冰封期湖泊溶解氧变化特征及代谢速率

冰封期湖泊与大气的气体交换受冰盖阻碍,影响湖泊溶解氧含量,进而影响湖泊水质.为探究冰封期湖泊溶解氧和新陈代谢速率变化特征及影响因素,本研究通过监测典型季节性冰封湖泊不同深度的溶解氧(DO)、水温和光合有效辐射(PAR),结合水质检测结果,分析冰封期湖泊DO变化及代谢速率影响因素,对湖泊日新陈代谢速率计算方法进行改进并估算冰封期湖泊新陈代谢速率.结果表明：2021年1—3月间,岱海DO浓度平均值为15.49 mg/L,并出现昼夜变化和分层现象.DO在冰封期变化趋势呈现出先逐渐升高,然后保持稳定,进入消融期(2021年3月2—11日)分层现象逐渐消失的规律.岱海冰封期净初级生产力和生态系统呼吸速率平均值分别为0.11和0.10 mg/(L·d),在水温未出现分层时净初级生产力呈现较高水平;之后水温沿水深方向出现分层,净初级生产力明显下降;当冰层融化后,PAR显著上升,净初级生产力又逐渐恢复至0.10 mg/(L·d).统计分析表明,岱海冰封期DO与水温、PAR、总氮等变化具有一定相关关系,且由于湖泊流域生态环境条件及冰封期物候特征不同,岱海与内蒙古其他湖泊相比,冰封期DO变化趋势存在一定差...     

青藏高原东北部湖泊细菌群落结构特征季节性差异及驱动机制

微生物是湖泊生态系统重要的有机组分。了解不同时期青藏高原湖泊细菌群落特征、环境驱动因子及其群落构建过程的差异,对高原湖泊水生态管理具有重要的指导意义。分别于2020年6和12月采集青藏高原东北部5个湖泊水样,基于高通量测序技术、统计分析和模型分析,解析高原湖泊群在非冰封期和冰封期细菌群落结构、环境驱动因子和中性过程、确定性过程以及随机性过程在细菌群落构建过程的贡献。结果表明：（1）非冰封期湖泊细菌群落的Chao1丰度指数、Simpson和Shannon多样性指数低于冰封期,Spearman相关性分析结果表明非冰封期细菌群落的Chao1丰度指数和多样性指数与水温和海拔显著相关,而冰封期细菌群落的Chao1指数和多样性指数与总氮显著相关;（2）水体细菌群落的优势门均为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）,非冰封期细菌中拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）的平均相对丰度明显高于冰封期。另外,主坐标分析和相似性分析结果表明非冰封期和冰封期的细菌群落组成差异极显著;（3）冗余分析结果表明不同时期湖泊群细菌群落结构的...     

乌梁素海冰封期分层与混合特征及对氧代谢速率的影响

为探究寒旱区浅湖冰封期分层动态与其对湖泊新陈代谢速率的影响,于2016-2019年对乌梁素海气象与冰雪条件、冰下水体环境开展原位观测,分析水温和溶解氧变化特征、冰下混合层的出现与发展动态及其对代谢速率的影响.结果显示:观测期内乌梁素海整体水温较高(可接近10℃),冻结期水温结构主要由稳定的上部逆温层和下部弱逆温层构成,...     

水温、光能对春季太湖藻类生长的耦合影响

环境因素对藻类生长的影响机制是探讨蓝藻水华暴发的基础,其中水温和光能均是影响藻类生长的关键物理因子.基于2015年春季于太湖观测的11次藻类总初级生产力、水温廓线和营养盐浓度等,探讨水温、光能及营养盐对藻类生长过程的影响.结果表明:春季,水温、光能是影响藻类生长的关键因素,而营养盐的影响贡献相对较弱.深层水体中光能是藻类生长的关键性限制因子,浅层表现为水温、光能的共同影响,而表层主要表现为光能的抑制.水温的升高促进藻类对光能的获取和利用,提高光抑制的光能阈值,造成深层水体中光能限制程度的加强,藻类生长呈现光限制的深度变浅.本研究有利于确定气候变化下水生生态系统演变的方向,为水生生态系统的恢复提供理论依据.     

