近四十年我国气候变化的初步分析

利用NCEP/NCAR（National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research）2001-2010年再分析资料,检验了全球气候系统模式CESM中大气模块CAM（Community Atmosphere Model）对亚洲夏季风和大气热源的模拟能力。结果显示,模式可以再现亚洲夏季风和大气热源的主要特征。通过敏感试验探讨人为气溶胶影响亚洲夏季风的机理,分析、讨论了气溶胶引起的非均匀加热的变化对辐散风和无辐散风强度的影响,在机理上解释了亚洲夏季风减弱的原因。结果表明,人为气溶胶浓度的升高使东亚夏季风强度在中国东南地区、中南半岛北部和印度半岛北部减弱。而中国东南部季风的减弱促使中国内陆降水减少,沿海降水增多。进一步分析人为气溶胶浓度升高的作用发现,其改变了大气热源的分布,造成阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾和中国南海大气热源增强,中国东部地区和中南半岛大气热源减弱,其中气溶胶通过影响凝结潜热来改变大气热源,主要是对对流过程的影响。此外,大气热源分布的变化改变了季风区的热力结构,使中国东南地区、中南半岛北部的加热减弱,从而减少了全位能的产生,使得全位能向辐散风的转换减小,辐散风减弱;同时,中国东南部、中南半岛北部季风由于辐散风向无辐散风转换的减弱,无辐散风减弱,最终导致了夏季风强度的减弱。而且,人为气溶胶对亚洲夏季风的影响主要通过大气热力和动力过程的响应产生作用。     

温室气体对亚洲夏季风影响的数值研究

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料检验全球气候模式CAM5.1模拟亚洲夏季风的能力,CAM5.1模式能够较好再现亚洲夏季风的基本特征。通过工业革命前（1850年）、工业革命后（2000年）温室气体排放情景的敏感性试验探讨近现代温室气体增加对亚洲夏季风的影响机制。结果显示：温室气体增加导致亚洲大部分区域地面气温增加,印度半岛中部、中南半岛和中国东部地区夏季风增强,印度半岛中部及北部、中南半岛中北部和中国东部地区夏季降水增加。分析大气能量收支和转换发现,温室气体增加通过增强大气对流凝结潜热释放的方式加强大气热源;夏季陆地为暖区,不均匀加热引起全位能增加,从而增强全位能向辐散风动能的转换和辐散风动能向无辐散风动能的转换,最终导致这些区域夏季风增强。其中,对流凝结潜热增加是温室气体增加造成大气稳定度降低、对流活动加强、对流云厚度加大、对流降水增加的结果;同时,对流降水增加是总降水增加的主要原因。     

硫酸盐和黑碳气溶胶影响南海夏季风爆发的数值模拟研究

硫酸盐气溶胶(SO₄^2-)和黑碳气溶胶(BC)可以通过散射或吸收太阳辐射改变地气系统能量收支,进而引起局地热力和云过程变化乃至大气环流的调整而影响气候系统。南海夏季风(SCSSM)作为东亚夏季风的子系统之一,与东亚大气环流和降水有着重要的相互影响。前人对SO₄^2-和BC对东亚副热带季风已有详细研究,但对SO₄^2-和BC影响南海夏季风的机制研究较少。本研究利用CESM(The Community Earth System Model)模式CAM5.1模块模拟研究了SO₄^2-和BC对南海—华南经向海陆热力差异、中南半岛对流、西太平洋副热带高压(西太副高)断裂以及南海夏季风爆发的影响,重点探讨了气溶胶影响SCSSM爆发的动力和热力机制。模拟试验结果表明,SO₄^2-和BC均有利于中南半岛对流层整层大气稳定性增强,引发了中南半岛上空的下沉气流异常,动力上抑制了中南半岛对流,分别使...     

东亚夏季风环流对气溶胶分布的影响

用2001—2012年逐月的MODIS-TERRA卫星观测气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)资料和NCEP/NCAR风场资料,分析了5—8月东亚地区AOD的时-空分布特征,研究东亚夏季风环流对气溶胶时-空分布的影响。主要结论如下:5—8月的中国东部及邻近海洋上AOD有着显著的季节演变特征,尤其是32.5 °N附近的AOD高值区,其强度和范围在5—8月逐渐增强然后又减弱。东亚夏季风通过环流输送作用对各地的AOD产生了不同程度的影响,使中国南部AOD减少,而华北和东北地区AOD增加。在强、弱季风年背景下,7月观测的AOD差异与环流输送作用差异的分布特征有着一定的相似性,体现出东亚夏季风年际变化对气溶胶分布的影响。在东亚夏季风演变的不同阶段,季风环流对气溶胶输送大部分情况下,可解释局地气溶胶变化10%~20%的方差。     

南亚地区黑碳气溶胶对亚洲夏季风的影响

利用NCAR的全球大气模式CAM3,模拟了南亚地区黑碳气溶胶对亚洲夏季风的影响.结果表明:晚春时期,南亚地区黑碳气溶胶强烈吸收太阳辐射,加热低层大气,造成孟加拉湾及沿岸地区雨季的提前,可能导致南亚夏季风提前爆发.夏季,被加热的大气沿青藏高原南坡爬升,在高空形成一个稳定的加热层.高空的持续加热,引起局地的深对流活动,使得印度洋和南亚大陆之间产生一个北升南降的经圈环流,导致印度洋洋面上的向北运动加强,从而使南亚夏季风的强度增大.但是,南亚地区黑碳气溶胶通过影响表面气压、垂直运动、降水和850 hPa风场等减弱了东亚夏季风,且导致西太平洋副热带高压北移西伸,使我国梅雨带位置向东北方向移动.     

