浅埋弃土段大断面隧道施工力学行为研究

以龙洞堡机场隧道为工程背景,对弃土段隧道大变形原因进行深入分析,提出相应的改进措施,使隧道顺利通过剩余弃土段。研究结果表明,隧道所处人工弃土段与经压密原生土体物理性质存在差异,小导管与袖阀管注浆无法在弃土层扩散,反而增加了覆土重度,增大了隧道上覆荷载;实践证明对剩余弃土段采取二重管双液注浆,其效果要明显优于上述两种注浆措施;掌子面预留核心土和掌子面锚杆有效控制了掌子面前方先行位移,剩余弃土段掌子面先行位移约占总位移的15%~18%,达到减少掌子面先行位移的目的;弃土段隧道开挖,上覆土体呈现出整体下沉趋势,通过拱脚注浆锁脚锚杆可以减少初期支护拱脚、边墙脚沉降和过大水平位移;通过数值计算分析表明弧形导坑法开挖时,安全系数最小值发生在隧道仰拱中部,其量值为3.36,初期支护安全系数均大于2.4,支护体系在施工阶段是安全的。     

砂土拱效应的挡板下落试验及机理研究

土拱效应对考虑拱效应时土压力的计算非常重要,而目前对土拱效应的形成机理认识还不深刻。通过自行设计的室内挡板下落试验对砂土拱效应的问题进行了试验研究。得到了不同的土体埋深情况下,随挡板下移挡板上土体重量、箱内土体的应力和侧压力系数的变化规律。试验结果表明,挡板微小的位移挡板上土体的重量就会快速降低;随着挡板继续下移挡板上土体重量降低的趋势逐渐减缓,认为挡板下移2.5 mm时上部土体达到临界状态;随挡板下移箱底挡板上部中心线上的竖向土压力减小,挡板两侧上部土体的竖向土压力增大;挡板上部中心线上的侧压力系数明显增大。通过土体内的应力变化规律对砂土拱效应的形成机理进行了分析。     

长距离输水隧洞稳定性及支护研究

针对榆林某输水隧洞工程东线,分析其施工期及运营期的安全性和稳定性,利用有限元软件Abaqus建立三维数值模型,研究隧洞的应力和位移状态及围岩状态。同时考虑隧洞在不同内水压力下的最大应力变化,并采取一定的支护措施。结果表明,随着内水压力的增大,隧洞衬砌应力也会增大,且增大速度逐渐增加。运用小导管注浆和锚杆支护能够减缓应力的增长速度,且小导管的效果要优于锚杆支护。     

地表均布超载作用下盾构隧道上覆土层竖向土压力转移分析

通过对地表均布超载的模型试验实测既有盾构隧道上覆土层竖向土压力、土体沉降进行分析,结果表明:地表均布超载作用下,与隧道顶部的垂直距离越近,隧道上覆土层中的竖向土压力分布不均匀程度越大,同时土体沉降的不均匀程度也越大。隧道上覆土层出现不均匀沉降时,土体单元之间发生竖向相对位移而产生竖向剪力,隧道上覆土中表现出竖向土压力转移现象,从而使隧道上覆土层中的竖向土压力分布不均匀。隧道上覆土层中土体单元之间的竖向剪力大小与单元之间的竖向相对位移及土体力学性能有关,因此,地表超载作用下隧道上覆土沉降的不均匀程度及上覆土的力学性能对隧道上覆土层的竖向土压力分布不均匀程度有影响,进而对隧道变形产生影响。     

隧道渗流侵蚀的颗粒流模拟

建造在砂土环境中的盾构隧道渗漏水会将砂土颗粒带入隧道内部,导致隧道周围砂土流失,引起隧道的不均匀变形与沉降。建立了隧道–土体离散元计算模型,模拟隧道不同部位发生局部渗流侵蚀时隧道中心位移、隧道表面土压力分布及地表沉降的变化。结果表明,隧道中心位移、地表沉降量均与颗粒流失比例呈线性增加关系;受颗粒流失及流失缝周围形成的颗粒力拱影响,隧道表面土压力重分布,会使流失缝宽度进一步扩大而加剧渗流侵蚀进程,且渗流侵蚀发生于隧道底部产生的影响大于渗流侵蚀发生于隧道腰部与顶部。     

