ESTIMATION IN COMPOSITIONAL DATA ANALYSIS

Compositional data arise naturally in several branches of science,including chemistry,geology,biology,medicine,ecology and manufacturing design.In chemistry,these constrained data seem to occur typicallywhen raw data are normalized or when output is obtained from a constrained estimation procedure,suchas might be used in a source apportionment problem.It is important not only for chemists to be awarethat the usual multivariate statistical techniques are not applicable to constrained data,but also to haveaccess to appropriate techniques as they become available.The currently available methodology is dueprincipally to Aitchison and is based on log-normal models.This paper suggests new parametric andnon-parametric approaches to significantly improve the existing methodology.In the parametric setting,some recent work of Rayens and Srinivasan is extended and a practical regression model is proposed.In the development of the non-parametric approach,minimum distance methods coupled withmultivariate bootstrap techniques are used to obtain point and region estimators.     

地学数据特征分析

地理信息系统的广泛应用使地学数据的使用大为扩展,但关于地学数据的一些基本认识,如地学数据概念,地学数据的基本特征等并没有达成共识,在分析地学数据概念和来源的基础上,对地学数据的基本特征,如多尺度特征,分布式特征,空间拓扑特征等进行了详细的说明。     

SCALING TECHNIQUES IN THE ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL COGNITION DATA *

The utility of nonmetric, multidimensional-scaling techniques is demonstrated for the analysis and collection of environmental-cognition data. By comparing the multidimensional-scaling solutions of a real-setting map to scaling solutions for sketch maps and two psychophysical, distance-scaling procedures, we demonstrate that magnitude estimation of actual interpoint distances is comparable in accuracy to sketch maps when produced without constraints, or when subjects are given a specified list of landmarks to include on their maps. Triadic comparisons of actual interpoint distances were less accurate than the three other techniques.     

METHODOLOGY: DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITIONAL DATA: AN EXAMPLE FROM HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY

Many of the data sets analyzed by physical geographers are compositional in nature: they have row vectors that add to one (or 100%). These unit-sum constrained data sets should not be analyzed by standard multivariate statistical methods. Significant differences were found in the log-ratio mean vectors of the hydraulic exponents (which are unit-sum constrained) for two classes of streams: those with cohesive, non-vertical banks, and those with one firm and one loose bank. Compositional discriminant function analysis of bank stability on the basis of hydraulic geometry had a success rate of 88%, making routinely archived measurements of stream width, cross-sectional area, mean velocity, and discharge a readily available data base for predicting the stability of stream reaches. [Key words: geomorphology, hydraulic geometry, discriminant function, statistics.]     

多普勒雷达资料在人工防雹作业中的应用分析

利用多普勒雷达回波资料分析2007年6月23日贵州黔西南州一次高炮消雹作业过程,表明高炮消雹作业的效果是显著的。作业前后,回波在强度、高度和形态面积上都有明显变化,作业有效地扼制了雹云的发展,化雹为雨,起到了防灾减灾的作用。     

多山地区合成孔径雷达数据预处理方法

多山地区SAR数据的预处理是实践应用中的关键。基于GAMMA平台,研究微波遥感数据的辐射定标、多视处理、滤波、正射校正和辐射校正等预处理方法和流程,为有关研究的进一步开展提供基础数据。辐射定标使SAR图像真实地反映地面目标后向散射特性;Gamma-map滤波既能很好地平滑图像去除斑点噪声,又能很好地保持边缘和纹理细节,目视效果较好;基于DEM模拟影像的正射校正方法原理清晰,效果较好;辐射校正可以消除因地形引起的辐射畸变。     

TWO STATISTICS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ORIENTATION DATA IN GEOGRAPHY*

Two versions of the A_n statistic of Ajne and Stephens are introduced, explained, interpreted and evaluated. These statistics possess important advantages over those currently used by geographers for the analysis of orientation data. They are invariant with respect to the point of origin of measurements, do not assume a circular-normal distribution and are not limited by sample size. Used in conjunction, they allow the significance of direction as well as orientation to be determined.     

THE IMPORTANCE OF SCALE IN MEASURING THE SECONDARY EFFECTS IN REGRESSION ANALYSIS

This study proposes a method of using ecological¹ variables in regression analysis to identify the weak or secondary effects of independent variables without introducing spurious correlation due to aggregation.     

THE IMPORTANCE OF SCALE IN MEASURING THE SECONDARY EFFECTS IN REGRESSION ANALYSIS

This study proposes a method of using ecological¹ variables in regression analysis to identify the weak or secondary effects of independent variables without introducing spurious correlation due to aggregation.     

云南逐月雨量和气温的格点数据资料场建立

根据云南各气象台站的逐月雨量和气温观测数据资料,采用距离平方加权平均的格点插值方法,建立了云南(98.0°E～106.0°E、21.0°N～29.0°N)1951年1月～2002年12月0.25°×0.25°经纬度分辨率的逐月格点降水和气温数据资料场。应用该格点数据资料场,分析得到了云南年降水量场和年气温场变化的一些基本空间分布特征和时间演变特征。     

ANALYSIS OF COUNT DATA USING POISSON REGRESSION*

In geographical research the data of interest are often in the form of counts. Standard regression analysis is inappropriate for such data, but if certain assumptions are met, a form of regression based on the Poisson distribution can be used. This paper illustrates the use of Poisson regression in the computer package GLIM with an example from historical geography. Apprentice migration to Edinburgh is regressed on a combination of categorical, count, and continuous explanatory variables.     

