Anisotropic mechanical properties and brittleness evaluation of layered phylliteEI北大核心

为了研究层状千枚岩的力学特性与各向异性特征,开展了不同层理倾角与不同围压下的千枚岩力学试验。对比分析了千枚岩试样强度、变形、脆性与破坏模式等各向异性特征。结果表明:(1)随着层理倾角β增加,岩样的强度、变形特征曲线形状呈U型;随围压增加,岩样强度及塑性增强,各向异性度逐渐减弱稳定。(2)采用多种强度准则描述岩样强度各向异性,其中Saeidi准则和改进Ramamurthy准则能很好地预测岩样在不同层理倾角下的抗压强度。(3)基于岩样峰前应力-应变曲线与能量特征提出了综合脆性评价指标,在层理倾角β=45°左右时,岩样脆性指标较低,更易发生剪切滑移破坏,得出脆性下降顺序为:沿层理面拉伸劈裂>穿层理面拉伸劈裂>沿层理面剪切>穿层理面剪切。(4)千枚岩的破坏模式与层理倾角和围压有关,单轴条件下,岩样劈裂破坏后易形成复杂裂纹网络;高围压下,岩样破裂后多形成单一的沿层理面或贯穿多层理面的剪切破坏。     

The Impact of Heterogeneity on the Anisotropic Strength of an Outcrop Shale

Properly accounting for the mechanical anisotropy of shales can be critical for successful drilling of high inclination wells, because shales are known to be weak along bedding planes. To optimize the drilling parameters in such cases, a sufficiently representative, anisotropic rock mechanical model is therefore required. This paper presents such a model developed to better match results from a dedicated, extensive set of uniaxial and triaxial compression tests performed on plugs of Mancos outcrop shale with different orientations relative to the bedding plane. Post failure inspection of the plugs shows that the failure planes are to some extent affected by the orientation of the applied stress relative to the bedding planes, indicating that the bedding planes may represent weak planes which tend to fail before intrinsic failure occurs, whenever the orientation of these planes is suitable. The simple “plane of weakness” model is commonly used to predict strength as function of orientation for such a rock. A comparison of this model to the experimental data shows, however, that the weak planes seem to have an impact on strength even outside the range of orientations where the model predicts such impact. An extension of this model allowing the weak planes to be heterogeneous in terms of patchy weakness was therefore developed. In this model, local shear sliding may occur prior to macroscopic failure, leading to enhanced local stresses and corresponding reduction in strength. The model is found to give better match with strength data at intermediate orientations. The model is also able to partly predict the qualitatively different variation of Young’s modulus with orientation for this data set.     

Experimental investigation of shear strength of sands with inherent fabric anisotropy

Loading direction-dependent strength of sand has been traditionally characterized in the principal stress space as a direct extension of the Mohr–Coulomb criterion. A recent study found that it is more appropriate to define anisotropic strength of sand on failure/shear planes, but this proposition has only been demonstrated with discrete element method (DEM) simulations. The present study experimentally investigates anisotropic shear strength of sands in this new framework. Three granular materials with distinct grain characteristics ranging from smooth and rounded particles to flaky and angular particles are tested with the bedding plane inclination angle ψ _b varying over the full range of 0°–180°. The main objective is to study how the peak friction angle ? _p of sand is affected by the ψ _b angle and how the ψ _b–? _p relationship evolves with the change of characteristics of constituent sand particles. We find that the general trend of ψ _b–? _p curves for real sands resembles what was predicted by DEM in a previous study, whereas rich anisotropic strength behavior is revealed by the laboratory data. The effects of normal stress and initial density, as well as shear dilation behavior at different shear directions, are also studied.     

