新丰江水库5.3级(1964)地震区三角网平差和震源参数反演>.

本文系统地介绍了地震区三角网平差和利用平差结果反演断层参数的随机尝试————动态平差方法.通过新丰江水库5.3级地震区三角测量资料的处理, 进一步阐述如何应用这种方法, 并给出反演5.3级地震断层参数结果:断层走向北东62, 倾向南东, 倾角59, 断层长4.7公里, 上界面深0.45公里, 下界面深4.5公里, 倾向滑距73.4毫米, 走向滑距25.5毫米, 为正断右旋走滑断层, 地震矩 m0=2.01024达因厘米, 应力降=12巴, 释放的应变能下限 E=1.21019尔格.文中依据所得结果, 结合地震机制和构造资料讨论了新丰江水库地震的力源问题, 指出区域应力场是主要力源, 水压应力场是主要的诱发力源。      

2019年6月17日四川长宁6.0级地震中心震源机制解及震源区构造应力场研究

不同资料和方法给出的2019年6月17日四川长宁6.0级地震震源机制解存在较大差异,为了找到1个合适的震源机制解来研究此次地震的发震方式,通过数学方法得到了与现有震源机制解差别最小的中心震源机制解,节面I的走向、倾角、滑动角分别为194.78°、52.68°和139.16°,节面Ⅱ的走向、倾角、滑动角分别为312.44°、58.67°和45.22°,根据本次地震余震分布拟合得到的断层面的走向为312.17°,与中心震源机制的节面Ⅱ走向一致,因而推断节面Ⅱ为本次地震的发震断层面。之后,利用此次地震之前震源区地震的震源机制解,反演了震源区的震前构造应力场。结果表明,长宁6.0级地震的中心震源机制解和震源区震前应力场均为逆冲型为主兼走滑分量的类型,震前应力场压轴为NWW—SEE向,中间轴为NNE—SSW向,两轴倾角接近水平,而张轴较陡,表现为逆冲型的应力场。将反演得到的应力场投影到中心震源机制解给出的与余震分布一致的节面上,发现中心震源机制解的滑动角和应力场预测的滑动角差别仅为13.45°,表明此次地震受背景应力场控制而发生在先存的薄弱面上。     

2012和2013年广东新丰江锡场2次MS4.8地震发震构造的确定*

利用广东新丰江锡场2012和2013年2次M_S4.8地震震中附近的2009年1月至2015年6月精定位小震资料,依据小震丛集发生在大震断层面及附近的原则,采用模拟退火算法和高斯-牛顿算法相结合的方法,反演得到了锡场附近2条相交断层的详细参数及地理分布。NEE向断层F1的走向为78.5°,倾角为87.7°,长度约8.2km,以右旋走滑错动为主;NW向断层F2的走向为137.3°,倾角为87.9°,长度约5.9km,以左旋走滑错动为主。用断层附近M_L3以上地震的震源机制解证明反演结果是可靠的,并由2次4.8级地震的震源机制解判断出各自的发震断层。     

Depth distribution of stresses in the Hokkaido Wadati-Benioff zone as deduced by inversion of earthquake focal mechanisms

This study is based on the detailed geometry of the Hokkaido Wadati-Benioff zone and the paleosubduction zone as delineated by Hanus and Vanek (1984). The used data includes 217 CMT Harvard solutions for earthquakes, which belong to the Wadati-Benioff zone and 13 for the paleosubduction zone. The inverse technique by Gephart and Forsyth (1984) was incorporated for determining the best fit principal stress directions σ₁, σ₂, σ₃ and the ratio (R=σ₂−σ₁/σ₃−σ₁) for 20 km depth intervals in the Wadati-Benioff zone and for the paleosubduction zone considered as a single body. In almost all the considered depth layers, the maximum compressive stress σ₁ is normal to the strike of the slab and dips less than 25°, indicating the NW-SE convergence between the Pacific and Eurasian lithospheric plates. Exceptions are in the depth layer 81–120 km, the paleosubduction zone with steeply dipping along-strike σ₁, and the lower part of the subduction zone (161–220 km) where σ₁ is almost horizontal and of E trend. The minimum compressive stress σ₃ is mostly along-strike and of a different dip with the exception of the 21–60 km layer wher they are down-dipping. The results obtained for the depth ranges 0–20 km, 81–100 km, 121–160 km, and the paleosubduction zone indicate heterogeneous stress fields. These results show that the slab pull and the mantle resistance, acting on the slab edge, are not the main forces which control the contemporary plate tectonics in the Hokkaido region. Along-strike compression at depths 81–120 km and along-strike extension at 0–20 and 61–220 km are involved in the slab dynamics. These can be related to horizontal bending of the subducting Pacific plate.     

