湖北省近地层风切变特征

为准确掌握湖北省平原湖区近地层风切变特征,利用27座离地高度为120～150m测风塔各1年的逐时测风数据,研究了70～120m间风切变的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)风切变指数具有明显的季节、日变化特征,普遍在秋冬季最小、夏季较大,夜间大、白天小;(2)位于平原湖区和山区的测风塔在70～120m间的年平均风切变指数分别为0.27和0.12。各塔风切变指数从70m至150m逐渐减小;(3)6座典型测风塔70～120m风切变指数在较稳定状态下的频率最高,为59%～75%;在不稳定条件下的频率最低,均不超过5%;(4)当70m风速在3.0m/s以下、3.0～10.0m/s及10.0m/s以上3个区段时,风切变指数由小变大,在3.0～10.0m/s风速段与年平均风切变指数最接近,10.0m/s以上风切变指数离散性最强;(5)分别推算出实测和数值模拟的风切变指数,中部平原地区实测值明显高于模拟值,总体偏差范围是-0.06～0.14。该结论可用于近地层低风速地区不同高度的风速推算或订正,以提高这类地区风能资源评价、开发规划、风电场选址的科学性以及风电功率预测的准确性。     

江苏沿海近地层强风风切变指数特征研究

利用江苏沿海5座测风塔长序列(连续42个月)、高时间分辨率(10 min一次)的梯度风、气温、气压等观测资料,分析不同地区、不同高度层的风切变指数变化规律,并筛选出对江苏产生较大影响的7次台风和17次寒潮天气过程,分析强风条件下的风切变指数变化特征。结果表明:(1)风切变指数随环境在0. 15～0. 26之间变化,风机有效风速段和15 m·s-1特征风速段的风切变指数分别平均为0. 20和0. 19,不同高度层之间风切变指数随高度增加而减少,随风速增大呈对数关系减少。(2)台风影响时垂直混合运动强烈,风切变指数变小,平均为0. 19。台风中心经过时的风切变指数和风速具有M型变化形态,最低为0. 05,加上风向剧变,易对风机叶片产生破坏。(3)寒潮影响时的风切变指数平均为0. 22,小于同期平均。风速倒置现象明显,在50～100 m之间风切变指数为负值的出现概率超过8%,50 m高度处容易出现近地层的最大风速层。     

一次冰雹天气的数值模拟及地形敏感性试验

运用WRF中尺度模式对2012年4月12日柳州市出现的一次冰雹强对流天气过程进行了高分辩率数值模拟,较好地再现了冰雹天气发生的热力和动力机制,在此基础上对柳州市北部山脉作降低和升高处理,运用WRF中尺度模式进行了地形敏感性试验,结果表明:(1)此次冰雹天气过程发生在典型的上干下湿不稳定大气层结中;(2)强对流发生需要较长的能量积累时间,但强对流爆发后能量释放迅速且时间短暂;(3)强对流发生前上升运动和正涡度较弱,且当中层有"干侵入"时会出现较弱的下沉运动,但在强对流爆发时上升运动瞬间突增,正涡度迅速增加,强上升运动和强涡度柱到达对流层上部,并出现强的垂直风切变;(4)地形改变对深厚冷空气的影响不大,地形降低使山脉南部急流强度加大,地形升高使山脉南部急流强度减弱,急流核南落,地形升高也使得动力条件明显增强,对强对流的发生更有利。     

城乡过渡地带低空温度平流和边界层特征的观测分析

利用兰州河谷盆地城乡过渡区边界层观测资料,分析了该地区的温度平流和边界层特征。分析表明:(1)夜间热岛环流明显,白天则较弱;(2)夜间200m高度以下有较强的冷平流,在250～400m高度有较弱的暖平流,冷暖温度平流对测点上空边界层温度和层结变化有显著影响;(3)由声雷达确定的夜间边界层高度对应于Ri<1.0的高度,在这一高度范围内存在逆位温和强的风切变。本地区下垫面和复杂的地形导致夜间边界层高度随时间周期性地升高和降低,变化周期约3h。     