冰封期乌梁素海沉积物-水界面氨氮的交换特征

为揭示冰封期氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）在沉积物-水界面的迁移机制及内源性营养盐对全湖污染的贡献,于2018年2月初在乌梁素海湖区7个采样点采集了上覆水体与沉积物样品,得到了冰封期上覆水体与沉积物间隙水中的NH₄⁺-N浓度,估算了沉积物-水界面NH₄⁺-N的扩散通量.结果显示,上覆水体中NH₄⁺-N浓度变化范围为0.55~1.60 mg/L,平均值为1.05 mg/L,0~5 cm表层沉积物间隙水中NH₄⁺-N浓度是上覆水体中的10倍以上,其变化范围为6.64~18.63 mg/L,平均值为11.92 mg/L.估算沉积物间隙水NH₄⁺-N向上覆水体的扩散通量为1.282~4.269 mg/（m²·d）,表明在湖水冻结过程中,底泥沉积物接纳了大量的可溶性污染物成为内源污染源,会在冰封稳定期、融冰期和融冰后的一段时间内成为湖水的主要污染源.     

三峡水库香溪河初级生产力及其影响因素分析

2013 2014年采用黑白瓶测氧法对香溪河不同站点(上、中、下游及其支流库湾)和不同水深(0.5、1.0、2.0、5.0和10.0 m)的初级生产力进行原位测定.结果显示:(1)三峡水库蓄水后香溪河水域初级生产力具有显著的空间差异,支流和上游的总初级生产力大于中、下游,下游的初级生产力水平最低;初级生产力随着水深增加呈现逐渐减少的趋势;(2)初级生产力具有显著的季节差异,春、夏季显著高于秋、冬季;(3)光照强度、水温和天气对初级生产力有显著影响,水体叶绿素浓度与初级生产力极显著相关.结果显示,蓄水后改变的水文情势将香溪河的初级生产划分为明显不同的两个区域,水动力条件成为影响初级生产力的重要因子;依据初级生产力判断香溪河为富营养、自养代谢型水体.     

乌梁素海冰封期溶解氧的平衡性分析

为探明中国北方浅水湖泊乌梁素海冰封期水体溶解氧平衡的内在机理,于2021年1-2月在湖心处布设了一台水质在线监测浮标,收集到包括溶解氧等在内的水质数据.通过对溶解氧数据的小波降噪处理,结合气象资料,模拟分析了冰生长及稳定期内水体溶解氧的变化趋势,定性分析了水体溶解氧的平衡机理.结果表明:湖泊的日均最高产氧速率为7.19 mg/(L·d),最低产氧速率为2.01 mg/(L·d);日均最高耗氧速率为7.13 mg/(L·d),最低耗氧速率为2.37 mg/(L·d).24 h的单位时间平均最高产氧速率为0.55 mg/(L·h),最低产氧速率为0 mg/(L·h);单位时间平均最高耗氧速率为0.36 mg/(L·h),最低耗氧速率为0.08 mg/(L·h).由此说明小时间尺度下溶解氧的补充消耗不均衡导致了大时间尺度下的溶解氧不平衡,进而产生了冬季湖泊的亏氧现象.通过进一步溶解氧驱动因素与水环境因子响应关系的分析发现,浊度、水温与产氧速率呈显著负相关,叶绿素a与产氧速率和耗氧速率均呈显著正相关,表明了这些限制性水环境因子在一定程度上影响了冰下水体的溶解氧平衡.     

海洋水色遥感产品在青海湖鱼产潜力估算中的应用

鱼产潜力可为渔业资源保护和管理提供科技支撑,传统的鱼产潜力估算方法在大型湖泊中往往成本高、采样率低、时效差.本研究基于2018—2020年非冰封期(5—10月)在青海湖的实测数据,通过提取和校对海洋水色遥感MODIS卫星数据反演产品(1 km分辨率)并结合垂向归纳模型(VGPM)构建了青海湖浮游植物初级生产力及鱼产潜力估算模型,估算的浮游植物初级生产力与实测值对比的平均相对误差小于25%.利用该模型估算2018—2020年非冰封期青海湖基于浮游植物初级生产力的鱼产潜力并分析其时空分布规律,结果显示青海湖鱼产潜力在5—10月呈现先增加后减少的季节波动规律,最大值出现在夏季(7—8月);空间分布上呈现湖心小,岸边及靠近入湖支流河口区域大的分布状态,全湖总鱼产潜力月均变化范围为2.5万~17.6万t.鱼产潜力的时空分布规律主要受气温、外源营养物质、裸鲤摄食等影响.研究表明青海湖非冰封期的鱼类资源承载力年累计值可达45.8万t,明显高于现有裸鲤资源的现存量和历史产量高峰值,表明青海湖仍然具备很大的鱼类资源承载力与增殖空间.本研究为同类型的大型高原湖泊基于卫星遥感的高效长期鱼产潜力监测估算提供了范例,为青海湖“封湖育鱼”政策制定和增殖放流保护决策提供参考.     