深埋断层节理段导流隧洞围岩稳定性分析

西南某水电站导流隧洞K1+350～400桩号发育F13断层等多条节理,埋深大,地应力较高,地质条件复杂。运用三维离散单元软件3DEC对其进行数值模拟,并结合现场监测数据对其围岩稳定性进行分析。结果表明,该段围岩稳定性主要受结构面控制,F13断层下盘右拱肩掉块较多,位移较大,支护后导流隧洞围岩稳定性得到加强,支护效果较好。     

隧道挤压型变形与支护特性研究

针对挤压型大变形问题,通过木寨岭隧道科研试验与相关资料分析,得出挤压型大变形具有变形量大、持续时间长的特点,一般两侧为变形优势部位。测试数据表明,刚性支护中围岩压力、拱架应力、锚杆轴力值均较大,其中拱架应力值可能超过材料屈服强度,边墙锚杆较拱部锚杆作用明显,围岩压力与变形增量呈反比关系;在挤压型变形隧道中允许有控制性地释放围岩变形,能够减小支护结构上的围岩压力,有利于隧道结构的长期稳定。文中阐述了可让式支护原理,对可让式支护结构预留变形量进行初步预测,数值计算表明,采用刚性支护将位移控制在较小的范围内需要足够大的刚度,而可让式支护具有能够允许围岩一定程度的变形同时减小支护结构受力的优势,可在铁路隧道中推广使用。     

锚杆支护圆形隧洞的等效强度参数及可靠性分析

通过采用均匀化方法,研究了圆形隧洞的锚杆支护特性,将高密度支护模式下的岩石和锚杆复合体考虑成均匀、连续、强度参数增强的等效材料,简化了岩石和锚杆间复杂的力学耦合问题。通过定义锚杆密度参数来反映不同支护模式的特性,建立锚杆密度参数与Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则中主要参数之间的关系,推导出等效弹性模量、等效黏聚力和等效内摩擦角的表达式,并分析比较了隧洞在支护前后的位移情况。结合可靠性理论,采用容许极限位移量作为失稳判据,分析了隧洞在支护前后的可靠性指标与破坏概率,结果表明,文中提出的方法简单可靠,锚杆支护对隧洞的位移限制效果明显,可显著提高隧洞的可靠性。     

砂土中隧洞开挖引起的地面沉降试验研究

利用离心模型试验研究隧洞开挖中支护压力P与地层位移S的关系以及地面沉降槽的形态。得到归一化P-S曲线和沉降槽计算参数。还分析了土类、密度和含水量对地层位移的影响。     

砂土中隧道施工对相邻垂直连续管线位移影响的模型试验研究

隧道施工会对邻近管线造成危害,但目前对土体位移与管线位移两者之间的关系还没有清晰的认识。针对这一问题,设计砂土中考虑不同管线管径、埋深及抗弯刚度的3组隧道施工模型试验,分析垂直下穿隧道施工过程中砂土和管线位移规律。研究结果表明,Vorster修正高斯公式能较好地拟合砂土沉降分布,其控制参数?值在0.2～1.0之间变化,且与地层埋深成正比;土体沉降槽宽度系数i对管线变形有较大影响,埋深相同的条件下管线抗弯刚度与沉降值成反比;深埋管线的变形主要受上拱效应支配,且管径越大上拱效应越明显,而下拉效应主要支配着浅埋管线的位移;Smax /i为影响管土相对位移一个关键参数,在此基础上提出了修正的管土相对刚度计算公式。     

The driving of metro tunnels at helsinki with the aid of ground freezing

Twin 6.5 m diameter tunnels were driven through saturated soil at a depth of 25 m under a street intersection with the aid of horizontal freezing. The frozen soil section was about 30 m long. Because of groundwater pressure the horizontal freeze holes were drilled with sealed casings. A new drill bit was introduced to form a tight plug at the end of the casing. The soil around the perimeter of the tunnel bores was frozen by vaporizing freon in the freeze tubes. A 2.5 m thick ice wall in sand and moraine was developed during the freezing period of 55 days. The tunnel bores were excavated under protection of the frozen arch by cautious drilling and blasting. The advance was 1.2–1.8 m per round. Permanent tunnel linings were constructed by bolting together cast iron segments.     