西南极菲尔德斯半岛地壳形变监测的数据处理与分析

为了研究南极现代地壳运动,中国在西南极菲尔德斯海峡地区布设了形变监测网,并用ＤＩ－２０测距仪和ＧＰＳ定位仪对该网进行了监测。同时,中国也参加了ＳＣＡＲ组织的全南极ＧＰＳ联测。本文讨论了将形变参数纳入误差方程的水平形变数据处理方法,并对刚体平移、旋转、均匀应变几种典型形变模型在测边网平差中的运用进行了讨论。通过对经典自由网与秩亏自由网的基准分析,提出对形变参数以及其它附加参数和点位参数分别给定参考基准的方法。相应于上述方法,编制了一系列数据处理程序并将之应用于对西南极菲尔德斯海峡形变监测网的数据分析。本文还利用监测网应变分析原理,对ＧＰＳ监测数据进行了讨论和分析,结果表明,菲尔德斯断裂地区存在微小的断裂剪切运动,但位移量不大。     

80年代我国人口性别比的变动及其省区差异

本文根据有关资料,讨论了80年代我国人口性别比的变动特点及其省区差异,认为我国人口性别比上升的主要原因是出生性别比的变化,最后分析了人口性别比上升对我国男性婚姻的影响。     

新疆耕地资源卫星遥感调查数据分析研究

依据卫星遥感调查结果。分析新疆耕地资源类型（包括现耕地和后备宜耕地类型）的数量、质量、分布组合特点以及中低产田产生的原因及其后备宜耕荒地的限制因素，提出新疆耕地资源合理开发利用与中低产田治理的总体构思与设想。     

东南极格罗夫山GPS控制网的布设与数据处理

为了给中国南极野外考察队提供DEM卫星影像图,在2002/2003年南极度夏期间,中国第19次南极考察队的大地测量工作者,在东南极Grove山地区,进行了地面控制测量。在覆盖面积达8000km~2的2000多米高的内陆冰盖高原区,在直升机和雪地车的支持下,利用Trim- ble4000ssi GPS接收机,与中山站GPS跟踪站联测,测量了7个GPS控制点,并埋设了永久性测量标志。数据处理采用GAMIT/GLOBK软件解算,获得了较好的定位精度,能够满足该地区制图所需。     

国际框架下的中国南极数据管理研究初探

南极数据管理是南极条约协商会议（ＡＴＣＭ）、南极科学研究委员会（ＳＣＡＲ）、国家南极局局长理事会（ＣＯＭＮＡＰ）共同关心并且一直关注的热点问题，也是以新的研究方式、先进的技术手段来积极促进国际南极研究发展的综合性问题。南极数据管理特别规划组在一些成员国和国际机构作出许多主动性努力的基础上把建立和开发南极数据目录系统（ＡＤＤＳ）作为建立和发展国际南极数据（信息）管理系统的首要基础建设加以规划。ＳＣＡＲ－ＣＯＭＮＡＰ南极数据管理联合委员会（ＪＣＡＤＭ）将全面组织和协调国际南极数据管理工作的发展和ＡＤＤＳ的实施。本文介绍了相关的国际背景，解析了南极数据管理国际框架的构成。在这个基本框架下，针对我国南极数据管理工作的现实情况进行了初部探讨，提出了便于付诸实际操作的若干方法，并阐述了相应的学术见解。     

THE USE OF ADDED VARIABLE PLOTS IN REGRESSION MODELLING WITH SPATIAL DATA*

A simple graphical method for developing regression models for spatially referenced data is presented. The method supplements formal testing procedures and provides the analyst with useful information helpful in developing an understanding of data properties without the need for complex data manipulations. The paper includes a worked example and suggests directions for further work in this area.     

城镇地籍建库中CASS和MapGIS城镇地籍数据转换研究

为高效建立城镇地籍数据库,经常要将各类数字地形图数据在南方CASS中编辑、处理,而城镇地籍数据库普遍采用GIS平台进行空间矢量化数据管理分析。结合第二次全国土地调查城镇地籍数据库建设工作,首先分析了CASS和MapGIS地籍数据格式的特点;其次介绍了如何选用有利的转换方法来有效地实现两种数据的转换;最后详细阐述了利用Visual Basic 6.0平台将CASS数据无损转换为MapGIS地籍数据的代码实现,为实现两种数据的共享提供一定的技术支持。     

MEASURING CHANGES IN THE EASE OF TRADE WITH ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA: AN ANALYSIS OF COINS FOUND AT DURA EUROPUS IN SYRIA

Gravity model analysis of coins found at Dura Europus, in Roman Syria, indicates a sharp increase in the difficulty of trade between 235 and 253 A.D. This was caused either by political difficulties or changes in monetary policy. Residuals from the model imply a special link between Dura and northern Syria and suggest relatively little interaction with Phoenicia and Cilicia throughout the first three centuries A.D.