近22 a人为气溶胶对东亚地区夏季风环流影响的数值模拟研究

运用区域气候模式RegCM3耦合入一个化学过程,对东亚地区三类人为排放气溶胶（硫酸盐、黑碳和有机碳）的时空分布特征及其对夏季风环流的影响进行了数值模拟研究。模拟结果显示,气溶胶的引入会引起东亚地区夏季850 hPa风场发生改变,我国江淮以东洋面上空出现了一个气旋式距平环流中心,中心以西的偏北风气流将削弱东亚地区夏季西南季风。通过讨论春季中国地区气溶胶浓度与夏季东亚地区850 hPa经向风的时滞关系,以及夏季中国地区气溶胶浓度与同期东亚地区850 hPa经向风的关系,可以发现,春、夏季中国地区气溶胶浓度均与夏季东亚地区850 hPa经向风有很好的负相关关系,当春季中国北方和夏季中国南方地区气溶胶浓度增加时,中国东部地区夏季偏南季风减弱。这可能与气溶胶改变了大气层顶和地表的辐射强迫,进而引起了海陆气压差异和位势高度场的变化有关。     

利用MODIS气溶胶产品研究亚洲季风对气溶胶传输及其分布的影响

利用NASA Terra和Aqua卫星MODIS气溶胶卫星产品,统计了亚洲地区气溶胶光学厚度的空间和季节变化特点,发现东亚与南亚两气溶胶光学厚度高值区年际变化类似,季节变化有所不同。同时结合季风区气候条件,分析亚洲季风对气溶胶分布传输的影响,认为南亚气溶胶光学厚度大值区主要是由于南亚季风和高原地形综合作用形成,东亚地区主要是以当地人类活动产生的气溶胶为主,夏季会受到南亚地区气溶胶输送的影响。光学厚度大值区会随着强季风移动。     

气溶胶对亚洲季风的强迫及影响：认识与挑战

亚洲是世界上人口密度最大、也是近几十年来经济发展最快的地区。从广大民众到各级政府都深刻感受到这种巨大的变化所带来的各种影响。从事相关研究的科学家最关心的是各种变化的因果关系、影响机理并对未来变化进行客观预测。该地区日益严重的空气污染,尤其是由颗粒污染物造成的雾、霾发生频率和强度的增加,不仅影响人们的日常生活和健康,而且进一步影响了在过去几十年已经发生了巨大变化的季风气候。本文提出了一些研究气溶胶与季风相互作用的新视角、新途径、新挑战。东亚和南亚是全球气溶胶主要源地。气溶胶对季风的一个显著影响体现在南亚和东亚大范围的暗化现象,即到达地面的太阳辐射的整体减少。气溶胶对东亚和南亚夏季风的强迫机理存在差异。中国灰霾天增加除了污染排放也与东亚季风气候变化息息相关。在实际大气季风气候系统的准静力平衡态的演变中,动力反馈过程可能扮演着至关重要的作用,而这种作用会受到人类污染和自然源气溶胶的强迫作用。对气溶胶-季风相互作用进行研究,需要把各种尺度的观测和模拟开展起来。更好地了解气溶胶与亚洲季风气候的联系,对于制定和实施科学的可持续发展政策,造福世界上过半人口,起着至关重要的作用。     

中国东部地区人为气溶胶影响东亚夏季风爆发和推进过程的数值模拟

使用一个高分辨率的公用大气环流模式(CAM5.1)研究我国东部地区人为气溶胶对东亚夏季风爆发和推进过程的影响。结果表明,CAM5.1模式能很好地模拟出南海夏季风爆发前后大尺度环流的季节性转变。南海夏季风在中国东部地区人为气溶胶的影响下提前2候爆发,并且可能是影响1993年后南海夏季风提前爆发的重要原因。人为气溶胶使得低纬度地区的东西风分界线在5月中旬明显向东扩展,南海地区出现显著的西/西南风差值气流,同时赤道纬向西风提前向北增强。人为气溶胶中硫酸盐和黑碳气溶胶含量的季节变化通过改变大气的热力结构,影响我国东部地区大气低层环流场,减弱夏季风前期北上的西南风暖湿气流,而相反地增强了其盛期在华北地区的偏南风分量,造成东亚夏季风北边缘从5月上旬—6月初缓慢北移至长江中下游地区,而后在7月中旬加速向北推进,且到达的最北位置要偏北1个纬度。     

