1961-2009年西北地区基于SPI指数的干旱时空变化特征

利用西北五省区137个测站的1961-2009年逐月降水量资料计算标准化降水指数(SPI), 统计了逐月、春末夏初、初夏、夏季及秋季的干旱、重旱、特旱的频率及面积率, 分析其时空变化特征.结果表明: 新疆北部、青海的中部及甘肃河西是西北地区干旱频率较高的区域, 干旱频率在15个月以上, 新疆南部除个别月份干旱发生频率较高外, 总体干旱发生频率较低;干旱发生区域随月份有由南到北、由西向东变化的趋势;除新疆、青海、及甘肃个别区域重旱频率超过5月外, 其他区域基本上都在5月以下;新疆南部重旱频率仍然较低;夏季发生范围高于其他季节;新疆北部、甘肃河西是特旱的高发区. 不同等级的月及季节干旱面积率其逐年变化具有相似的特征, 西北干旱面积率的变化总体上可以分为3个阶段: 1961-1980年干旱面积率比较高, 平均在35%左右;1981-1990年为转折期, 干旱面积率下降到15%左右;而1991-2009年为稳定期, 干旱面积率变化不大.全球气候变暖导致西北地区降水量、冰川融水量、河川径流量增加和湖泊水位上升、面积扩大, 是1987年以来干旱面积率下降的原因.     

1956-2018年中国江河径流演变及其变化特征

地表水资源是维系区域生态平衡和促进经济社会发展的制约性要素,河川径流是地表水资源的主要形式,二者的丰枯变化均直接影响流域水资源管理。基于江河实测径流量资料和水资源公报资料,初步分析了1956—2018年中国主要江河实测径流量和中国十大水资源区地表水资源的变化和演变特征。结果表明:①除长江大通站外,中国主要江河代表性水文站实测年径流量均呈现下降趋势。②黄河上游唐乃亥站实测年径流量为非显著性减少趋势,黄河花园口站实测径流量呈现显著性减少趋势;1980—2000年和2001—2018年唐乃亥站实测径流量较基准期1956—1979年分别变化1.8%和-5.9%,而同时期花园口站实测径流量分别减少26.7%和41.0%。③地理分布上,黄河是中国南北地区径流变化的分水岭,黄河以南地区江河径流量为非显著性变化,黄河以北江河径流量为显著性减少趋势,特别是海河流域,实测径流量减少最为显著;21世纪以来,黄河以北河流实测径流量较1980年之前减少幅度超过25%,海河减幅高达80%以上。④1956—2018年全国地表水资源量约为27266亿m 3,较第二次全国水资源评价结果偏少122亿m 3。21世纪以来,海河、黄河、辽河地表水资源明显减少,进一步加重了区域水资源供需矛盾。     

1956—2018年中国江河径流演变及其变化特征

地表水资源是维系区域生态平衡和促进经济社会发展的制约性要素,河川径流是地表水资源的主要形式,二者的丰枯变化均直接影响流域水资源管理。基于江河实测径流量资料和水资源公报资料,初步分析了1956—2018年中国主要江河实测径流量和中国十大水资源区地表水资源的变化和演变特征。结果表明:① 除长江大通站外,中国主要江河代表性水文站实测年径流量均呈现下降趋势。② 黄河上游唐乃亥站实测年径流量为非显著性减少趋势,黄河花园口站实测径流量呈现显著性减少趋势;1980—2000年和2001—2018年唐乃亥站实测径流量较基准期1956—1979年分别变化1.8%和-5.9%,而同时期花园口站实测径流量分别减少26.7%和41.0%。③ 地理分布上,黄河是中国南北地区径流变化的分水岭,黄河以南地区江河径流量为非显著性变化,黄河以北江河径流量为显著性减少趋势,特别是海河流域,实测径流量减少最为显著;21世纪以来,黄河以北河流实测径流量较1980年之前减少幅度超过25%,海河减幅高达80%以上。④ 1956—2018年全国地表水资源量约为27 266亿m³,较第二次全国水资源评价结果偏少122亿m³。21世纪以来,海河、黄河、辽河地表水资源明显减少,进一步加重了区域水资源供需矛盾。     