滇西南地区黑河断裂中西段晚第四纪构造活动特征

通过卫星影像解译、野外实地调查与地质填图,对滇西南地区黑河断裂中西段晚第四纪构造活动特征进行了研究.结果表明,黑河断裂为一条规模较大的区域性活动断裂带,西起沧源县南,向东南止于澜沧江断裂,全长约168 km,走向280°～310°.该断裂晚第四纪新活动性具有一定的差异性和分段性.根据其几何结构、最新活动性及1988年澜沧7.6级地震破裂带特征,可将黑河断裂从西向东划分为沧源-木戛、木戛-南代和南代-勐往三条次级断裂段.其中的中、西段长约88 km,全新世活动显著,活动性质以右旋走滑为主.沿断裂形成了丰富的断错地貌现象.西段断裂的最新活动断错了全新世晚期地层;中段是1988年澜沧7.6级地震的发震断裂之一.根据对断错冲沟的测量和年代测试,得到其全新世以来右旋滑动速率为(3.54±0.78)mm/a,与区域上其它断裂的滑动速率大致相当,反映了其区域构造活动的整体性和协调性.     

Coseismic deformation and slip distribution of the 1997 7.5 Manyi, Tibet, earthquake from InSAR measurements

We use interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations to investigate the coseismic deformation and slip distribution of the 1997 M_w7.5 Manyi earthquake, a left-lateral strike-slip earthquake occurred on the west portion of the Kunlun fault in the northern Tibet, China. The fault trace is constrained by the combination of interferometric coherence image and azimuth offset image. The total length of the identified fault is about 170 km. We estimate the source parameters using a seven-segment fault model in a homogeneous elastic half-space. We first use a uniform slip model to estimate the slip, width, dip and rake for each segment, resulting in a maximum slip of 5.5 m with a depth of 11 km on the fourth segment. The average dip of the uniform slip model is about 93° northward and the average rake is about −2°. We then use a distributed slip model to estimate the pure strike-slip and oblique slip distribution, respectively. In the distributed slip model, the fault plane is discretized into 225 patches, each of them 4 km × 4 km. We fix the optimal geometric parameters and solve for the slip distribution using a bounded variable least-squares (BVLS) method. We find a geodetic moment of 1.91 × 10²⁰ Nm (M_w7.5), of which almost 68% released in the uppermost 8 km and 82% in the uppermost 12 km. For all the models used in this study, the synthetic profiles along strike show asymmetric displacements on the opposite sides of the fault, which are in agreement with the observations. This suggests that a linear elastic model with variable and non-vertical dips is also reasonable for the mechanism of the Manyi earthquake.     

Petrography and uplift history of the Quaternary Takidani Granodiorite: could it have hosted a supercritical (HDR) geothermal reservoir?