粉砂地层盾构隧道开挖面稳定性离心试验及数值模拟

通过开展离心模型试验,对干粉砂及饱和粉砂中盾构隧道开挖面的失稳破坏特性和极限支护压力进行了研究。通过远程控制开挖面土体位移,获得了支护压力与开挖面位移间的关系曲线及开挖面达到主动极限平衡状态时的破坏模式。2组干砂离心模型试验结果表明,当隧道埋深与隧道直径比从0.5增大到1时,开挖面破坏模式从整体坍塌破坏转变为烟囱状,但极限支护压力变化较小。饱和砂土中的试验表明,开挖面水平方向破坏范围相比在相同埋深干砂中的范围扩大,极限支护压力显著增加。对开挖面破坏过程进行三维弹塑性有限元数值模拟,获得了开挖面极限支护压力和破坏机制,所得结果与试验吻合较好。进一步通过数值模拟,分析了土体强度参数、隧道埋深及渗流对极限支护压力的影响规律。结果表明,渗流条件下开挖面破坏区域及极限支护压力均大于无渗流情况,极限支护压力随内摩擦角增大而减小,随隧道埋深增大而减小。     

离心模型试验中微型土压力盒土压力测定

土压力作为离心模型试验中重要的测试参数,受土压力盒的性能、离心机数据采集系统稳定性及外部环境等诸多因素的影响,准确地测量土压力较为困难。土压力盒作为土压力测试元件,其性能对土压力测量准确性有直接影响。为获得较为准确的土压力测试数据,结合离心机数据采集系统,选择两种常见的电阻应变式土压力盒。通过标定试验得出两种土压力盒砂标系数均小于出厂标定系数,Ⅰ型偏小64.75%,Ⅱ型偏小18.77%,Ⅱ型土压力盒与出厂数据的重合度比Ⅰ型好;在研究墙高10～30 m类扶壁式挡墙侧向土压力分布的离心模型试验中,与Ⅱ型土压力盒相比,Ⅰ型存在按出厂系数测得数据失真、灵敏度低和稳定性差的缺点。标定试验和离心试验结果表明,接入自行组建的数据采集系统的Ⅱ型土压力盒比接入静态应变数据采集系统的Ⅰ型土压力盒性能更佳。     

高水压顶管隧道管节修复装置的设计与应用

富春江顶管工程为例,介绍了一种可快速拆卸的用于深埋顶管隧道对管节局部破损进行修复的装置。装置结构简单、紧凑,易于在圆形截面的隧道中进行快速拼装。该装置最高耐水压力0.8 MPa,可对地下水位以下30~80 m顶管隧道中出现沿轴线长＜0.4 m环状破损的管节进行注浆修复。这种设计能够有效解决深埋顶管隧道小面积局部破损、小范围漏水涌砂等问题,为深埋顶管等方法构筑的圆形隧道提供应急修复保障。     

大断面深埋高水压地铁盾构隧道周边土压力作用模式评价

以南京某大直径地铁盾构隧道为背景,对盾构管片衬砌所受荷载及结构内力进行现场测试,分析了深埋高水压粉细砂地层中盾构隧道管片土压力大小及分布特征。采用3种不同竖向荷载组合（即有效上覆土压力+水压力,太沙基松动土压力+水压力,只有水压力）计算管片内力并与实测内力进行比较,评价了作用在盾构隧道管片上的土压力模式。结果表明：（1）作用在盾构隧道衬砌上的水压力大小基本等于静止水压力;（2）盾构隧道隧顶实测土压力约为太沙基松动土压力的80%,实测隧顶土压力更接近于太沙基松动土压力,隧道上方存在土拱;（3）现场实测管片弯矩较3种荷载作用下计算弯矩小,而实测管片轴力约为理论计算轴力的2倍。此外,分析了水平地基抗力系数对隧道管片内力的影响。研究成果可为大直径深埋盾构隧道设计提供参考。     

考虑渗流条件下开挖面失稳离心试验研究

当土压平衡盾构穿越高水位地层（如穿越江河）时,地下水与土舱之间的高水压差会产生过大的渗透力,导致开挖面失稳。为了研究渗流条件下开挖面失稳问题,开发了一套隧道离心模型试验装置,主要包括刚性模型箱、模型盾构、开挖面伺服加载系统、水位控制系统、储水箱。针对饱和砂质粉土地层,开展了一系列不同水位高度的稳态渗流开挖面失稳模型试验。结果显示,开挖面失稳过程中随着开挖面位移的增加,有效支护压力迅速下降;在达到最小值 之后缓慢回升并趋于稳定;极限有效支护压力 与水头压力 呈线性关系。     