乌梁素海盐分在冰-水-沉积物间的分布及迁移特征

盐分是参与湖泊物质循环的重要成分之一,湖泊盐度增加对湖泊生态系统健康造成了严重的威胁.乌梁素海总溶解性固体（TDS）和盐度均处于较高的水平,为揭示盐分在冰-水-沉积物中的分布及迁移规律,冰封期在乌梁素海7个采样点采集冰、冰下水和不同深度沉积物样品,分析样品的TDS、Na⁺和Cl^-浓度,得到各自在冰-水间浓度的比值,即分配系数K,并对水-沉积物界面Na⁺和Cl^-的扩散通量进行估算.结果显示,TDS、Na⁺和Cl^-在冰-水中分配系数K的均值分别为0.02、0.03和0.01,表明在湖水结冰形成冰盖的过程中,随着冰晶的析出,TDS、Na⁺和Cl^-逐渐在水体中浓缩,水体中Na⁺和Cl^-在浓度梯度驱动力作用下,向沉积物间隙水中扩散,估算其扩散通量均值分别为-229和-676 mg/（m²·d）.总之,湖水在冻结过程中,由于冰晶的析出,盐分向冰下水体中迁移,使得盐分浓度在冰下水体中浓缩增加,继而向沉积物中迁移,对湖泊水生态环境构成胁迫.     

1973—2020年洞庭湖水温演变特征

表层水温是影响湖泊水生生态系统的关键因素,研究其对气候变化的响应过程及机制是评估湖泊生态环境可持续发展的重要切入点。本文针对水温的长期演变趋势问题,基于实测水文气象数据,采用Air2water数据驱动模型重构洞庭湖长序列水温资料,研究湖泊表层水温在气象条件驱动下的演变特征,为湖泊生态环境监测、水安全保障和综合治理等提供理论依据。主要结论有：（1）尽管Air2water数据驱动模型以常微分方程的简化形式概化湖泊热力学过程,但可较准确地反演水温的变化趋势。根据长序列实测气温资料重构的1973 2020年洞庭湖日均水温序列具有较高的可信度。（2）1973 2020年,洞庭湖水温年内变化具有显著的上升期和下降期,且降温过程较升温快。在气候变暖背景下,年均水温呈现持续的波动性上升趋势,且1996年发生突变后上升趋势更为显著,其中城陵矶站和南咀站年均水温的上升率分别达到0.20和0.16℃/10 a。1996年洞庭湖流域的突变式增温主要是由冷季的显著增暖过程驱动。（3）采用广义单位线法建立水温气温之间的耦合关系,水温随气温上升的速率先增大至极大值后逐渐减缓。1996年水温发生突变后,水温随气温的变...     

结冰对乌梁素海水体富营养化的影响

为研究结冰对湖泊富营养化状态的影响,以内蒙古乌梁素海为研究对象,用"注射器"式采水器和冰钻分别采集水样和冰样,并测定总氮、总磷、COD_(Cr)、叶绿素a浓度、冰厚、水深和透明度等指标,运用分形理论评价模型对湖泊结冰前、后的富营养化等级进行综合评价.结果表明:乌梁素海湖泊结冰厚度与水深存在较好的负相关性,其相关系数为0.54;湖泊结冰后,水体的富营养化等级由富营养变为重富营养,表明结冰过程中,氮、磷等营养元素被排斥至冰下水体,即结冰过程对湖泊水体中的营养元素具有浓缩效应,导致冰下环境质量恶化,并促进营养元素向沉积物转移;但也可以利用该浓缩效应,从湖泊冰封期富营养化污染的特殊性入手,运用底泥疏浚和冰体-水体分离等工程技术手段,实现湖泊富营养化污染的治理.     