页岩各向异性特征的试验研究

为研究彭水页岩气区块储层的各向异性特征,开展了石柱县龙马溪组页岩的单轴和三轴压缩试验,分析了其力学特性、强度特征和破裂模式的各向异性,并揭示了其破坏机制的各向异性。结果表明：(1) 龙马溪组页岩具有明显的各向异性特征,弹性模量在平行层理方向最大,垂直层理方向最小,且围压的增加使其增加速率不断减小;0°、30°和60°、90°页岩的泊松比随围压的增加呈现出了相反的变化规律,这可能与页岩层理间孔隙和微裂缝的良好发育有关。(2) 相同围压下,0°试样强度最高,90°次之,30°最低,总体上呈现出两边高、中间低的U型变化规律,而不同角度的Hoek-Brown强度准则能较好地反映其强度的各向异性特征。(3) 页岩破裂模式的各向异性是由破坏机制的各向异性引起的,而强度的各向异性是由破坏机制的各向异性控制的。单轴压缩时,0°页岩为沿层理的张拉劈裂破坏,30°为沿层理的剪切滑移破坏,60°为贯穿层理和沿层理的复合剪切破坏,90°为贯穿层理的张拉破坏。三轴压缩时,0°为贯穿层理的共轭剪切破坏,30°为沿层理的剪切滑移破坏,60°和90°为贯穿层理的剪切破坏;页岩地层的层状沉积结构和层理间的弱胶结作用是破坏机制各向异性的根源。研究结果为水平井井壁的稳定性分析和水力压裂施工设计等提供了技术参考。     

层理面特性对砂岩断裂力学行为的影响研究

层理弱面对层状岩石的力学特性影响较显著，为了研究层理面特性对岩石断裂力学特性的影响，开展了具有不同层理方向的砂岩试样三点弯试验，探讨了砂岩断裂韧度及断裂模式的各向异性。之后基于有限元中的黏聚单元建立了数值模型，采用数值模拟方法研究了层理面强度对各层理角度试样断裂力学行为的影响规律。结果表明：层理方向影响下砂岩的断裂韧度及模式存在各向异性；同一层理方向试样的断裂韧度随层理面强度的增大而增大，且试样的层理面与加载方向夹角越小，断裂韧度受层理面强度变化影响越明显；试样的断裂模式不仅与层理面强度有关，还受层理倾角的控制，层理面与加载方向夹角θ = 0o试样断裂模式基本不受层理面强度影响，θ = 30o试样主要沿层理面张拉或剪切破坏，且沿层理面的破裂长度随层理面强度的降低逐渐增大；层理面强度较大时，θ = 45o试样主要沿层理面张拉破坏，θ = 60o～90o试样主要以贯穿层理的张拉破坏为主；层理面强度较小时，θ = 45o～90o试样均以沿层理面的剪切破坏为主，其中θ = 45o试样沿层理剪切长度最大。另外，通过数值模拟结果分析了层理面强度及方向对试样的起裂角及裂纹扩展路径产生的影响。该研究成果可作为层状岩石断裂力学理论的有益补充。     

粉砂质板岩力学特性及各向异性特性

为研究鄂西北地区板岩的力学特性及各向异性特征,开展了志留系粉砂质板岩的单轴压缩和巴西劈裂试验,分析了试样的力学特性和各向异性特征以及在不同荷载作用下的变形破坏模式,揭示了不同破坏模式的力学机制,并通过数值分析研究了不同板理面角度板岩边坡破坏模式及力学机制。研究结果表明,粉砂质板岩中的板理面是影响岩体力学行为的弱面,使得粉砂质板岩表现出明显的各向异性的特征。在单轴压缩条件下,粉砂质板岩在垂直板理面方向比平行板理面方向更易变形,变形量更大;平行板理面方向加载时试样破坏类型为竖向劈裂型张拉破坏,其实质是压杆失稳;垂直板理面加载时试样的破坏类型为穿切板理面的劈裂型剪切破坏;所测得的力学参数各向异性也较明显。在劈裂荷载作用下,粉砂质板岩的破坏模式主要有张拉劈裂破坏和沿板理面剪切破坏两种,所得抗拉强度在平行板理面方向上最大,在垂直板理面方向上最小,两个方向上的抗拉强度均小于抗压强度。由于板理面间的抗拉强度极低,在受到与板理面呈小角度相交的劈裂荷载作用时,容易产生沿板理面的张拉劈裂或拉剪破坏,在实际工程中应尽量避免板理面间的受拉破坏和沿板理面的拉剪破坏。在边坡工程中,板理面倾向、倾角对边坡破坏模式及力学机制有较大影响,边坡防护治理需充分考虑这一影响。上述研究为粉砂质板岩区岩质边坡防护治理以及其他岩石工程设计与施工提供理论依据与技术基础。     