后湾水库以上流域下垫面变化对洪水影响分析

由于人类活动影响导致海河流域下垫面发生变化,造成流域产、汇流特性的变化。为掌握流域下垫面变化对洪水的影响情况,对后湾水库流域采用改进的新安江—海河模型进行分析、研究。结果表明,后湾流域下垫面发生变化的年代为1980年左右;改进的新安江—海河模型用于不同量级的洪水模拟,其效果较好;由于下垫面的变化,改进的新安江-海河模型的产、汇流参数1980年后比1980年前有增大趋势,并在相同降雨情况下,1980年后的洪量比1980年前呈减少的趋势,且洪水量级越小减少幅度越大。     

1961年以来海河流域干旱时空变化特征分析

以干旱易发区海河流域为例,利用流域内及其周边地区58个气象站点1961-2010年逐日气象观测数据,结合累积相对湿润度指数和模糊集对评价法,考虑了干旱的累积效应以及评价标准等级边界的模糊性和评价因子的时程分配,分析了海河流域干旱时空变化特征。结果表明:①近50年来流域主要干旱类型为中旱和重旱,平均面积分别约为7.30万km2和7.78万km2,重旱面积呈现出显著的增加趋势;②近25年来,重旱易发区范围表现出扩张的态势,1985-2010年重旱易发区面积达到14.9万km2,为1961-1985年的1.6倍。     

基于四元驱动的海河流域河川径流变化归因定量识别

海河流域水资源极为短缺,河川径流下降显著,定量识别径流变化成因对于科学认识流域水循环演变机理、支撑水资源开发利用具有重要的科学意义和实际价值。基于模型参数区域化技术构建了海河流域可变下渗容量（VIC）模型,重构了流域天然河川径流序列。建立了气温变化、降水变化、下垫面变化和取用水四元要素驱动的河川径流变化归因定量识别技术体系,分析了4种因子在海河流域河川径流减少中的贡献。结果表明:①1956—2010年,人类活动是海河流域河川径流减少的主要原因,但是气候变化的影响不可忽略,其中气候变化的贡献约为1/3,人类活动的贡献约占2/3;气候变化中,降水下降的贡献远大于气温升高的影响,分别约为30%和4%;人类活动中,取用水的影响大于下垫面变化的影响,分别约为55%和11%。②海河流域4个水资源二级区的河川径流变化成因相比,从北向南气温升高的影响减小,降水减小的影响增大,海河北系和海河南系的取用水影响较大,滦河流域径流变化时间较晚,徒骇马颊河径流变化程度最小。     

区域干旱统计特征初步分析

提出了区域干旱指标和分级,并在此基础上,初步分析了流域、南北方地区和全国不同层次地区近500年和分世纪的干旱事件发生的阶段性、持续性与各区干旱遭遇的可能性.文中对近500年来上述地区干旱笼罩面积的历时分布和历史上最严重的12个典型干旱年的地区分布进行统计和分析.     

海河流域“63.8”特大洪水简介

海河流域历史上的洪涝灾害极为频繁。沿太行山迎风坡发生的暴雨是本流域洪水的主要来源。进入平原以后,河道狭窄而平缓,形成了一系列的滞洪洼地,如著名的白洋淀、东淀、文安洼、贾口洼等,减轻了河道的防洪负担,但由于标准较低,遇大洪水常常泛滥成灾。 1963年8月洪水是本流域有纪录以来的最大洪水。这次洪水主要发生在海河流域中部、南部的大清河、子牙河及南运河三个水系(简称海河南系),三     

气候变化、土地利用/覆被变化及CO_2浓度升高对滦河流域径流的影响

在构建分布式水文模型与生物地球化学模型的耦合模型(DTVGM-CASACNP)及应用元胞自动机-马尔科夫(CA-Markov)土地利用预测模型基础上,以滦河流域为例分析气候变化、土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)及CO2浓度升高对径流的影响。研究结果表明:DTVGM-CASACNP耦合模型以及CA-Markov模型在滦河流域均具有较好的适用性;气候变化与土地利用/植被覆盖变化对滦河流域径流的影响较CO2浓度升高的影响程度大;未来不同情景下滦河流域2020—2049年径流呈减小趋势,大部分情景下年径流较基准年减少,与非汛期相比,滦河流域未来汛期径流对不同情景更敏感,总体上在汛期径流相对基准年减少,而在非汛期径流相对基准年增加。     