南京北郊大气垂直扩散参数特征的测量及其应用

利用平面照相法,以江苏南热发电有限责任公司#Q2号烟囱为研究对象,进行了500次拍摄,通过风向风速、云量、太阳高度角等气象数据,确定了不同稳定度下南京北郊大气扩散参数的特征。与P-G扩散曲线对比发现,在强不稳定A、弱不稳定C、中性D层结中,南京北郊的大气垂直扩散参数在距离排放源200 m范围内更不稳定,而在200—1000 m范围内更稳定。其中,不稳定B层结的扩散曲线与P-G扩散曲线一致,较稳定E、稳定F层结出现于白天的频率很低。对比垂直扩散参数幂函数表达式σ_z=γx~α的系数值γ和α,本研究中α值分别比国家标准增加了28. 6%(A层结)、56. 4%(C层结)、30. 4%(D层结),而B层结的α值却比国家标准减少了22. 9%。此外,通过高斯扩散公式计算得到SO_2和NO_X扩散到观测点的浓度,发现该计算值仅占气象楼污染气体监测平台实测SO_2和NO_X浓度的0. 82%和0. 69%。结合风场发现,SO_2和NO_X实测值受观测点东部工业污染物排放的叠加效应影响较大。其中,NO_X的实测值在受到偏东风和偏南风的影响时具有较大值,且在0. 5～1. 5 m·s~(-1)的较弱风速影响时,NO_X的实测值将达到60μg·m~(-3)以上。     

中国黄海西岸海陆风循环结构研究

陆海风是由于海陆表面之间的比热容不同而导致的昼夜热量分布差异,从而在海岸附近引发的大气中尺度循环系统.本文利用多普勒风激光雷达Windcube100s首次对黄海西海岸的海陆风的循环结构进行了观测研究.在2018年8月31日至9月28日观测期间发现,海陆风发展高度一般在700 m至1300 m.海陆风转化持续的时间为6小时至8小时.在425m高度,海风水平风速出现最大值,平均为5.6 m s-1.陆风最大水平风速出现在370m,约为4.5 m s-1.最大风切变指数在1300m处,为2.84;在陆风向海风转换过程中,最大风切变指数在700m处,为1.28.在同一高度上,风切变指数在海风盛行和陆风盛行时的差值范围为0.2-3.6,风切变能反映出海陆风的发展高度.     

基于不同时间尺度风切变指数推算风资源的对比分析

利用2014—2018年辽宁省探空资料分析了水平风速的垂直风廓线分布特征。用2座代表性测风塔逐时梯度风观测分析了采用不同高度组合方案计算出风切变指数的月、日变化特征, 分别用月、小时、年风切变指数推算高层风速和风功率密度, 并与实测对比。结果表明: 沈阳相较于大连地区风速随高度增加较快, 180 m高度以上风速基本保持不变, 而大连因其纬度低且靠近海洋, 300 m以下风速均匀上升。在非复杂地形情况下, 距地面10 m高度以上间隔一定高度设立4层风观测, 基本可以满足近地层风资源评估需求。受太阳辐射、下垫面、海陆热力性质差异等影响, 辽宁省风切变指数日变化特征比月变化更显著。利用小时风切变指数推算高层风速和风功率密度的方案优于采用月、年风切变指数方案。风切变指数日变化越显著, 采用逐时风切变指数推算方案越优于其他计算方案。     

复杂地形低风速气象特征分析

利用13个地面站和1个100 m气象塔的全年实测资料分析湖南中北部丘陵地区中尺度范围的低风速气象特征。结果表明：（1）该区域低风速出现频率高,小于15 m/s的风速出现频率年均达416%;（2）低风速与地形情况密切相关,区域内西部山地的低风速出现频率明显高于东部平原地区;（3）低风速的出现具有日变化特点,典型出现时间段是夜间至次日上午;（4）低风速条件下10 min平均风向多出现大角度变化的情况,60°以上的风向变化频率可达20%～30%。（5）水平风向标准差在低风速情况下明显增大,但观测仪器性能会对小风结果产生影响。     

中国黄海西岸海陆风循环结构研究（英文）

陆海风是由于海陆表面之间的比热容不同而导致的昼夜热量分布差异,从而在海岸附近引发的大气中尺度循环系统.本文利用多普勒风激光雷达Windcube100s首次对黄海西海岸的海陆风的循环结构进行了观测研究.在2018年8月31日至9月28日观测期间发现,海陆风发展高度一般在700 m至1300 m.海陆风转化持续的时间为6小时至8小时.在425m高度,海风水平风速出现最大值,平均为5.6 m s~(-1).陆风最大水平风速出现在370 m,约为4.5 ms~(-1).最大风切变指数在1300m处,为2.84;在陆风向海风转换过程中,最大风切变指数在700m处,为1.28.在同一高度上,风切变指数在海风盛行和陆风盛行时的差值范围为0.2-3.6,风切变能反映出海陆风的发展高度.     