The Quaternary Takidani Granodiorite (Japan Alps) is analogous to the type of deep-seated (3–5 km deep) intrusive-hosted fracture network system that might support (supercritical) hot dry/wet rock (HDR/HWR) energy extraction. The I-type Takidani Granodiorite comprises: porphyritic granodiorite, porphyritic granite, biotite-hornblende granodiorite, hornblende-biotite granodiorite, biotite-hornblende granite and biotite granite facies; the intrusion has a reverse chemical zonation, characterized by >70 wt% SiO₂ at its inferred margin and <67 wt% SiO₂ at the core. Fluid inclusion evidence indicates that fractured Takidani Granodiorite at one time hosted a liquid-dominated, convective hydrothermal system, with <380°C, low-salinity reservoir fluids at hydrostatic (mesothermal) pressure conditions. ‘Healed’ microfractures also trapped >600°C, hypersaline (35 wt% NaCl_eq) fluids of magmatic origin, with inferred minimum pressures of formation being 600–750 bar, which corresponds to fluid entrapment at 2.4–3.0 km depth. Al-in-hornblende geobarometry indicates that hornblende crystallization occurred at about 1.45 Ma (7.7–9.4 km depth) in the (marginal) eastern Takidani Granodiorite, but later (at 1.25 Ma) and shallower (6.5–7.0 km) near the core of the intrusion. The average rate of uplift across the Takidani Granodiorite from the time of hornblende crystallization has been 5.1–5.9 mm/yr (although uplift was about 7.5 mm/yr prior to 1.2 Ma), which is faster than average uplift rates in the Japan Alps (3 mm/yr during the last 2 million years). A temperature–depth–time window, when the Takidani Granodiorite had potential to host an HDR system, would have been when the internal temperature of the intrusive was cooling from 500°C to 400°C. Taking into account the initial (7.5 mm/yr) rate of uplift and effects of erosion, an optimal temperature–time–depth window is proposed: for 500°C at 1.54–1.57 Ma and 5.2±0.9 km (drilling) depth; and 400°C at 1.36–1.38 Ma and 3.3±0.8 km (drilling) depth, which is within the capabilities of modern drilling technologies, and similar to measured temperature–depth profiles in other active hydrothermal systems (e.g. at Kakkonda, Japan).     

Dykes, faults and palaeostresses in the Teno and Anaga massifs of Tenerife (Canary Islands)

A structural field study was made of 578 sheet intrusions (mostly dykes) and 153 (mostly normal) faults dissecting the Anaga and Teno massifs, where a complex volcanic succession of Tertiary age (the ‘Old Basaltic Series’) representing the shield-building stage of Tenerife (Canary Islands) crops out. Many of the intrusions, mostly sub-vertical mafic dykes, are emplaced by multiple magma injections, with cumulative thicknesses mostly less than 2 m. Dyke tips are exposed and preserved for 12% of the dykes. Three differently oriented sets of dykes exist in the Anaga massif (NNW–SSE, NNE–SSW, E–W), whereas there is only one main set in Teno, trending NNW–SSE. Dyke swarms and other structural features having similar orientations also exist in other Canary Islands. A minimum value of the horizontal component of extension induced by dykes is computed using a step of 5° of azimuth, accounting also for the dip of dykes. The cumulative crustal dilation is at least 300 m (4%) in Anaga and 270 m (6%) in Teno; the maximum extension peaks at N75° in Anaga and N60° in Teno, indicating a general prevailing extension in direction ENE–WSW. Most of the measured faults are normal and strike NNW–SSE. Computation of palaeostresses from inversion of fault-slip data sets suggests the existence of a polyphase brittle deformation due to an extensional stress field with the minimum compressive principal axes trending NE–SW and WNW–ESE.     

