Seismic characteristics near the epicenter of the 1303 Hongtong M=8 earthquake, Shanxi Province and its implication

Introduction A great earthquake occurred on Sept. 25 of 1303 (Seventh of Dade, Yuan Dynasty) around Zhaocheng and Hongtong in Shanxi Province. The great earthquake is a very famous one, which is affirmed as the first earthquake with magnitude 8 in Chinese history. The catastrophes took place; meanwhile, huge archives of the disaster were recorded. According to these disaster recordings, the first isoseismal map in China was delineated, which provide us with abundant information of intensi…     

1303年山西洪洞8级地震高烈度区内地震活动特征及其物理意义

定量处理了1303年山西洪洞8级地震Ⅶ 度范围内中小地震活动图象,根据其空间分布特征划分为6个密集区．在每一密集区内分析了1970年以来ML2以上地震的时间分布特征,并结合密集区内历史地震情况,将地震活动分为3种类型．定性讨论了局部地壳介质状态与地震的关系,并解释了地震活动3种类型的形成机制;提出了强震重复有限性的问题;探讨了山西地震带中长期尺度地震危险性和地震灾害多样性等问题．     

Surface rupture zone of the 1303 Hongtong M=8 earthquake, Shanxi Province

Introduction The 1303 Shanxi Hongtong M=8 earthquake is the earliest M=8 event determined in histori-cal records in China and the largest recorded in Shanxi fault-depression system in history. Some researchers have discussed the tectonic environment of this earthquake (DENG, et al, 1973; DENG, 1984; DENG, XU, 1994, 1995; Seismo-geological Brigade, State Seismological Bureau, Depart-ment of Geology and Geography, Peking University, 1979; LIU, XIAO, 1982; ZHANG, JIA, 1986; SU, …     

Surface rupture zone of the 1303 Hongtong M=8 earthquake, Shanxi Province

Based on the latest displacement of Huoshan piedmont fault, Mianshan west-side fault and Taigu fault obtained from the beginning of 1990‘s up to the present, the characteristics of distribution and displacement of surface rupture zone of the 1303 Hongtong M = 8 earthquake, Shanxi Province are synthesized and discussed in the paper. If Taigu fault, Mianshan west-side fault and Huoshan piedmont fault were contemporarily active during the 1303 Hongtong M = 8 earthquake, the surface rupture zone would be 160 km long and could be divided into 3 segments, that is, the 50-km-long Huoshan piedmont fault segment, 35-km-long Mianshan west-side fault segment and 70-km-long Taigu fault segment, respectively. Among them, there exist 4 km and 8 km step regions. The surface rupture zone exhibits right-lateral features. The displacements of northern and central segments are respectively 6～7 m and the southern segment has the maximum displacement of 10 m. The single basin-boundary fault of Shanxi fault-depression system usually corresponds to M ≈ 7 earthquake, while this great earthquake (M = 8) broke through the obstacle between two basins. It shows that the surface rupture scale of great earthquake is changeable.     

Seismic characteristics near the epicenter of the 1303 Hongtong <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis>=8 earthquake,Shanxi Province and its implication

In this paper, we calculated the seismic pattern of instrumental recorded small and moderate earthquakes near the epicenter of the 1303 Hongtong M=8 earthquake, Shanxi Province. According to the spatial distribution of small and moderate earthquakes, 6 seismic dense zones are delineated. Temporal distribution of M _L≥2 earthquakes since 1970 in each seismic dense zone has been analyzed. Based on temporal distribution characteristics and historical earthquake activity, three types of seismicities are proposed. The relationship between seismic types and crustal medium is analyzed. The mechanism of three types is discussed. Finity of strong earthquake recurrence is proposed. Seismic hazard in mid-long term and diversity of earthquake disaster in Shanxi seismic belt are discussed.     

The GIS and analysis of earthquake damage distribution of the 1303 Hongtong M=8 earthquake

Introduction The 1303 Hongtong earthquake is an important earthquake in the eastern China. There is a lot of information in historical documents about the earthquake and many traces destroyed by the earthquake in the southern Shanxi Province. Many scholars have studied the earthquake from dif-ferent aspects, but mainly limited the definitions of the isoseismal and three factors of the earth-quake. Owing to being limited by the analysis technique, many useful damage information of the earthqu…     

The GIS and analysis of earthquake damage distribution of the 1303 Hongtong M=8 earthquake

The geography information system of the 1303 Hongton M=8 earthquake has been established. Using the spatial analysis function of GIS, the spatial distribution characteristics of damage and isoseismal of the earthquake are studies. By comparing with the standard earthquake intensity attenuation relationship, the abnormal damage distribution of the earthquake is found, so the relationship of the abnormal distribution with tectonics, site condition and basin are analyzed. In this paper, the influence on the ground motion generated by earthquake source and the underground structures near source also are studied. The influence on seismic zonation, anti-earthquake design, earthquake prediction and earthquake emergency responding produced by the abnormal density distribution are discussed. Foundation item: National important fundamental research “The Basic Research of Important Project in Damage Environment” and The important project “The Seismic Hazard Assessment Research and Anti-earthquake Structure Research” from China Earthquake Administration during the 10th Five-year Plan. Contribution No. 04FE1008, Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration.     