盐度对湖冰冻结过程中氮磷营养盐排出效应的影响

伴随结冰过程的盐分排出是驱动冰封浅湖营养盐动态变化的关键过程,影响湖泊水质、环境与生态演变.为探究湖冰冻融过程如何改变寒区浅湖营养盐条件,采用自制定向冻结装置开展了无机氮磷营养盐溶液(NH₃-N、NO^-₂-N、NO^-₃-N、PO^3-₄-P)的室内冻结试验,结合现场采样分析评估了冻结排出效应对典型浅湖氮磷营养盐的影响.结果表明:营养盐浓度、盐度(以NaCl表征)是影响冻结排出效率的关键因素;随营养盐浓度的升高,冰内营养盐浓度升高,但冻结分离系数减小;若盐度升高,冰内营养盐浓度和分离系数均增大,主要与未冻卤水泡的形成有关;3种形态的无机氮、磷酸根的分离系数均存在明显差异.将试验结果应用于内蒙古乌梁素海结冰期氮磷营养分析,计算表明湖冰冻结排盐过程不仅造成湖水各类营养盐浓度升高,同时改变无机氮素构成、氮磷比等营养结构状态;特别是若湖泊盐度发生变化,氮磷营养盐的冻结排出效率及其差异性均会显著改变,增加冰封期湖泊营养条件的时空变异性.本文结果可广泛应用于定量评价冰层冻融过程对冬季湖泊营养条件的影响,有助于理解冰封期浮游植物群落演变的内在驱动力.     

EFFECTS OF RIVER ICE ON STAGE-DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIPS——A CASE STUDY OF THE YELLOW RIVER

Using field observations at four gauging stations along the Inner Mongolia Reach of the Yellow River in China, this paper explores effects of the ice on the hydraulics of this river reach for four different conditions, namely: under open channel flow, during ice-running period, the ice-covered period, and the river break-up period. The rating curves were found to be well recognized under open channel situations, but were sometimes poorly defined and extremely variable under ice conditions. The results also show that the water level is insensitive to flowing ice prior to freeze-up. However, significant, but hardly surprising, variations were observed during ice-covered conditions. The rating curves for both the ice covered condition and river ice breakup period are developed and some related hydraulic issues are examined. Additionally, the impacts of the ice accumulation and associated riverbed deformation during ice period on the rating curves are discussed.     

EFFECTS OF RIVER ICE ON STAGE——DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIPS

Using field observations at four gauging stations along the Inner Mongolia Reach of the Yellow River in China, this paper explores effects of the ice on the hydraulics of this river reach for four different conditions, namely: under open channel flow, during ice-running period, the ice-covered period, and the river break-up period. The rating curves were found to be well recognized under open channel situations, but were sometimes poorly defined and extremely variable under ice conditions. The results also show that the water level is insensitive to flowing ice prior to freeze-up. However, significant, but hardly surprising, variations were observed during ice-covered conditions. The rating curves for both the ice covered condition and river ice breakup period are developed and some related hydraulic issues are examined. Additionally, the impacts of the ice accumulation and associated riverbed deformation during ice period on the rating curves are discussed.     

PREFERENTIAL WATER FLOW IN A FROZEN SOIL — A TWO-DOMAIN MODEL APPROACH

Earlier modelling studies have shown the difficulty of accurately simulating snowmelt infiltration into frozen soil using the hydraulic model approach. Comparison of model outputs and field measurements have inferred the occurrence of rapid flow even during periods when the soil is still partly frozen. A one-dimensional, physically based soil water and heat model (SOIL) has been complemented with a new two-domain approach option to simulate preferential flow through frozen layers. The ice is assumed to be first formed at the largest water filled pore upon freezing. Infiltrating water may be conducted rapidly through previously air-filled pores which are not occupied by ice. A minor fraction of water is slowly transferred within the liquid water domain, which is absorbed by the solid particles. A model validation with field measurements at a location in the middle-east of Sweden indicated that the two-domain approach was suitable for improving the prediction of drainage during snowmelting. In particular, the correlation between simulated and observed onset of drainage in spring was improved. The validation also showed that the effect of the high flow domain was highly sensitive to the degree of saturation in the topsoil during freezing, as well as to the hydraulic properties at the lower frost boundary regulating the upward water flow to the frozen soil and ice formation.     

