关中一次阵风锋触发的强对流天气分析

利用雷达、探空和自动站等观测资料以及NCEP1°×1°再分析资料对2018年7月26日关中地区快速发展移动的强对流天气进行研究,重点分析了出流边界在对流风暴局地生成、快速发展中的作用。结果显示:26日上午关中东部地区存在有利于对流风暴发生、发展的中尺度环境条件,包括明显的热力不稳定,低层强的偏南气流及暖平流;午后秦岭山区对流云团下山过程中和西安南部多个对流单体合并加强,形成强的冷池和雷暴高压,激发出阵风锋,阵风锋是本次强对流天气的触发机制;雷达图上新的对流单体在阵风锋前径向风风向切变最大处触发,大风天气出现在阵风锋后部强的反射率因子梯度区;阵风锋位于冷池前沿,两者的发展演变密切相关,雷暴合并补充加强了冷池强度,有利于阵风锋及强对流天气维持较长时间;边界层风向与阵风锋移动方向相反,而边界层以上的风向与之相同是阵风锋触发的对流风暴维持发展的一个因素。     

多种观测资料在一次弱降水雷暴大风分析中的综合应用

利用多普勒天气雷达、宝坻和西青两部风廓线雷达、天津250m气象铁塔观测资料,结合NCEP再分析资料、探空资料、地面加密自动站和自动站分钟资料,对2014年6月8日发生在天津地区的一次弱降水雷暴大风过程进行分析。结果表明:(1)此次过程属于西北气流型雷暴大风,低层强垂直风切变和较大的温度直减率为雷暴大风的出现提供有利环境条件;(2)此过程共经历弓形回波复合体、阵风锋和单体弓形回波3个阶段,雷暴大风的强度与强回波核伸展高度以及下落时间有关,回波核伸展高度越高,下落时间越短,雷暴大风强度越强;(3)强冷池的快速移动是弓形回波复合体阶段雷暴大风的直接原因,冷空气首先从2.3km高度入侵,10min后地面出现雷暴大风。天津南部具有不稳定能量高值中心,配合地面中尺度辐合线的触发作用导致单体弓形回波阶段雷暴大风;(4)阵风锋阶段上升与下沉气流共存,下沉速度峰值的下传特征较地面雷暴大风的出现提前20min,2km以上的对流层中低层为上升运动。     

成都一次雷暴大风的中尺度特征分析

利用常规观测资料、加密自动站资料、自动站5 min资料、天气雷达资料和风廓线雷达组网资料,对2017年7月27日夜间出现在成都地区的一次雷暴大风天气过程进行分析,结果表明:本次过程发生在副热带高压和切变线共同影响下,地面辐合线、弱垂直风切变、层结不稳定和较大的对流有效位能为雷暴大风的发生提供了有利的环境条件。此次雷暴大风天气过程是由多单体风暴产生的;雷达回波具有窄带回波、反射率因子质心快速下降、风暴前侧出流、后侧入流和中层径向辐合等特征,这些特征对监测和预警雷暴大风有很好的指示意义。雷暴高压和强冷中心对雷暴大风的形成和维持有着重要作用。在大风过程中,风向突变伴有瞬时风速增大,但风向突变出现时间较最大瞬时风速出现提前了5 min左右,中尺度气旋式辐合的出现时间较最大瞬时风速有15 min的提前量。阵风锋坡度愈大,前侧上升气流坡度愈大;阵风锋后部的垂直风速变化落后于水平风速的变化。     

甘兰高原\

利用常规观测资料、加密自动站资料、自动站5 min资料、天气雷达资料和风廓线雷达组网资料,对2017年7月27日夜间出现在成都地区的一次雷暴大风天气过程进行分析,结果表明：本次过程发生在副热带高压和切变线共同影响下,地面辐合线、弱垂直风切变、层结不稳定和较大的对流有效位能为雷暴大风的发生提供了有利的环境条件。此次雷暴大风天气过程是由多单体风暴产生的;雷达回波具有窄带回波、反射率因子质心快速下降、风暴前侧出流、后侧入流和中层径向辐合等特征,这些特征对监测和预警雷暴大风有很好的指示意义。雷暴高压和强冷中心对雷暴大风的形成和维持有着重要作用。在大风过程中,风向突变伴有瞬时风速增大,但风向突变出现时间较最大瞬时风速出现提前了5 min左右,中尺度气旋式辐合的出现时间较最大瞬时风速有15 min的提前量。阵风锋坡度愈大,前侧上升气流坡度愈大;阵风锋后部的垂直风速变化落后于水平风速的变化。

     

一次阵风锋触发强对流过程雷达资料特征分析

为了进一步探索西北高原干旱区强对流触发机制,提高灾害性天气监测预警能力,以新一代天气雷达探测资料为核心,针对一次阵风锋触发的逆向传播强对流过程,进行了雷达气象学诊断分析。结果表明:(1)天气系统配置为有利的大气环境,CAPE、CIN与LFC均适合强对流的触发与发展,原生对流消亡后产生的3条阵风锋共同作用触发新生强对流。(2)新一代天气雷达能有效监测到阵风锋产生、发展、成熟、汇合、消失以及触发新生对流的过程,揭示了3条阵风锋及下击暴流的细节。(3)强反射率因子区域快速下沉且强度减退及径向速度模糊,对雷暴大风灾害的预警具有指示意义。(4)各条阵风锋的长度变化普遍经历快速增长、增幅减缓和趋于减小3个阶段,其宽度变化也具有相似的较强规律性。(5)阵风锋的运动受下垫面特别是城区较强磨擦作用影响显著,存在一定波动。阵风锋合并后,新生对流的增强需要18~30 min的成长期,为准确预警强烈天气提供了宝贵的时间提前量。(6)在天气背景分析基础上,利用雷达资料关注阵风锋初生、发展、运动情况,可望提前1 h左右发现触发新生对流征兆。通过雷达资料可准确掌握阵风锋细致变化、形成近地层急流、下击暴流,以及新生对流的发展,是监测强对流触发与预警的关键手段。     