1303年山西洪洞8级大地震的时间有序性特征

1303年山西洪洞地震是我国历史记录中被确认的第一个8级大地震。引入有序系列和有序组合的含义,对1303年山西洪洞地震和1556年陕西华县地震分别形成的2个有序系列进行了研究,认为2个8级地震的发震时间有一个时间差(τ)。2个τ值之差用△τ来表示。若2个τ值相差不大,则4个地震(有时可以是3个地震)组成一个有序组合。2个有序系列可有7个有序组合。7个有序组合的τ值在100a～450a范围变化,但它们的△τ值仅在10d～2400d范围内变化,表示了2个有序序列之间的密切联系。震例表明,1303年洪洞大地震与其他8级地震之间的间隔的形成机制可能与沙罗周期有关。     

1303年山西洪洞8级地震震源断层研究

1303年在山西洪洞附近发生的8级巨大地震, 是中国根据现存较为详细的文献记载史料所确定的最早的一次8级地震。 这次地震距今已有700多年的历史, 而地震所在区域至今仍有持续不断的小地震活动。 本文根据地震破裂区1981年至2013年的中小地震精定位地震目录, 采用震源断层面拟合方法, 反演得到了1303年山西洪洞地震的震源断层面参数: 走向19.3°、 倾角88.5°、 滑动角-170.0°。 断层面长75.5 km, 宽26.2 km, 深度为地下11.12 ～37.35 km。 将地震破裂区的地震精确定位资料以近东西向的洪洞断裂为界划分为地震北段和地震南段, 分段进行地震震源断层拟合, 反演得到洪洞地震北段震源断层面参数: 走向13.7°、 倾角76.6°、 滑动角-157.6°。 断层面长32.7 km, 宽21.7 km, 深度为地下11.97～32.86 km; 南段震源断层面参数: 走向20.3°、 倾角87.1°、 滑动角-154.6°。 断层面长45.9 km, 宽16.6 km, 深度为地下9.32 km～25.50 km。 无论是分段还是不分段, 反演得到的洪洞地震震源断层均是右倾的近直立断层, 属于右旋走向滑动性质。 分段计算得到的地震北段震源断层深度比南段更深, 将反演得到的震源断层与临汾盆地深部构造最新研究成果进行了分析对比, 北段震源断层深度及倾角大小与深地震剖面推测得到的深大断裂几乎相同。 震源断层在地表的投影与洪洞地震的高烈度区能够较好地对应。     

1303年山西洪洞8级大地震郇堡地滑之研究

郇堡地滑是1303年山西洪洞8级大地震的重要遗迹之一，郇堡地滑使民宅、水利设施遭受了严重破坏，使地貌形态发生了巨大的改变，形成了地滑洼地、鼓丘、堰塞湖、地滑泉、地滑阶地等众多滑坡遗迹。郇堡地滑体经过700a的漫长岁月，受自然因素和人为因素的影响，古老的地滑体地貌已不完整，通过对地滑体所处的构造环境和该地区各种条件与地滑有关的地质、地貌条件现象分析，确定出郇堡地滑的规模及滑动方式，并对其成因机制进行了探讨。     

1303年山西洪洞8级大地震研究综述

叙述了1967年至2002年间国内有关研究1303年山西洪洞8级大地震的进展情况。综合叙述了有关这次地震的地震参数、地震破坏、地震断层、地震形变遗迹、地震发生的新构造与深部构造等。     

Holocene activities of the Taigu fault zone, Shanxi Province, and their relations with the 1303 Hongdong M=8 earthquake

Introduction The Taigu fault is located on the eastern boundary of the Jinzhong basin in the Shanxi fault depression system, which is one of the 12 major active basin boundary faults, and is also less studied among them. The reason for this is, firstly, the Jinzhong basin has no historical earth-quakes with M 7, while the two basins linked together in the northern and southern sides, the Linfen and Xinding basins all have had historical earthquakes with M 7; secondly, because the Jiaochen…     