二维粒状材料双轴压缩试验研究

为了研究粒状材料的各向异性力学行为与细观组构演化之间的关系,采用自主研发的双轴压缩试验系统,以圆形和椭圆形截面的金属棒状材料组成的二维堆积体为试验对象,对不同大主应力方向角?（沉积面与大主应力作用面的夹角）的试样进行了各向等压、常侧向压力、等p剪切3种应力路径试验,并通过分析试样在不同变形阶段的数字照片得到了其细观组构演化规律。发现对于椭圆形截面的试样存在一个卓越剪切方向,随剪应变增大,颗粒长轴呈现出向该方向偏转的趋势,并且在大变形条件下沿该方向形成剪切带;卓越剪切方向与沉积面方向关系不大,而与大主应力作用面方向夹角约为45°+ /2, 为残余内摩擦角;随卓越剪切方向与沉降方向夹角的不同,颗粒偏转程度的不同是导致剪胀特性和峰值强度各向异性的主要原因     

Slope failure analysis considering anisotropic characteristics of foliated rock masses

Weak planes affect the strength and deformational behaviors of rock slopes, and the anisotropic characteristics of rock mass should be considered in slope stability analysis. Effects of joint plane orientations on failure mechanism and strength response of inherently anisotropic rock samples were firstly investigated. The specimens with various orientations of joints were evaluated under uniaxial compression, Brazilian tensile, and direct shear tests. By treating the foliated rock as transversely isotropic materials, the relevant elastic constants and strength parameters were obtained from experimental results. The slope damage zone was then investigated using Comsol Multiphysics code based on Hoffman criterion. It is indicated that the failure mechanism and strength response depend highly on the inclination of specimens with respect to the loading direction. For disks with the same inclination angle, the value of tensile strength has an increasing trend with the total fracture length. Numerical results show that partial slope mass failed in single slope and no large-scale landslide occurred. The failure pattern in numerical results agrees well with the field observations. The cooperation between the experimental results and the numerical results allows an in-depth analysis of the experimental results and thus better understanding the dominant effect of joints on the deformation and failure of rock mass.     

减围压平面应变压缩试验条件下丰浦砂中剪切带特性研究

不同于常规土体单元试验中恒定围压的应力路径,进行了减围压（卸载）应力路径下丰浦砂的平面应变压缩试验,研究了初始围压和初始相对密度对砂土的剪切强度和剪切带特性的影响。结合二维数字图像（DIC）相关方法,分析剪切带的形成过程,对剪切带的厚度和倾角及其影响因素进行定量地分析。研究结果表明,剪切带形成于峰值剪切强度之前;对于密实丰浦砂试样,随着围压的增加,其剪切强度(最大有效主应力比)减小且峰值强度出现越晚,剪切带厚度减小而剪切带倾角变化不大;丰浦砂试样的相对密度越高,剪切强度越大且峰值强度出现越早,剪切带厚度越小而剪切带倾角越高。此外,基于峰值内摩擦角的Coulomb公式可以较好地预测平面应变试验条件下丰浦砂的最大剪切带倾角。     

Influence of inclination angles and confining pressures on mechanical behavior of rock materials containing a preexisting crack