Petrology of the Easter microplate region in the South Pacific

Submersible investigations along the East Rift segments, the Pito Deep and the Terevaka transform fault of the Easter microplate eastern boundary, and on a thrust-fault area of the Nazca Plate collected a variety of basalts and dolerites. The volcanics consist essentially of depleted (N-MORB), transitional (T-MORB) and enriched (E-MORB) basalts with low (0.01−0.1, < 0.7), intermediate (0.12–0.25, 0.7–1.2) and high (> 0.25, > 1.2–2) K/Ti and(La/Sm)_N ratios, respectively. The Fe-Ti-rich ferrobasalt encountered among the N-MORBs are found on the Pito Deep Central volcano, on the Terevaka intra-transform ridge, on the ancient (< 2.5 Ma) Easter microplate (called EMP, comprising the East Rift Inner pseudofaults and Pito Deep west walls) and on thrust-fault crusts. The most enriched (T- and E-MORB) volcanics occur along the East Rift at 25 °50′–27 °S (called 26 °S East Rift) and on the Pito seamount located near the tip of the East Rift at 23 °00′–23 °40′S (called 23 °S East Rift). The diversity in incompatible element ratios of the basalts in relation to their structural setting suggests that the volcanics are derived from a similar heterogenous mantle which underwent variable degrees of partial melting and magma mixing. In addition the Pito seamount volcanics have undergone less crystal fractionation (< 20%) than the lavas from the other Easter microplate structures (up to 35–45%). The tectonic segmentation of the East Rift observed between 23 and 27 °S corresponds to petrological discontinuities related to Mg# variations and mantle melting conditions. The highest Mg# (> 61) are found on topographic highs (2000–2300 m) and lower values (Mg# < 56) at the extremities of the East Rift segments (2500–5600 m depths). The deepest area (5600 m) along the East Rift is located at 23 °S and coincides with a Central volcano constructed on the floor of the Pito Deep. Three major compositional variabilities of the volcanics are observed along the East Rift segments studied: (1) the 26 °S East Rift segment where the volcanics have intermediate Na₈ (2.5–2.8%) and Fe₈ (8.5–11%) contents; (2) the 23 °S East Rift segment (comprising Pito seamount and Pito Deep Central volcano) which shows the highest (2.9–3.4%) values of Na₈ and a low (8–9%) Fe₈ content; and (3) the 25 °S (at 24 °50′–26 °10′S) and the 24 °S (at 24 °10′–25 °S) East Rift segments where most of the volcanics have low to intermediate Na₈ (2.6–2.0%) and a high range of Fe₈ (9–13%) contents. When modeling mantle melting conditions, we observed a relative increase in the extent of partial melting and decreasing melting pressure. These localized trends are in agreement with a 3-D type diapiric upwelling in the sense postulated by Niu and Batiza (1993). Diapiric mantle upwelling and melting localized underneath the 26, 25 and 23 °S (Pito seamount and Central volcano) East Rift segments are responsable for the differences observed in the volcanics. The extent of partial melting varies from 14 to 19% in the lithosphere between 18 and 40 km deep as inferred from the calculated initial (P_o=16kbar) and final melting (P_f=7kbar) pressures along the various East Rift segments. The lowest range of partial melting (14–16%) is confined to the volcanics from 23 °S East Rift segment including the Pito seamount and the Central volcano. The Thrust-fault area, and the Terevaka intra-transform show comparable mantle melting regimes to the 25 and 26 °S East Rift segments. The older lithosphere of the EMP interior is believed to have been the site of high partial melting (17–20%) confined to the deeper melting area (29–50 km). This increase in melting with increasing pressure is similar to the conditions encountered underneath the South East Pacific Rise (13–20 °S).     

Loading effects in Metsähovi from the atmosphere and the Baltic Sea

Loading by atmosphere and by the Baltic Sea cause gravity change at Metsähovi, located 15 km from the open sea. Gravity is changed by both the Newtonian attraction of the loading mass and by the crustal deformation. We have performed loading calculations using appropriate Green's function for both gravity and deformation, for both atmospheric and Baltic loading. The loading by atmosphere has been computed using a detailed surface pressure field from high resolution limited area model (HIRLAM) for north Europe up to 10° distances. Baltic Sea level is modelled using tide gauge records. Calculations show that 1 m of uniform layer of water corresponds to 31 nm s⁻² in gravity and −11 mm in height. Modelled loading is compared with observations of the superconducting gravimeter T020 for years 1994–2002. The combination of HIRLAM and a tide gauge record decreases RMS of gravity residuals by 14% compared to single admittance in air pressure corrections without sea level data. Regression of gravity residuals on the tide gauge record at Helsinki (at 30 km distance) gives a gravity effect of 26 nm s⁻² m⁻¹ for Baltic loading.The gravity station is co-located with a permanent GPS station. We have also associated the loading effects of the atmosphere and of the Baltic Sea with temporal height variations. The range of modelled vertical motion due to air pressure was 46 mm and that due to sea level 18 mm. The total range was 38 mm. The effects of the Baltic Sea and of the atmosphere partly cancel each other, since at longer periods the inverse barometer assumption is valid. Regression of the modelled height on local air pressure gives −0.37 mm hPa⁻¹, corresponding approximately to width 6° for pressure system.We have tested the models using one year of daily GPS data. Multilinear regression on local air pressure and sea level in Helsinki gives the coefficient −0.34 mm hPa⁻¹ for pressure, and −11 mm m⁻¹ for sea level. These match model values. Loading by air pressure and Baltic Sea explains nearly 40% of the variance of daily GPS height solutions.     