乌鲁木齐市近地层风切变指数特征

利用乌鲁木齐市5座100 m气象铁塔2012年6月—2014年4月10层风速观测资料,应用统计学方法详细分析了乌鲁木齐市城区和郊区近地层风切变指数特征,得出以下结果:乌鲁木齐市风切变指数分布范围在-1.5~1.5,基本呈正态分布。风切变指数与风速大小关系密切,当风速1 m/s时,切变指数变化较大;当风速2 m/s时,切变指数变化较小。城区和郊区最大切变指数出现高度差异较大,南郊燕南立交切变指数最大在36~46 m,城区水塔山在60~77m,城区鲤鱼山在13~22 m,近北郊红光山在46~60 m,北郊米东在28~36 m。各层切变指数白天变化幅度大,夜间变化幅度小。切变指数日变化不规律与城市边界层变化的复杂性密切相关。降温幅度大的秋季-冬季时段,易出现切变指数小于0的情况。     

巴丹吉林沙漠北缘拐子湖近地层湍流能谱特征分析

利用2013年6月巴丹吉林沙漠拐子湖地区流沙下垫面的陆气通量观测资料,计算并分析了该研究区不同大气稳定层结条件下的湍流速度各分量谱和温度谱及湍流的局地各向同性特征。结果表明:该研究区风速各分量的湍流强度随平均风速的增加而逐渐减小,当平均风速2 m/s时,风速各分量的湍流强度逐渐稳定且基本限定在0.5以内。在不同大气稳定度下,湍流速度和温度能谱曲线在惯性副区内逐渐有合并趋势且遵循Kolmogorov提出的-2/3定律,速度各分量谱在高频段均满足各向同性且符合低频限制理论。随着稳定度的增加,风速分量的能谱曲线逐渐降低且向高频端移动,风速分量和温度能谱对应的谱峰长度则逐渐减小。该研究区水平湍流尺度范围为9.0~600 m,垂直湍流谱峰波长为10.79~75 m。该结果介于草地和森林下垫面之间,与塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的试验结果较为接近。     

松嫩平原西部局地暴雨天气成因分析

利用常规气象观测、卫星、雷达和NCEP1°×1°再分析等资料,分析2013年6月27~28日齐齐哈尔市稳定性中雨和龙江县对流性暴雨天气成因,结果表明：龙江短时强降雨出现在850hPa切变线同500hPa槽线或850hPa干线位置近于重合时,层结不稳定,上升运动强;齐齐哈尔降雨发生在低层切变线附近,层结趋于稳定,上升运动弱。地形迎风坡作用有利于龙江降雨强于齐齐哈尔。 单站风、相对湿度和垂直速度时空变化差异以及对流有效位能、大气可降水量和SI指数等物理量可以反映两地上升运动、水汽、层结不稳定条件差异。较好的水汽和大气层结不稳定条件只是对流性短时强降水的必要条件。中尺度对流云团和小尺度对流云回波产生龙江短时强降雨,齐齐哈尔稳定性较大降雨由层状云产生。     

Effects of Topographical Slope Angle and Atmospheric Stratification on Surface-Layer Turbulence