To deeply understand the cracking mechanical behavior of brittle rock materials, numerical simulations of a rock specimen containing a single preexisting crack were carried out by the expanded distinct element method (EDEM). Based on the analysis of crack tips and a comparison between stress- and strain-based methods, the strain strength criterion was adopted in the numerical models to simulate the crack initiation and propagation processes under uniaxial and biaxial compression. The simulation results indicated that the crack inclination angle and confining pressure had a great influence on the tensile and shear properties, peak strength, and failure behaviors, which also showed a good agreement with the experimental results. If the specimen was under uniaxial compression, it was found that the initiation stress and peak strength first decreased and then increased with an increasing inclination angle α. Regardless of the size of α, tensile cracks initiated prior to shear cracks. If α was small (such as α ≤ 30°), the tensile cracks dominated the specimen failure, the wing cracks propagated towards the direction of uniaxial compression, and the propagation of shear cracks was inhibited by the high concentration of tensile stress. In contrast, if α was large (such as α ≥ 45°), mixed cracks dominated the specimen failure, and the external loading favored the further propagation of shear cracks. Analyzing the numerical results of the specimen with a 45° inclination angle under biaxial compression, it was revealed that lateral confinement had a significant influence on the initiation sequence and the mechanical properties of new cracks.     

Strength criterion for cross-anisotropic sand under general stress conditions

By incorporating the fabric effect and Lode’s angle dependence into the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion, a strength criterion for cross-anisotropic sand under general stress conditions was proposed. The obtained criterion has only three material parameters which can be specified by conventional triaxial tests. The formula to calculate the friction angle under any loading direction and intermediate principal stress ratio condition was deduced, and the influence of the degree of the cross-anisotropy was quantified. The friction angles of sand in triaxial, true triaxial, and hollow cylinder torsional shear tests were obtained, and a parametric analysis was used to detect the varying characteristics. The friction angle becomes smaller when the major principal stress changes from perpendicular to parallel to the bedding plane. The loading direction and intermediate principal stress ratio are unrelated in true triaxial tests, and their influences on the friction angle can be well captured by the proposed criterion. In hollow cylinder torsional shear tests with the same internal and external pressures, the loading direction and intermediate principal stress ratio are related. This property results in a lower friction angle in the hollow cylinder torsional shear test than that in the true triaxial test under the same intermediate principal stress ratio condition. By comparing the calculated friction angle with the experimental results under various loading conditions (e.g., triaxial, true triaxial, and hollow cylinder torsional shear test), the proposed criterion was verified to be able to characterize the shear strength of cross-anisotropic sand under general stress conditions.     

Discrete element modelling of material non‐coaxiality in simple shear flows

We investigate the quasi‐static simple shear flow of a two‐dimensional assembly of cohesionless particles using discrete element method (DEM) simulations. We focus on the unsteady flow regime where the solid would experience significant evolution of stresses, mobilised shear strength and dilation. We construct the DEM model using a discretised‐wall confined granular cell where the apparent boundary is allowed to dilate or contract synchronously with the confined solid. A rather uniform simple shear field is achieved across the whole assembly, which benefits rheological studies in generalising constitutive laws for continuum methods. We examine two aspects of the simple shear behaviour: macroscopic stress and strain rate evolution, particularly the non‐coaxiality between the principal directions of the two; and micromechanics such as evolution of fabric. For an initially anisotropic specimen sheared under constant normal pressure, the direction of principal stress rotates towards that of the principal strain rate, gradually reducing the degree of non‐coaxiality from about 45° to fluctuating around 0°. The rate in approaching coaxiality is slower in samples with larger initial porosity, stress ratio and mean stress. Generally, a faster rate in approaching coaxiality in simple shear is observed in a more dilatant sample, which often shows a larger degree of mobilised fabric anisotropy, suggesting the possible important role of instantaneous internal friction angle. The evolution of principal fabric direction resembles that of the principal stress direction. © 2013 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于机器学习的岩体结构面剪切破坏区域预测研究

剪切破坏区域是岩体结构面上下盘相对运动的主要接触区域,对抗剪强度具有重要影响。鉴于结构面剪切破坏区域与形貌特征的高度非线性关系,本文在分析结构面表面形貌特征及剪切机制的基础上,以粗糙度参数倾向、倾角、曲率、高差和孔径分布来描述结构面表面形貌特征。对结构面试样开展法向应力为1.0MPa的直剪试验,通过图像分割技术提取剪切破坏区域,利用多种机器学习方法构建结构面剪切破坏区域预测模型,建立结构面粗糙度参数与破坏状态之间的非线性关系,并采用训练准确率和AUC（Area Under Curve）值等指标对模型预测性能进行评估。结果表明所建立的模型中集成装袋树预测性能最好,其次是K最近邻,其训练准确率最高分别可达98.02%和97.38%,AUC值最高分别可达0.78和0.74。通过敏感性分析发现孔径分布对剪切破坏区域的影响最大。本研究对有效分析结构面的剪切破坏机理和准确评价抗剪强度具有重要意义。     