Mechanisms for ground-surface fracturing and incipient slope failure associated with the 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna, Italy: analysis of ephemeral field data

During the July–August 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna development of extensional fractures/faults and grabens accompanied magma intrusion and subsequent volcanic activity. During the first days of the eruption, we performed an analysis of attitude, displacement and propagation of fractures and faults exposed on the ground surface in two sites, Torre del Filosofo and Valle del Leone, located along the same fracture system in the region surrounding the Valle del Bove depression on the eastern flank of Mt. Etna. Fractures and faults formed as the consequence of a shallow intruding dyke system that fed the several volcanic centres developed along the fracture system. The investigated sites differ in slope attitude and in geometrical relationships between fractures and slopes. In particular, the fracture system propagated parallel to the gentle slope (<7° dip) in the Torre del Filosofo area, and perpendicular to the steep slope (25° dip) in the Valle del Leone area. In the Torre del Filosofo area, slight graben subsidence and horizontal extension of the ground surface by about 3 m were recorded. In the Valle del Leone area, extensional faulting forming a larger and deeper graben with horizontal extension of the ground surface by about 10 m was recorded. For the Valle del Leone area, we assessed a downhill dip of 14° for the graben master fault at the structural level beneath the graben where the fault dip shallows. These results suggest that dyke intrusion at Mount Etna, and particularly in the region surrounding the Valle del Bove depression, may be at the origin of slope failure and subsequent slumps where boundary conditions, i.e. geometry of dyke, slope dip and initial shear stress, amongst others, favour incipient failures.     

2018年11月26日台湾海峡M_S6.2地震发震构造研究

本文利用福建省地震台网、广东省地震台网和台湾"中央"气象局17个台的宽频带记录,使用CAP方法反演了2018年11月26日台湾海峡M_S6.2地震震源机制解,得到节面1走向/倾角/滑动角为89°/82°/-173°,节面2走向/倾角/滑动角为358°/84°/-7°,最佳拟合深度14km,矩震级5.8.使用双差定位获取了94个M_L2.0以上地震的精定位结果,结果显示,主震位于北纬23.36°,东经118.62°,震源深度10.43km.根据小震分布和构造应力场反演得到余震断层面走向和倾角分别为88°和60°.研究认为,台湾海峡6.2级地震发震构造为近EW向的台湾浅滩断裂,受南海板块张裂拉伸发育而成,孕震过程中有东山隆起东缘断裂的参与,推测在菲律宾板块对欧亚板块NW-SE向挤压碰撞背景下,近EW向的台湾浅滩断裂与近NS向的东山隆起东缘断裂交接部位属于强度薄弱区,最终产生高倾角右旋走滑错动而引发地震,余震主要沿台湾浅滩断裂分布.     

The Weak-Motion Modeling of the Skyros Island,Aegean Sea,M w = 6.5 Earthquake of July 26, 2001

The earthquake was modeled using regional broad-band stations in Greece (epicentral distances up to 340 km). Inversion of the amplitude spectra of complete waveforms (0.05–0.08 Hz), later confirmed by the forward waveform modeling, provided strike = 150°, dip = 70°, rake = 10°, scalar moment M _o = 4.1e18 Nm, and depth of 8 km. As the aftershock distribution had the same strike, the earthquake was interpreted as a left-lateral strike slip. The fault length was estimated by combining observed mainshock spectra and synthetic spectra of a weak event, representing impulse response of the medium. This gave the fault length estimate of 16 to 24 km. Similar results were obtained by means of a true M _w = 5 aftershock. The waveform modeling (0.05–0.20 Hz) was performed for the 20 × 10 km finite-extent fault, with a homogenous slip of 0.63 m. It showed that the rupture propagation along the 150° strike was predominantly unilateral, from NW to SE.     