气候变化、土地利用/覆被变化及CO2浓度升高对滦河流域径流的影响

在构建分布式水文模型与生物地球化学模型的耦合模型（DTVGM-CASACNP）及应用元胞自动机-马尔科夫（CA-Markov）土地利用预测模型基础上,以滦河流域为例分析气候变化、土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）及CO₂浓度升高对径流的影响。研究结果表明: DTVGM-CASACNP耦合模型以及CA-Markov模型在滦河流域均具有较好的适用性;气候变化与土地利用/植被覆盖变化对滦河流域径流的影响较CO₂浓度升高的影响程度大;未来不同情景下滦河流域2020—2049年径流呈减小趋势,大部分情景下年径流较基准年减少,与非汛期相比,滦河流域未来汛期径流对不同情景更敏感,总体上在汛期径流相对基准年减少,而在非汛期径流相对基准年增加。     

Evaluation of CHIRPS and its application for drought monitoring over the Haihe River Basin,China

To establish the drought index objectively and reasonably and evaluate the hydrological drought accurately, firstly, the optimal distribution was selected from nine distributions (normal, lognormal, exponential, gamma, general extreme value, inverse Gaussian, logistic, log-logistic and Weibull), then the Optimal Standardized Streamflow Index (OSSI) was calculated based on the optimal distribution, and last, the spatiotemporal evolution of hydrological drought based on the OSSI series was investigated through the monthly streamflow data of seven hydrological stations during the period 1961–2011 in Luanhe River basin, China. Results suggest: (1) the general extreme value and log-logistic distributions performed prominently in fitting the monthly streamflow of Luanhe River basin. (2) The main periods of hydrological drought in Luanhe River basin were 148–169, 75–80, 42–45, 14–19 and 8–9 months. (3) The hydrological drought had an aggravating trend over the past 51 year and with the increase in timescale, the aggravating trend was more serious. (4) The lower the drought grade was, the broader the coverage area. As for the Luanhe River basin, the whole basin suffered the mild and more serious drought, while the severe and more serious drought only cover some areas. (5) With the increase in time step, the frequency distribution of mild droughts across the basin tended to be concentrated, the frequency of extreme droughts in middle and upper reaches tended to increase and the frequency in downstream tends to decrease. This research can provide powerful references for water resources planning and management and drought mitigation.     

Spatiotemporal variation of meteorological droughts based on the daily comprehensive drought index in the Haihe River basin,China

Meteorological droughts can affect large areas and may have serious environmental, social and economic impacts. These impacts depend on the severity, duration, and spatial extent of the precipitation deficit and the socioeconomic vulnerability of the affected regions. This paper examines the spatiotemporal variation of meteorological droughts in the Haihe River basin. Meteorological droughts events were diagnosed using daily meteorological data from 44 stations by calculating a comprehensive drought index (CI) for the period 1961–2011. Based on the daily CI values of each station over the past 50 years, the drought processes at each station were confirmed, and the severity, duration and frequency of each meteorological drought event were computed and analyzed. The results suggest the following conclusions: (1) the use of the CI index can effectively trace the development of drought and can also identify the duration and severity of each drought event; (2) the average drought duration was 57–85 days in each region of the Haihe River basin, and the region with the highest average values of drought duration and drought severity was Bohai Bay; (3) drought occurred more than 48 times over the study period, which is more than 0.95 times per year over the 50 years studied. The average frequencies of non-drought days, severe drought days and extreme drought days over the study period were 51.2, 3.2 and 0.4 %, respectively. Severe drought events mainly occurred in the south branch of the Hai River, and extreme drought events mainly occurred in the Shandong Peninsula and Bohai Bay; (4) the annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration of the Haihe River basin show decreasing trends over the past 50 years. The frequency of severe drought and extreme drought events has increased in the past 20 years than during the period 1961–1990. The results of this study may serve as a reference point for decision regarding basin water resources management, ecological recovery and drought hazard vulnerability analysis.