Face stability analysis of shield-driven tunnels shallowly buried in dry sand using 1-g large-scale model tests

This paper investigates the face stability of shield-driven tunnels shallowly buried in dry sand using 1-g large-scale model tests. A half-circular tunnel model with a rigid front face was designed and tested. The ground movement was mobilized by pulling the tunnel face backwards at different speeds. The support pressure at tunnel face, settlement at ground surface, and internal movement of soil body were measured by load cells, linear variable differential transducers, and a camera, respectively, and the progress of face failure was observed through a transparent lateral wall of model tank. The tests show that, as the tunnel face moves backwards, the support pressure at the tunnel face drops sharply initially, then rebounds slightly, and tends to be stabilized at the end. Similarly, the ground surface settlement shows a three-stage variation pattern. Using the particle image velocimetry technique, the particle movement, shear strain, and vortex location of soil are analyzed. The variation of support pressure and ground surface settlement related to the internal movement of soil particles is discussed. The impact of the tunnel face moving speed on the face stability is discussed. As the tunnel face moves relatively fast, soil failure originates from a height above tunnel invert and an analytical model is developed to analyze such failure.     

The effect of wind speed and bed slope on sand transport

This paper reports on a wind tunnel study of the effects of bed slope and wind speed on aeolian mass transport. The use of a sloping wind tunnel has enabled estimation of the friction angle α to be about 40° for saltating particles in the range 170–540 μm. A formula relating dimensionless mass transport to friction speed and bed slope is proposed, and mass transport data for five uniform sand samples and one non-uniform sand sample are shown to fit the equation well. In particular, the relationship reveals an overshoot in mass transport slightly above threshold collisions, a feature also evident when previous experimental data is re-examined. As the number of mid-air collisions between the saltating particles increases greatly with wind speed, the overshoot may occur as a result of increasing energy losses resulting from the collisions. Finally, it is demonstrated that data for saltating snow shows a similar overshoot in the dimensionless transport rate.     

Experimental investigation of the face stability of shallow tunnels in sand

Various models have been proposed for the prediction of the necessary support pressure at the face of a shallow tunnel. To assess their quality, the collapse of a tunnel face was modelled with small-scale model tests at single gravity. The development of the failure mechanism and the support force at the face in dry sand were investigated. The observed displacement patterns show a negligible influence of overburden on the extent and evolution of the failure zone. The latter is significantly influenced, though, by the initial density of the sand: in dense sand a chimney-wedge-type collapse mechanism developed, which propagated towards the soil surface. Initially, loose sand did not show any discrete collapse mechanism. The necessary support force was neither influenced by the overburden nor the initial density. A comparison with quantitative predictions by several theoretical models showed that the measured necessary support pressure is overestimated by most of the models. Those by Vermeer/Ruse and Léca/Dormieux showed the best agreement to the measurements.     

Development of deflation lag surfaces

A series of wind tunnel tests were carried out to investigate the development of deflation lags in relation to the non-erodible roughness element concentration. Glass spheres (18 mm in diameter) were placed along the complete length of the wind tunnel working section in regular staggered arrays using three different spacings (d=18, 30 and 60 mm) and completely covered with a 0.27-mm erodible sand. A pre-selected free stream velocity above threshold (8m s^?1) was established above the surface and the sediment transport measured at 2-s intervals using a wedge-shaped trap in which an electronic balance is incorporated. Throughout each test, the emerging lag surface was periodically photographed from above at two locations upwind of the trap. The photographs were electronically scanned and analysed to calculate the lag element coverage and location, as well as mean height and frontal area for each time period. Test results indicate that lag development has a profound effect on both the sediment flux and wind profile characteristics. Initially, there is an increase in sediment flux above that for a rippled sand bed because of increased erosion around and reduced kinetic energy loss in highly elastic collisions with the emerging roughness elements. With further emergence, a dynamic threshold is reached whereupon the sediment flux decreases rapidly, tending towards zero. At this point, the supply of grains to the air stream through fluid drag follows a reduction in aerodynamic roughness and, therefore, surface shearing stress. At least as important is the lesser potential for grain ejection at impact because of reduced momentum imparted from the air stream during saltation. Although recent shear stress partitioning models indicate when particle movement may commence on varying surfaces, our experimental results demonstrate that this partitioning has a further direct bearing upon the saltation flux ratio.