Transport ofBe andBe in the ocean

Beryllium isotopes (¹⁰Be and⁹Be) have been measured in suspended particles of < 1 mm size collected by mid-water sediment traps deployed in the eastern Pacific at MANOP sites H (6°32′N, 92°50′W, water depth 3600 m) and M (8°50′N, 104°00′W, 3100 m). For comparison, surface sediments from box cores taken from the two sites were also studied. The concentrations of¹⁰Be and⁹Be in sediment-trap particles are about an order of magnitude smaller than those in the bottom sediments which contain about 8 × 10⁹ and 6 × 10¹⁶ atoms g⁻¹ of¹⁰Be and⁹Be, respectively. The sediment trap samples collected from 50 m off the bottom showed significant (26–63%) contributions from resuspended bottom sediments. The¹⁰Be/⁹Be ratio in trap samples varies from 3 to 20 × 10⁻⁸. The variation may partly result from varied proportion of authigenic/detrital material. The fluxes of both isotopes exhibit a very strong seasonality. The fluxes of¹⁰Be into the traps at about 1500 m are estimated as 9 × 10⁵ and 4 × 10⁵ atoms cm⁻² a⁻¹ at sites H and M respectively. These values are to be compared with the fluxes into the sediments of 4–5 × 10⁵ atoms cm⁻² a⁻¹ at both locations. Good correlations exist between¹⁰Be,⁹Be and²⁷Al indicating that the primary carrier phase(s) for the beryllium isotopes in the water column may be aluminosilicates.     

On the evolution of the geothermal regime of the North China Basin

Recent heat flow and regional geothermal studies indicate that the North China Basin is characterized by relatively high heat flow compared with most stable areas in other parts of the world, but lower heat flow than most active tectonic areas. Measured heat flow values range from 61 to 74 mW m⁻². The temperature at a depth of 2000 m is generally in the range 75 to 85°C, but sometimes is 90°C or higher. The geothermal gradient in Cenozoic sediments is in the range 30 to 40°C/km for most of the area. The calculated temperature at the Moho is 560 and 640°C for surface heat flow values of 63 and 71 mW m⁻², respectively. These thermal data are consistent with other geophysical observations for the North China Basin. Relatively high heat flow in this area is related to Late Cretaceous-Paleogene rifting as described in this paper.     

Focal mechanism solutions and nature of plate movements in Pakistan

From the seismic point of view, the territory of Pakistan which lies between latitude 23°–37° N and longitude 61°–75° E is one of the most active zones in the world. The importance of this area lies in terms of movements of the Indian plate with respect to Eurasia on the west. Seismicity, as well as focal mechanism- solutions, throws a considerable light on the nature of forces acting in the area. All the available solutions, along with 12 new ones, have been considered for the present study. Their relationship to major faults in the area is discussed. The majority of the solutions in the central and northern parts show strike-slip faulting with a left-lateral sense of motion, followed by thrust faulting; few show normal faulting. This suggests that the Indian plate is moving with respect to the Eurasian plate along the Chaman fault, Quetta transverse zone, Sulaiman Ranges and the Hazara thrusts region joining the Hazara/Kashmir syntaxis. The orientations of P and T axes have been studied. It is seen that in a large number of cases compressive stress is acting nearly in NNW-SSE to N-S directions. The Hazara thrust region appears to be the most complex. Here, the influence of the Himalayan thrust front is evident to a large extent.The nature of faulting along the Chaman fault and Quetta transverse zone is to some extent similar to that of the San Andreas fault system of California. So far as the energy release is concerned, the maximum energy is being released in the form of strike-slip movements close to the Chaman fault and Quetta transverse ranges.     

利用InSAR技术研究2016年青海门源MW5.9地震同震形变场及断层滑动分布

2016年1月21日, 青海省门源县冷龙岭断裂带附近发生了M_W5.9地震。 基于Sentinel-1A影像, 采用差分干涉雷达测量技术研究了此次地震产生的同震形变场, 结果表明, 门源地震的形变影响范围约20~30 km, 形变态势在升降轨道形变场均显示为隆升, 基本沿冷龙岭断裂呈近似同心圆展布, 推测可能是冷龙岭断裂与民乐—大马营断裂之间的一条逆断层, 沿雷达视线方向最大形变量级约为6 cm。 均匀滑动反演显示门源发震断层长7.3 km, 宽6.2 km, 走向298.6°, 倾角34.5°, 倾向宽度9.5 km, 沿走向滑动量为170 mm, 沿倾向滑动量为460 mm, 矩震级为M_W5.97; 分布式滑动反演显示门源地震以逆冲为主, 兼具少量右旋走滑分量, 滑动量主要集中在沿断层倾向方向, 距离地表5～15 km处, 最大滑动量约0.3 m, 位于断层倾向深度10 km处, 矩震级为M_W5.93。     

