineral indices and grain size variables. The spatial variation of heavy minerals and grain size was interpreted in terms of the present barrier dynamics and the barrier’s evolution since the Middle Holocene. These analyses allowed for the identification of the main factors and processes that control the variation of heavy minerals and grain size on the barrier. Rutile and zircon (RZi) and tourmaline and hornblende (THi) are significantly sensitive to provenance and exhibit the contributions of the Ribeira de Iguape River sediments, which reach the coast next to the northeastern end of Ilha Comprida. In addition to the influence of provenance, TZi responds mainly to hydraulic sorting processes. This agrees with a sediment transport pattern characterized by a divergence of two resultant net alongshore drifts southwest of the barrier. The sediments from the Ribeira de Iguape River reach the barrier directly through the river mouth and indirectly after temporary storage in the inner shelf. The combination of grain size and heavy mineral analyses is a reliable method for determining sediment transport patterns and provenance.