The effect of topographical slope angle and atmospheric stratification on turbulence intensities in the unstably stratified surface layer have been parameterized using observations obtained from a three-dimensional sonic anemometer installed at 8 m height above the ground at the Seoul National University (SNU) campus site in Korea for the years 1999–2001. Winds obtained from the sonic anemometer are analyzed according to the mean wind direction, since the topographical slope angle changes significantly along the azimuthal direction. The effects of the topographical slope angle and atmospheric stratification on surface-layer turbulence intensity are examined with these data. It is found that both the friction velocity and the variance for each component of wind normalized by the mean wind speed decrease with increase of the topographical slope angle, having a maximum decreasing rate at very unstable stratification. The decreasing rate of the normalized friction velocity (u _* /U) is found to be much larger than that of the turbulence intensity of each wind component due to the reduction of wind shear with increase in slope angle under unstable stratification. The decreasing rate of the w component of turbulence intensity (σ _w /U) is the smallest over the downslope surface whereas that of the u component (σ _u /U) has a minimum over the upslope surface. Consequently, σ _w /u _* has a maximum increasing rate with increase in slope angle for the downslope wind, whereas σ _u /u _* has its maximum for the upslope wind. The sloping terrain is found to reduce both the friction velocity and turbulence intensity compared with those on a flat surface. However, the reduction of the friction velocity over the sloping terrain is larger than that of the turbulence intensity, thereby enhancing the turbulence intensity normalized by the friction velocity over sloping terrain compared with that over a flat surface.     

Diurnal and Seasonal Variations of Thermal Stratification and Vertical Mixing in a Shallow Fresh Water Lake

Among several influential factors, the geographical position and depth of a lake determine its thermal structure. In temperate zones, shallow lakes show significant differences in thermal stratification compared to deep lakes. Here, the variation in thermal stratification in Lake Taihu, a shallow fresh water lake, is studied systematically. Lake Taihu is a warm polymictic lake whose thermal stratification varies in short cycles of one day to a few days. The thermal stratification in Lake Taihu has shallow depths in the upper region and a large amplitude in the temperature gradient, the maximum of which exceeds 5°C m^–1. The water temperature in the entire layer changes in a relatively consistent manner. Therefore, compared to a deep lake at similar latitude, the thermal stratification in Lake Taihu exhibits small seasonal differences, but the wide variation in the short term becomes important. Shallow polymictic lakes share the characteristic of diurnal mixing. Prominent differences on the duration and frequency of long-lasting thermal stratification are found in these lakes, which may result from the differences of local climate, lake depth, and fetch. A prominent response of thermal stratification to weather conditions is found, being controlled by the stratifying effect of solar radiation and the mixing effect of wind disturbance. Other than the diurnal stratification and convection, the representative responses of thermal stratification to these two factors with contrary effects are also discussed. When solar radiation increases, stronger wind is required to prevent the lake from becoming stratified. A daily average wind speed greater than 6 m s^–1 can maintain the mixed state in Lake Taihu. Moreover, wind-induced convection is detected during thermal stratification. Due to lack of solar radiation, convection occurs more easily in nighttime than in daytime. Convection occurs frequently in fall and winter, whereas long-lasting and stable stratification causes less convection in summer.     

A STUDY OF NEAR SURFACE WIND PROFILES IN THE HEBEI COASTAL AREA BASED ON OBSERVATIONAL EXPERIMENTS

In order to provide wind profiles for the microscale numerical simulation of wind farm with complex terrain,using the 100 m tower atmospheric turbulence observation experiment data in 2010 in Hebei Province offered by National Climate Center, the variation characteristics of wind profile under the different atmospheric stability conditions are analyzed, and the wind profile expression based on the local similarity theory is established. The results show that:(1) In spring, the occurrence probability of unstable stratification in the Hebei coastal area is as high as 28%, and the probability of stable stratification is more than 43% while, in summer, the probability of occurrence of unstable stratification is as high as 80% with a lower probability for stable stratification; and(2) for stable stratification, the characteristics of atmosphere change is dramatic in terms of the vertical direction, which need to be treated layer by layer.According to the atmospheric turbulence observation experiment data above, under stable stratification, the relationship between the dimensionless velocity gradient and the stability ζ can be expressed as 1 +βmζ, with βm changing with the height: βm takes 4.1-4.3 under 30 m, βm takes 4.6-4.7 between 30-50 m, and βm takes 6.3-6.7 over 50 m.     

风速垂直切变下非均匀层结大气中重力惯性内波的稳定性

本文应用WKB方法研究了在弱非均匀层结大气中,当基本气流具有弱垂直切变时,重力惯性内波的稳定性问题.由导得的波能量方程出发,分析了风速垂直切变及非均匀大气层结对重力惯性内波波能变化率的影响.     