     

Spatiotemporal variation of meteorological droughts based on the daily comprehensive drought index in the Haihe River basin,China

Meteorological droughts can affect large areas and may have serious environmental, social and economic impacts. These impacts depend on the severity, duration, and spatial extent of the precipitation deficit and the socioeconomic vulnerability of the affected regions. This paper examines the spatiotemporal variation of meteorological droughts in the Haihe River basin. Meteorological droughts events were diagnosed using daily meteorological data from 44 stations by calculating a comprehensive drought index (CI) for the period 1961–2011. Based on the daily CI values of each station over the past 50 years, the drought processes at each station were confirmed, and the severity, duration and frequency of each meteorological drought event were computed and analyzed. The results suggest the following conclusions: (1) the use of the CI index can effectively trace the development of drought and can also identify the duration and severity of each drought event; (2) the average drought duration was 57–85 days in each region of the Haihe River basin, and the region with the highest average values of drought duration and drought severity was Bohai Bay; (3) drought occurred more than 48 times over the study period, which is more than 0.95 times per year over the 50 years studied. The average frequencies of non-drought days, severe drought days and extreme drought days over the study period were 51.2, 3.2 and 0.4 %, respectively. Severe drought events mainly occurred in the south branch of the Hai River, and extreme drought events mainly occurred in the Shandong Peninsula and Bohai Bay; (4) the annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration of the Haihe River basin show decreasing trends over the past 50 years. The frequency of severe drought and extreme drought events has increased in the past 20 years than during the period 1961–1990. The results of this study may serve as a reference point for decision regarding basin water resources management, ecological recovery and drought hazard vulnerability analysis.     

基于多源数据融合的海河流域降水资源评价

为更准确地评价海河流域降水资源量及其空间分布,将海河流域划分为山区迎风坡、山区背风坡和平原区3个片区,采用人工神经网络叠加一致性修正分片区进行多源数据融合校正,生成海河流域2001—2019年降水融合数据集,并利用该融合数据集对流域降水资源进行全面评价。结果表明：从降水数量来看,原始卫星产品在海河流域高估降水,融合校正数据集精度较原始卫星降水数据有较大提升,得到海河流域2001—2019年的年均降水量为515.2 mm,合降水资源量1 639.4亿m³;从降水分布来看,融合校正数据集能更好地捕捉降水空间分布,揭示流域东北、东南、西南和中部偏西降水较多,西北部和中部偏东降水较少;从降水规律来看,海河流域平原区降水与空间位置参数存在很明显的联系,流域山区迎风坡和背风坡降水均与高程变化具有明显的关系。     

Assessment on agricultural drought vulnerability in the Yellow River basin based on a fuzzy clustering iterative model

Drought is one of the major natural disasters occurring in China and causes severe impacts on agricultural production and food security. Therefore, agricultural drought vulnerability assessment has an important significance for reducing regional agricultural drought losses and drought disaster risks. In view of agricultural drought vulnerability assessment with the characteristics of multiple factors and uncertainty, we applied the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation framework to agricultural drought vulnerability model. The agricultural drought vulnerability assessment model was constructed based on the multi-layer and multi-index fuzzy clustering iterative method, which can better reveal the drought vulnerability (including sensitivity and adaptation capacity). Furthermore, the cycle iterative algorithm was used to obtain the optimal index weight vector of a given accuracy by setting the objective function. It provides a new approach to weight determination of agricultural drought vulnerability assessment. In this study, agricultural drought vulnerability of 65 cities (as well as leagues and states) in the Yellow River basin was investigated using a fuzzy clustering iterative model and visualized by using GIS technique. The results showed clear differences and regularities among the spatial distribution of agricultural drought vulnerability of different regions. A large number of the regions in the basin consisted of those exhibiting high to very high vulnerability and were mainly distributed throughout Qinghai, Gansu, northern Shaanxi, and southern Shanxi, accounting for 46 % of the total assessment units. However, the regions exhibiting very high vulnerability were not significantly affected by droughts. Most of the regions exhibiting moderate vulnerability (21.5 % of the assessment units) were mainly concentrated among agricultural irrigation areas, where agriculture is highly sensitive to droughts, and drought occurrence in these regions will likely cause heavy losses in the future. The regions exhibiting slight to low vulnerability were relatively concentrated, accounting for 32.3 % of the assessment units, and were mainly distributed in the plains of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, where the economy was rather well developed and the agricultural production conditions were relatively stronger.     