一次雷暴大风的物理环境场和多普勒雷达回波特征

2009年8月27日15-18时,石家庄地区出现雷暴大风等灾害性强对流天气过程,石家庄地区北部新乐县境内的多普勒雷达探测到了此次天气过程中完整的阵风锋、飑线、中气旋等中尺度天气系统,并对此次雷暴大风的环境场和多普勒雷达产品进行分析。结果表明：低层逆温、中低层垂直风切变较强的不稳定层结为强对流天气的发生发展提供了有利的环境条件。阵风锋对对流风暴发展强度具有反馈作用,当二者逐渐远离时,对流风暴强度减弱甚至消亡;当二者逐渐靠近时,对流风暴发展加强,甚至发展为超级单体对流风暴。多单体对流风暴带状排列构成飑线系统,所经测站出现风速突增、风向急转、气压涌升、气温下降,钩状回波、人字型回波、弓形回波和深厚持久发展的中气旋是本次天气过程中的超级单体对流风暴所具有的典型特征。地面破坏性大风主要由超级单体对流风暴所引发。     

三次雷暴导致的阵风锋过程分析

利用多普勒天气雷达资料和自动站资料对2012年5月16日江苏、6月9日京津冀地区以及7月10日河北的三次阵风锋过程进行综合分析。结果表明：持续下沉的冷空气形成雷暴高压是阵风锋产生的直接原因。雷暴高压形成过程中,一方面,下沉气流在较小区域内迅速堆积形成雷暴高压,另一方面,新旧单体不断更替,风暴内稳定的下沉气流使雷暴高压发展。雷暴高压内强辐散气流与环境空气形成阵风锋。随着雷暴高压的移动和增强,阵风锋向前移动和增强,当雷暴高压减弱,阵风锋也逐渐消亡。温度梯度与气压梯度越大,瞬时大风越强,阵风锋也越强。阵风锋产生的瞬时大风与窄带回波的强度值不一定成正比。中层径向辐合对阵风锋产生有提前预示作用,提前量为半小时左右,辐合持续时间越长,阵风锋生命史越长。     

防城港市一次阵风锋的雷达回波特征分析

对2015年9月8日防城港市沿海地区出现的一次强对流天气过程进行分析,此次强对流天气过程出现多个雷暴,并发生了多次阵风锋。应用多普勒雷达观测资料,从两次阵风锋的演变过程中分析出一些阵风锋的雷达回波特征。对比自动站观测资料,分析阵风锋过境时气象要素的变化情况。     

2016年山东一次阵风锋触发的强对流天气分析

利用常规观测、区域自动气象站、NCEP/NCAR再分析和雷达回波资料,对2016年6月30日山东一次阵风锋触发的强对流天气进行了分析。结果表明,此次强对流主要发生在高空槽与副热带高压相互作用、山东高低层受一致西南气流影响的环流形势下,阵风锋、地面辐合线和负变压中心所产生的抬升作用及近地面层冷空气的侵入使气温骤降是触发对流的关键因素。低层水汽充沛、湿层厚,属于上干下湿的不稳定层结。强对流发生区域处在假相当位温差（Δθse）和风暴相对螺旋度（storm relative helicity,SRH）的大值中心及其右侧位置。对流有效位能（convective available potential energy,CAPE）、850 hPa与500 hPa之间温差、大风指数、强天气威胁指数等都对此次强对流有较好的指示作用。0 ℃层高度和融化层高度较高是此次过程未出现大冰雹的原因。较强的0～3 km垂直风切变在强对流预报业务中需要注意。此次强对流过程是线状回波带前侧风暴内出现了阵风锋,阵风锋又不断触发雷暴使个别强单体风暴发展加强成为超级单体风暴,具有持续时间较短的中气旋、高悬的强回波、有界弱回波区、风暴顶辐散、窄带回波、径向速度大值区等回波特征。风暴移动速度比风暴承载层平均风速大,缩短了超级单体存在时间。此外,风暴参数与天气的强烈程度密切相关。     

一次华北飑线的阵风锋天气过程分析

利用常规气象观测资料、加密自动站观测资料和雷达探测等资料,对2013年8月4日晚上华北一次飑线的阵风锋引发的雷暴、大风等强对流天气的特征和成因进行了分析,结果表明:地面冷锋与前倾槽的配置构成了有利的大尺度环流背景,地面中尺度高压外流冷空气与环境风场形成的中尺度辐合线,使得对流活动加剧,促使新的雷暴生成或加强。飑线成熟阶段具有明显的波动特征,并向右向发展。阵风锋首先产生于飑线的强雷暴群前,并随着飑线的增强而增强;阵风锋的维持主要依靠风暴持续的下沉气流,下沉气流减弱后阵风锋会随之减弱。飑线及阵风锋过境时均伴有气象要素的剧烈变化,在系统发展强盛时,阵风锋过境气象要素的变化幅度大于飑线的变化,其余时段则偏弱。飑线减弱以后,阵风锋还会维持一段时间,这需要加强系统的监测。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.