A note on formulas for localized failure of frictional materials in compression and biaxial loading modes

The paper investigates aspects of the localization analysis of frictional materials. We derive closed formulas and diagrams for the inclination angle of critical discontinuity surfaces which develop in homogeneous compression and biaxial loading tests. The localization analysis is based on a Drucker–Prager‐type elastoplastic hardening model for non‐associated plastic flow at small strains, which we represent in spectral form. For this type of constitutive model, general analytical formulas for the so‐called critical hardening modulus and the inclination angle of critical discontinuity surfaces are derived for the plane strain case. The subsequent treatment then specializes these formulas for the analysis of compression and biaxial loading modes. The key contribution here is a detailed analysis of plane strain deformation modes where the localized failure occurs after subsequent plastic flow. The derived formulas and diagrams can be applied to the checking of an accompanying localization analysis of frictional materials in finite‐element computations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

层状页岩力学特性及其破坏模式研究

采用MTS815型岩石力学试验机进行了页岩层理面不同角度取芯的力学试验,获得了其力学参数及破坏模式特征。试验表明：层理面不同角度试样力学性质存在较大差异性,平行层理面试样其抗压强度最高,与层理面夹角为30°时抗压强度最低,弹性模量随取芯角度的增加逐渐降低。单轴压缩,夹角为0°时破坏模式主要为沿多个平行层理面竖向劈裂,夹角为30°时沿层理弱面剪切破坏,夹角为60°时为大角度剪切破坏并贯穿60°弱层理面,夹角为90°时主要为层状拉张破坏。三轴压缩,夹角为0°时试样有多条破裂面,呈劈裂与剪切破坏共同作用;夹角为30°时,沿层理面剪切破坏;夹角为60°时,呈现剪切破坏,剪切破裂面与水平面夹角在45°~50°之间;夹角为90°时,以剪切破坏为主,有多条平行开裂层面。页岩层理面表现出明显的弱面特征,研究结果为水力压裂施工设计提供了技术参数。     

复杂应力路径下杭州原状软黏土破坏标准研究

采用空心圆柱扭剪仪对主应力轴方向固定不变定向不排水剪切应力路径下杭州原状软黏土破坏标准进行试验研究,重点探讨了中主应力参数b、大主应力方向角?及孔压积累对剪切过程中黏土抗剪强度的影响,并提出原状软黏土剪切破坏的标准。试验结果表明,中主应力参数的变化没有对应力应变变化模式和试验应力路径产生影响,随着中主应力参数的增大,黏土抗剪强度的变化并没有呈现出一定的规律性;大主应力方向角对原状软黏土强度的影响反映出原生各向异性对黏土抗剪强度的控制作用;黏土样在剪切后期会产生显著的孔压积累,影响了黏土强度的发挥。考虑中主应力参数等影响因素,通过分析广义剪应力-应变曲线的变化情况,取广义剪应力qJ的峰值作为原状软黏土的剪切破坏标准。     

四川盆地焦石坝区块深部页岩力学特性试验研究

为深入研究不同埋深页岩储层的力学性质,对四川盆地焦石坝区块五峰-龙马溪组平行层理取心试样进行单轴压缩试验,总结了取样区段页岩试样的力学特性、强度规律以及破坏特征。实验及分析结果表明:该区块页岩呈现典型的脆性破坏特征,破坏形式以劈裂破坏为主、伴随部分或局部剪切破坏,并细分5种单轴压缩条件下的基本破坏形式;页岩抗压强度随埋深增加整体上呈现出两端低中间高的现象;随取心角度的增大,变形参数和抗压强度总体上均呈现出先增大后减小的趋势;对比分析了页岩试样力学参数的横向和纵向异性度,弹性模量和泊松比的横向及纵向异性度均在1.50附近,抗压强度的异性度显著高于弹性模量和泊松比的异性度;层理的影响是导致页岩强度及破坏方式差异性的主要原因之一,层理面在一定程度可以决定岩体的强度及破坏方式;水力压裂过程中,横向异性度大的层理面首先被打开,导致压裂通道沿层理面扩展,难以形成复杂裂缝网络,达不到理想的压裂效果,在施工过程中要避免此类层理面被打开。     