中国大陆降水时空变异规律——I.气候学特征

为系统了解大尺度降水气候特征,利用2 300多个国家级气象站逐日观测资料,分析了中国大陆1956—2013年多年平均降水的空间分布和季节性变化规律。主要新认识有:① 暴雨量、暴雨日数和暴雨强度最高的站点在华南沿海,而小雨量、小雨日数最多的站点主要在江南内陆山区、丘陵;东部季风区山地、丘陵多出现低强度降水,平原和沿海易出现高强度降水;② 四季降水量均由西北内陆向东南沿海递增,南方秋季降水量明显小于春季,但华西和江南沿海秋季降水量较多,冬季降水在东南丘陵出现高值中心;③ 珠江和东南诸河流域降水量年内存在2个峰值,其中珠江流域有6月主峰值和8月次峰值,东南诸河流域主峰在6月中下旬,次峰在8月末,长江流域总体表现为单峰型,出现在6月下旬和7月初,西南诸河流域和北方所有流域降水均表现为夏季单峰型;④ 南方各大河流域从2月末到6月中下旬陆续进入雨季,北方各大河流域进入雨季时间集中在6月末、7月初;南、北方雨季结束时间比雨季开始时间集中,从南到北进入雨季时间持续120 d以上,而从北到南退出雨季时间则仅持续不到45 d;⑤ 丰雨期的持续时间,珠江流域从5月初到9月上旬后期,东南诸河从5月上旬到7月上旬,8月末到9月初再度短暂出现,长江流域从6月中下旬到7月中旬,西南诸河从7月中旬到 8月下旬,淮河流域从7月上旬至7月底、8月初,辽河流域在8月初出现极短丰雨期;⑥ 降水年际变异性最高的站点在青藏高原西南、塔里木盆地、阿拉善高原、华北平原北部和汾河谷地,海河流域年降水具有最大的变异系数。     

海河流域暴雨的气候特征与环流分型

选用海河流域1961~2012年132站逐日降水资料,通过趋势分析、M-K检验、EOF和REOF等方法分析了50余年海河流域暴雨的气候统计特征。利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和历史天气图资料,研究了海河流域14个典型强致灾暴雨过程的大气环流特征。结果表明:(1)海河流域夏季暴雨日站数和暴雨量的时空分布相近,暴雨日站数下降趋势较为显著;(2)海河流域夏季暴雨的空间分布可划分为3个分布型态:西南型、东北型和东南型;(3)海河流域暴雨在20世纪70年代末至80年代初存在一次突变现象;(4)海河流域强致灾暴雨过程可归纳为5类主要环流型,即高空低槽型、高空冷涡型、副高外围切变线型、低空低涡型和台风北上型。     

黄淮海流域旱涝时空分布及组合特性

以黄淮海流域及其周边地区204个气象站点1961-2010年逐日降水过程资料、国家1:25万DEM数据和1:20万土地利用数据为基础,在利用降水Z指数对黄淮海流域旱涝进行评价的基础上,采用下垫面数据对结果进行修正,并分析黄淮海流域旱涝面积的时间变化特征,对黄淮海地区的易旱区、易涝区进行了划分,进一步选取集对分析法划分了流域内季节间旱涝交替的易发区。结果表明:黄淮海流域内夏秋两季旱涝问题较为严重,且秋旱面积上升趋势较为明显;黄河和海河流域以干旱居多,淮河则是干旱和雨涝并存,季节间的旱涝交替多集中在淮河流域中上游地区。     

变化环境下降雨集中度的变异与驱动力探究

降雨的时空分布过于集中会诱发洪旱灾害。研究降雨集中度的变异及其驱动力有助于全面掌握降雨对变化环境的响应特征,为区域水资源的综合利用与灾害预警提供依据。以汉江流域为研究对象,选取月降雨集中度指数(CIM)和日降雨集中度指数(CID)表征降雨集中度,并采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法与启发式分割算法对降雨集中度进行变异分析,利用交叉小波变换探究太阳黑子与大气环流异常因子对降雨集中度变化的影响。结果表明:①汉江流域CIM北大南小,呈不显著的下降趋势;CID东大西小,在6个站呈显著上升趋势;②流域部分站点CID发生突变,而CIM序列较为平稳,表明CID相比CIM对变化环境的响应更为敏感;③太阳黑子和大气环流异常因子对降雨集中度的变化有较强的影响,其中太阳黑子的影响最大,它通过影响大气环流异常因子间接影响汉江流域的降雨集中度。