寒区浅水湖冰生消特征及其影响因素

基于2019—2020期间在盘锦市含章湖利用浮式观测平台开展湖冰原型观测试验,分析不同因素对湖冰变化造成的影响.结果表明:99 d冰期内湖冰的生消过程可概述为:湖泊封冻(3 d)—稳定生长(62 d)—冰厚稳定(7 d)—加速消融(24 d)—破碎分解(3d).生长期冰厚的平均增长速率为0.4 cm/d,最大冰厚为30.7 cm;不同深度(5～17 cm)冰温对气温变化的响应存在滞后性,滞后时间为70～158 min,冰温与气温的最大相关系数为0.52～0.89;降雨过程造成冰面反照率由0.22降至0.09,影响了冰内温度以及冰下40 cm以内的浅层水温,但14 mm的降雨量并未引起表面冰厚增加;降雪过程造成冰面反照率由0.25升至0.90,同时阻碍了 5 cm以内的浅层冰温对气温变化的响应,但风速长时间大于8 m/s时会导致冰面积雪被吹散,冰面重新裸露;消融期冰厚的衰减过程呈抛物线趋势,存在显著的加速过程,融化速率由0.3 cm/d逐渐增加到2.7 cm/d;湖冰生长期的冰底热通量均值为4.8 W/m~2;到消融期增加至8.1 W/m~2,为生长期的1.7倍;太阳辐射与湖冰边界侧向融化是导致湖冰加速融化的关键因素.本研究填补了国内湖冰冻融全过程实测资料的空缺,为湖冰热力学模型的改进提供了科学支撑.     

DMSP and DMS in coastal fast ice and under-ice water of Lützow-Holm Bay, eastern Antarctica

The combined concentration of total dimethylsulfoniopropionate and dimethylsulfide (DMSP+DMS) were measured in Antarctic fast ice on the coast of Lützow-Holm Bay, eastern Antarctica. High bulk-ice DMSP+DMS and chlorophyll a concentrations were found at the bottom of the sea ice, and these concentrations were higher than those in the under-ice water. The bulk-ice DMSP+DMS and chlorophyll a concentrations were highly correlated (r²=0.68, P<0.001), suggesting that the high bulk-ice DMSP+DMS concentrations were caused mainly by the presence of algae assemblages in the ice. The calculated brine DMSP+DMS concentrations were as high as 1100 nM in the bottom ice layer, and the vertical profile patterns of brine DMSP+DMS concentrations were almost the same as for the bulk ice, mainly because of the small amount of variability in the vertical brine volume fraction. DMSP+DMS and chlorophyll a concentrations in the under-ice water increased, whereas the salinity of the under-ice water decreased, during the sampling period. These results reflect the supply of freshwater containing high levels of DMSP+DMS to the water just under the ice as the ice melted. These results suggest that sea-ice melting could be important to sulfur cycling in coastal ice-covered regions of the polar oceans.     

Spatial variation of flow characteristics in a subarctic meandering river in ice-covered and open-channel conditions: A 2D hydrodynamic modelling approach

To be able to understand year-round river channel evolution both at present and in the future, the spatial variation of the flow characteristics and their sediment transport capabilities under ice cover need to be detected. As the measurements done through cross-sectional drill holes cover only a small portion of the river channel area, the numerical simulations give insight into the wider spatial horizontal variation of the flow characteristics. Therefore, we simulate the ice-covered flow with a hydrodynamic two-dimensional (2D) model in a meandering subarctic river (Pulmanki River, Finland) in mid-winter conditions and compare them to the pre-winter open-channel low flow situation. Based on the simulations, which are calibrated with reference measurements, we aim to detect (1) how ice-covered mid-winter flow characteristics vary spatially and (2) the erosion and sedimentation potential of the ice-covered flow compared to open-channel conditions. The 2D hydrodynamic model replicated the observed flow characteristics in both open-channel and ice-covered conditions. During both seasons, the greatest erosional forces locate in the shallow sections. The narrow, freely flowing channel area found in mid-winter cause the main differences in the spatial flow variation between seasons. Despite the causes of the horizontal recirculating flow structures being similar in both seasons, the structures formed in different locations depended on whether the river was open or ice covered. The critical thresholds for particle entrainment are exceeded more often in open-channel conditions than during ice-covered flow. The results indicate spatially extensive sediment transport in open-channel conditions, but that the spatial variability and differences in depositional and erosional locations increase in ice-covered conditions. Asymmetrical bends and straight reaches erode throughout the year, whereas symmetrical, smaller bends mainly erode in open-channel conditions and are prone to deposition in winter. The long ice-covered season can greatly affect the annual morphology of the submerged channel. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.