基于单三轴试验与直剪试验的层状软岩模拟

为探究模型试验中层状软岩模拟方法,依托九绵高速层状软岩隧道现场取样的室内试验结果,多次试验确定重晶石粉、石英砂、石膏粉、滑石粉和水的最优配比以模拟软岩基体,采用带孔薄膜模拟层理弱面的黏结作用,并通过直剪试验确定孔隙率,最后对不同层理角度与层理厚度的试样开展直剪与单、三轴试验以反映各向异性情况。结果表明：软岩基体模拟最优配比为0.55:0.15:0.07:0.06:0.17,重晶石粉对强度及破坏变形起决定作用,含量过低易压溃,含量过高产生上下贯通裂缝;采用30%孔洞率的薄膜模拟层理效果最佳;土样强度随层角呈U形变化,层厚减小（不小于2 cm）,强度减小。直剪试验中,45º层理剪切面朝层理方向倾斜,90º层理导致剪切面上下产生裂缝与碎裂,单三轴结果中,0º层理会产生小角度倾斜裂缝,45º层理产生垂直层理面的斜裂缝及二次破裂,90º层理产生顺层理的竖向劈裂;与现场结果对照后确定最优层厚为 3 cm,对层角与层厚的直剪与单三轴试验结果整体一致,揭示土样孔隙压密闭合−弹性−塑性胀裂破坏−徐变的过程。     

月壤双轴试验的剪切带离散元数值分析

土体的破坏问题一般都是从其剪切带入手进行研究的。针对真实月壤所处的环境（无水、低重力场、低气压等）和内摩擦角较大的特点,采用最近提出的1种考虑粒间抗转动作用与粒间范德华力2个因素的月壤散粒体力学接触模型,用离散单元法模拟了柔性边界条件下月球环境（含范德华力）与地球环境（不含范德华力）2种试样的双轴压缩试验,通过试样局部变形、速度场、孔隙比及转动场的变化情况研究了2种试样剪切带形成与发展。研究结果表明,剪切带的形成是试样内部应变局部化的结果,同时也伴随着试样内部颗粒相对转动的局部化,月面环境对试样的破坏形式与性状（剪切带的倾角及厚度）有显著的影响,探月工程中必须考虑到月面环境对月壤力学性质的影响。     

Fabric evolution within shear bands of granular materials and its relation to critical state theory

In an effort to study the relation of fabrics to the critical states of granular aggregates, the discrete element method (DEM) is used to investigate the evolution of fabrics of virtual granular materials consisting of 2D elongated particles. Specimens with a great variety of initial fabrics in terms of void ratios, preferred particle orientations, and intensities of fabric anisotropy were fabricated and tested with direct shear and biaxial compression tests. During loading of a typical specimen, deformation naturally localizes within shear bands while the remaining of the sample stops deforming. Thus, studying the evolution of fabric requires performing continuous local fabric measurements inside these bands, a suitable task for the proposed DEM methodology. It is found that a common ultimate/critical state is eventually reached by all specimens regardless of their initial states. The ultimate/critical state is characterized by a critical void ratio e which depends on the mean stress p, while the other critical state fabric variables related to particle orientations are largely independent of p. These findings confirm the uniqueness of the critical state line in the e ? p space, and show that the critical state itself is necessarily anisotropic. Additional findings include the following: (1) shear bands are highly heterogeneous and critical states exist only in a statistical sense; (2) critical states can only be reached at very large local shear deformations, which are not always obtained by biaxial compression tests (both physical and numerical); (3) the fabric evolution processes are very complex and highly dependent on the initial fabrics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.