中国大陆东部地区地震活动图像及其含义

定量处理了中国大陆东部地区2000～2002年的中小地震活动图像,分析了地震活动密集值的相对变化及其含义,探讨了其在中期地震预测中的应用。     

四川及邻区强震前地震活动性参数的变化特征

对四川及邻区最近30多年来发生的18组6级以上强震前多种地震活动性参数的变化特征进行了分析研究。震例总结显示,衡量区域地震活动异常增强或平静的中等地震月频次异常可作为判断中期是否发生强震的指标;在区域中等地震活动出现异常的前提下,区域小震平静异常可作为判断短期是否发生强震的依据。而根据A值和GL值的空间异常分布范围,结合地震构造背景及其它方法,可缩小预报区域。     

Holocene activities of the Taigu fault zone, Shanxi Province, and their relations with the 1303 Hongdong M =8 earthquake

The Taigu fault zone is one of the major 12 active boundary faults of the Shanxi fault-depression system, located on the eastern boundary of the Jinzhong basin. As the latest investigation indicated, the fault zone had dislocated gully terrace of the first order, forming fault-scarp in front of the loess mesa. It has been discovered in many places in ground surface and trenches that Holocene deposits were dislocated. The latest activity was the 1303 Hongdong earthquake M=8, the fault appeared as right-lateral strike-slip with normal faulting. During that earthquake, the Taigu fault together with the Mianshan western-side fault on the Lingshi upheaval and the Huoshan pediment fault on the eastern boundary of the Linfen basin was being active, forming a surface rupture belt of 160 km in length. Moreover, the Taigu fault were active in the mid-stage of Holocene and near 7 700 aB.P. From these we learnt that, in Shanxi fault-depression system, the run-through activity of two boundary faults of depression-basins might generate great earthquake with M=8. Foundation item: Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation (201017). Contribution No. 2003A004, Institute of Crust Dynamics, China Earthquake Administration.     

Seismicity anomalies before the great earthquake of M_S=8.1 in the Kunlun Pass and its significance to earthquake prediction

Introduction The MS=8.1 earthquake occurred in west of the Kunlun Pass on November 14, 2001. It is the greatest earthquake occurred in China since the last half of the century and is an important event in recent seismic history of China. Some specialists consider that the earthquake occurred in the area where the earthquake monitoring capability is lowest in Chinese mainland; no striking precursory seismicity was found. The study on the precursory seismicity before the earthquake has not b…     

重大地震灾害链的时空有序性及其预测研究

重大地震与地震灾害链预测是当今世界地学前缘课题.本文通过国内外具体实例,重点介绍了重大地震灾害链的时空有序性、地震灾害链网络结构及其预测方法.     

昆仑山口西地震和汶川地震前中源地震活动特征研究

研究2001年昆仑山口西地震和2008年汶川地震前的中源地震活动特征,与唐山地震前的特征进行比较,发现:3次大地震前曾发生6或7次h≥60 km的中源地震,且"大震前中源地震活跃的时间跨度T"约5年或5年多。这是大震前中源地震活动最主要的两个特征,包含了孕育大地震的一些重要信息。其他特征还有:中源地震的活动—平静交替、临近大地震前的地震平静、呈条带分布和(或)地震空区等特征,这与大震前壳内地震活动性的一些特征类似。     

地磁转换函数在上海及邻近地区地震预报中的应用

地磁转换函数的变化已被广泛用于中短期地震预报。本文利用佘山地震台１９７７￣１９９６年和崇明地震台１９８３￣１９９６年的地磁短周期资料处理所得的转换函数变化,监视跟踪上海及邻近地区地震活动。通过几次中强地震震例的总结,提出用地磁转换函数方法来预报上海及其邻近地区地震的一些判断。用此方法,曾较好地预报过１９９０年常熟５．１级地震和１９９６年长江口以东海中６．１级地震。     

1972～2001年四川及邻区大震危险性预测研究的检验与思考

回顾了1972～2001年间省内外地震学者对四川震情研究的44篇文献中所提出的预测意见和实际检验情况,对其中的主要预测依据、预报能力、应用条件分别作了进一步分析。最后归纳了近期、中期、中短期3类强震趋势活动图像特征：近期危险性分析侧重地震带是否可能进入大震活跃幕;中期危险性分析侧重大震活跃幕的类型及窗口、相关、信号等地震是否发生;中短期危险性分析侧重中强震的条带、丛、环异常及诱发地震、逼近地震、缺震事件。实践表明,图像分析中尤应注意与孕震环境由大至小的整体分析和发展阶段的个性研究相结合。