下坡运动的分析解

本文采用二层模式,在一个斜坡地形上,求解大气波动方程,得出了下坡运动的普遍分析解,并对解在不同大气条件和地形条件下的物理意义做了分析。当下层大气厚而稳定、风速较强时,得到的是背风坡大风。而当下层大气强稳定、小风时,得到的是泄流风。对各类下坡运动近地面风速和大气层结、流场结构及Scorer参数之间的关系也做了讨论。     

Characteristics of Near Surface Winds over Different Underlying Surfaces in China: Implications for Wind Power Development

Accurate wind and turbulence information are essential to wind energy research and utilization, among which wind shear and turbulence intensity/scale have seldom been investigated. In this paper, the observational data from the100-m high wind towers in Xilinhot in Inner Mongolia(2009–10; grassland region), Huanghua in Hebei Province(2009–10; coastal flat region), and Xingzi County in Jiangxi Province(2010–11; mountain–lake region) are used to study the variations in near surface winds and turbulence characteristics related to the development of local wind energy over different underlying surfaces. The results indicate that(1) the percentage of the observed wind shear exponents exceeding 0.3 for the grassland region is 6%, while the percentage is 13% for the coastal flat region and 10%for the mountain–lake region. In other words, if the wind speed at 10 m is 10 ms^–1, the percentage of the wind speed at 100 m exceeding 20 ms^–1 for the grassland region is 6%, while the percentage is 13% for the coastal flat region and 10% for the mountain–lake region.(2) In terms of the turbulent intensity in the zonal, meridional, and vertical directions(I_u, I_v, and I_w, respectively), the frequencies of I_v/I_u < 0.8 in the grassland, coastal flat, and mountain–lake regions are 23%–29%, 32%–38%, and 30%–37%, respectively. Additionally, the frequencies of I_w/I_u < 0.5 in the grassland, coastal flat, and mountain–lake regions are 45%–75%, 52%–70%, and 43%–53%, respectively. The frequencies of I_v/I_u < 0.8 and Iw/I_u < 0.5 in each region mean that I_u is large and the air flow is unstable and fluctuating,which will damage the wind turbines. Therefore, these conditions do not meet the wind turbine design requirements,which must be considered separately.(3) At 50-and 70-m heights, the value of the turbulence scale parameter Λ in the grassland region is greater than that in the coastal flat region, and the latter is greater than that in the mountain–lake region. Therefore, under the same conditions, some parameters, e.g., the extreme directional change and extreme operating gust at the hub height in the grassland region, are greater than those in the coastal flat region,which are greater than those in the mountain–lake region. These results provide a reference for harnessing local wind energy resources and for the selection and design of wind turbines.     

一次沿川西高原东麓地带的强降雨过程分析

利用NCEP1°×1°再分析资料和地面加密自动站资料及卫星资料,对2012年8月16~18日盆地西北部沿龙门山脉的连续特大暴雨的形成机制进行探讨,此次暴雨过程出现在青藏高原东侧陡峭地形向盆地的过渡带,具有突出的地域特点。重点分析了青藏高原切变线东移期间,副高西北侧暴雨区内的对流触发机制和地形作用。分析表明:副热带高压前期的维持稳定与高原低值系统东移是产生强降雨的环流背景,在强降雨区域低层具有明显的风速风向辐合,东北—西南向的龙门山带即青藏高原东侧陡峭地形引起了盆地低层东南气流强烈的垂直上升运动。青藏高原东侧暴雨区最显著的热力特征是低层具有明显的高温高湿和大气不稳定层结。此次强降雨具有典型的“上干下湿,上冷下暖”的结构,正是强对流天气形成的有利条件。      

ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS OF DOWNSLOPE MOTIONS

The solutions of downslope motions over a sloping terrain are solved analytically in terms of the atmos-pheric wave equations with a two-layer model.The physical meanings of the solutions are discussed.As thelower layer of the atmosphere is stable and deep with strong wind the solution represents strong downslopewind,while as the lower layer is strong stable with light wind the drainage flow is obtained.The dependenceof the strength of downslope motion on the atmospheric stratification,wind field structure as well as Scorerparameter is also examined.