滇西南地区澜沧断裂全新世滑动速率与走滑起始时间探讨

通过卫星影像解译、野外实地调查和地质填图,获得滇西南地区澜沧断裂的基本特征和活动性参数,澜沧断裂属于龙陵—澜沧新生地震断裂带的东南段,北起耿马县联合村,向南东经澜沧县哈卜吗、战马坡、大塘子至澜沧县城东南,总体走向NNW,长度约85km。该断裂为一条全新世活动的右旋走滑断裂,兼具倾滑分量,沿断裂形成了丰富的断错地貌现象,主要表现为断层陡崖、冲沟右旋、断层陡坎、断层沟槽、断层垭口和断陷凹坑等。通过详细的野外考察,选择典型断错地貌进行差分GPS测量,结合所获相应地貌面的年代数据,得到该断裂全新世以来平均右旋走滑速率为(4.2±2.3)mm/a,其结果与现今GPS观测所得速率相当,反映了该断裂长期以来滑动速率的稳定性。同时根据岩体的最大位错量4.6~4.8km,估算断裂开始右旋走滑的时代为距今约1.1 Ma,即早更新世晚期。     

Analysis of central western Europe deformation using GPS and seismic data

The kinematic field of central western Europe is characterized by relatively small movements (around 1–2 mm/year) and diffuse seismicity with earthquakes occurring mostly in the shallow crust (within 15 km), prevalently concentrated along the Alps and the European Cenozoic Rift System (ECRIS). In order to study and constrain the current crustal kinematic field we reconstructed the velocity and the strain field using permanent GPS stations, belonging to different networks (AGNES, EUREF, REGAL, RGP). The 2D strain rate tensor has been calculated using the method of least-squares collocation. Our results show that the area of maximum compression is located along the Alpine chain, where maximum values of 7 ± 2 nstrain/year are found, while maximum extension is measured between the Armorican Massif and the Massif Central, where values of 4 ± 2 nstrain/year are reached.The earthquakes with M > 3.0, have been used to estimate the seismic strain rates, while the style of the seismic deformation was reconstructed from the fault plane solutions (FPS) available from the literature. Relatively high values of seismic strain rates (around 10 nstrain/year) are measured along the Alpine Chain and the ECRIS. Results obtained by geodetic and seismic data are quite in agreement and reflect the different tectonic evolution of the geological features characterizing the area of study. The orientation of the compressional geodetic and seismic strain axes are NW-SE in most of the area of study, on account of the action of plate boundary forces. A rotation of the same axes to N-S direction along the eastern Alps, possibly related to the Adria convergence, is found.     

2014年新疆于田MS7.3地震同震位移及位错反演研究

利用于田震中300 km范围内的1个GPS连续站和12个GPS流动站数据,解算得到了2014年新疆于田M_S7.3地震地表同震位移,并反演了发震断层滑动分布,探讨此次地震对周边断裂的影响.地表同震位移结果显示,GPS观测到的同震位移范围在平行发震断裂带的北东-南西向约210 km,垂直发震断裂带的北西-南东方向约为120 km,同震位移量大于10 mm的测站位于震中距约120 km以内;同震位移特征整体表现为北东-南西方向的左旋走滑和北西-南东方向的拉张特征,其中在北东-南西方向,I069测站位移最大,约为32.1 mm,在北西-南东方向,XJYT测站位移最大,约为28.1 mm;位错反演结果表明,最大滑动位于北纬36.05°,东经82.60°,位于深部约16.6 km,最大错动量为2.75 m,反演震级为M_W7.0,同震错动呈椭圆形分布,以左旋走滑为主并具有正倾滑分量,两者最大比值约为2.5：1,同震错动延伸至地表,并向北东方向延伸,总破裂长度约50 km,地表最大错动约1.0 m;同震水平位移场模拟结果显示贡嘎错断裂、康西瓦断裂和普鲁断裂等不同位置主应变特征具有差异性,这种差异特征是否影响断裂带以及周围区域的应力构造特征,值得关注.