南充市短期预报决策支持系统概述

本文介绍了南充市短期预报决策支持系统(简称DDS)的主要设计思路,这是南充市气象局近年来在传统预报方法改造和新一轮客观预报方法研究过程中所做的一部分工作,希望能为客观预报方法研发活动提供一点参考.     

热带气旋路径的一种集成预报方法

利用Ｔｓｕｉ，Ｔ．Ｌ．提出的组合置信加权预报方法，对我国６种不同特性的热带气旋路径客观预报在３个区域分别进行组合试验。结果表明，组合后预报性能优于参加组合的任何一种预报子方法。     

北京地区夏季降水概率预报业务应用研究

作者分析了降水概率预报的基本特征，在北京中尺度数值预报模式（ＢＭＮＦＭ）的基础上应用事件概率回归估计（ＲＥＥＰ）方法，建立北京地区夏季两个量级（≥０．１ｍｍ和≥１０．０ｍｍ）的降水概率预报方程，并结合最新天气观测资料和预报员知识订正客观预报结果。应用Ｂ评分，Ｂｓ评分和Ｂｉａｓ方法对主观降水概率预报和客观降水概率预报进行评估。     

人工神经元网络在实际业务预报中的效果检验

人工神经元网络在实际业务预报中的效果检验刘恭淑（山东省气象台．济南．２５００３１）人工神经元网络的模式识别被引进到天气预报中后，我省已先后研制了多种客观预报方法并在实际业务预报中试用。其中，“山东中西部雷雨、冰雹人工神经元网络预报系统”，主要用于预报...     

通用客观预报工具设计

通用客观预报工具设计是根据预报人员在制作预报过程中的基本经验为基础。借用逐步回归的教学方法。从Micaps系统中提取上游气象要素实况、数值预报产品和预报站点的天气实况等气象要素作为样本序列．建立预报回归方程．从而作出预报站点的客观天气预报产品。作为预报业务的初始天气预报的程序实现。它具有时间、空间、各气象要素预报的通用性、自动化。     

常规天气要素客观预报方法在天气预报中的作用

在分析数值预报模式及客观预报方法发展过程的基础上,阐述了客观预报方法在天气预报中的重要作用,同时,对如何建立客观,高效的预报方法进行了初步探讨。     

德阳市天气预报系统简介

德阳天气预报系统是依据客观预报方法和“以数值分析预报产品为基础，以人机交互系统为主要工作平台．综合应用各种气象信息和先进的预报技术方法”研制的。系统包括3部份内容：天气预报业务技术系统、天气预报业务流程、预报平台。     

随机相似分型MOS中期预报方法

随机相似分型ＭＯＳ中期预报方法李昌义（山东省气象台．济南．２６００３１）１引言随着数值产品的日益丰富和准确程度的提高，ＭＯＳ预报方法作为一种客观有效的预报手段，在地方中期预报业务中得到了广泛的应用。国内一些省份的应用研究都认为分型建立ＭＯＳ方程可提高...     

暴雨站数预报在暴雨落点预报中的应用

采用暴雨站数预报与站点降水量预报相结合的方法预报暴雨落点,在１９９８年７～８月的暴雨落点预报中,ＴＳ评分达到２２．４％,超过了ＨＬＡＦＳ和主观预报。进一步的研究分析表明：这种方法可充分利用降水量预报的空间分布信息,预报准确率还存在较大的可提高空间,是一种较为有效的暴雨落点客观预报方法     

雅安市降水预报方法1．02版（TFMV1．02）

根据我国T213数值预报模式中的水汽通量散度、铅直运动速度、风场预报等物理量作为预报参量，并考虑地形作用等因素．雅安市建立了客观、定量、定点(报到县、区)的．能够业务化的雅安市降水预报方法1．02版(The Precipitation Forecasting Method of Ya'an City，Version1．02，以下缩写为PFMV1．02)。PFMV1．02的预报时效为：未来24小时，预报对象为：各县、区日雨量。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.