气溶胶对东亚夏季风指数和爆发的影响及其机理分析

利用高分辨率区域气候模式RegCM4.3,通过引入沙尘、海盐、硫酸盐、黑碳和有机碳等5种气溶胶,对1995—2010年的东亚夏季风进行数值模拟,研究了自然和人为气溶胶对东亚夏季风的可能影响。结果表明:区域气候模式对东亚夏季风和气溶胶的时空分布都有较好的模拟效果,自然和人为气溶胶造成东亚夏季风指数减小约5%,且除我国东南部地区外,气溶胶使整个季风区的季风爆发时间推迟了1候左右。在我国东南部及近海地区,气溶胶通过吸收太阳辐射对中层大气起到加热作用,气柱受热会出现膨胀,从而造成了低层大气的位势高度下降并激发出气旋式环流距平,气旋式环流距平西侧偏北风能削弱东亚夏季风区低层的偏南气流。气溶胶的加入引起的地表负的辐射强迫造成了空气出现下沉运动并配合低层偏北风和高层偏南风距平,在25 °N以北地区形成了间接经向环流距平,从而也削弱了东亚夏季风的垂直环流。气溶胶增加了我国季风区的水汽通量散度值,从而造成了夏季降水的明显减少,其中我国华北和西南地区为2个主要的降水减少区域。      

The influence of systematic errors on the asian summer monsoon circulation

1. IntroductionThe Asian summer monsoon circulation is a thermally driven circulation, which arisesprimarily from the temperature differences between the warmer continental areas of theNorthern Hemisphere and the oceans of the Southern Hemisphere. The complex feedback between the flow field and the heating, especially through the interaction between thelarge--scale flow and moist convection, is yet to be well understood. Nevertheless, this facetensures the prominence of the summer monsoon ci…     

Dynamic features and maintenance mechanism of asian summer monsoon subsystem

l.Intr0ducti0nInitially,monsoonwasreferredtotheseasonalreversal0fwinddirectionovertheIndian0cean,especiallyalongthecoastalbeltoftheArabianSea(Webster,l987).Withthein-creasedunderstandingofmonsoonbehavi0rs,itsdefinitionandimplicationhavebeenaug-mentCd.BasedonpreviousstudiesandwindveeringinJanuaryandJulyasthecritCri0nofitsdefinition,Ramage(l97l)showedthatthemonsoonregionincludesAsiantropics/subtropics,Australia,Africaandtheiradjacentseas.Withadvancesinmonsoonre-search,metCorologistshaveexp…     

The effect of regional warming on the East Asian summer monsoon

Climate Dynamics - East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) precipitation has changed significantly due to regional warming. In this study, effect of regional warming on the EASM summer precipitation is...     

Impact of the North Atlantic sea surface temperature tripole on the East Asian summer monsoon

A strong (weak) East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) is usually concurrent with the tripole pattern of North Atlantic SST anomalies on the interannual timescale during summer, which has positive (negative) SST anomalies in the northwestern North Atlantic and negative (positive) SST anomalies in the subpolar and tropical ocean. The mechanisms responsible for this linkage are diagnosed in the present study. It is shown that a barotropic wave-train pattern occurring over the Atlantic-Eurasia region likely acts as a link between the EASM and the SST tripole during summer. This wave-train pattern is concurrent with geopotential height anomalies over the Ural Mountains, which has a substantial effect on the EASM. Diagnosis based on observations and linear dynamical model results reveals that the mechanism for maintaining the wave-train pattern involves both the anomalous diabatic heating and synoptic eddy-vorticity forcing. Since the North Atlantic SST tripole is closely coupled with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the relationships between these two factors and the EASM are also examined. It is found that the connection of the EASM with the summer SST tripole is sensitive to the meridional location of the tripole, which is characterized by large seasonal variations due to the north-south movement of the activity centers of the NAO. The SST tripole that has a strong relationship with the EASM appears to be closely coupled with the NAO in the previous spring rather than in the simultaneous summer.     

A modeling study of the influence of initial soil moisture on summer precipitation during the East Asian summer monsoon

The state-of-the-art WRF model is used to investigate the impact of the antecedent soil moisture on subsequent summer precipitation during the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) period. The control experiment with realistic soil moisture condition can well reproduce the seasonal pattern from low- to high- atmosphere, as well as the spatial distribution of precipitation belt in East China. Compared with the control experiment, the sensitivity experiment in which the initial soil moisture is reduced generates more precipitation along the East China Sea, and less rainfall over both Central and South China. This suggests that the effect of initial soil moisture on monsoonal precipitation in East China is regionally dependent. The influence on precipitation is mostly attributed to the change in precipitation from mid July to late August. The initial soil moisture condition plays a role in changing the seasonal pattern and atmospheric circulation due to the weak heating and geopotential gradient, leading to a reduction in southeasterly flow and moisture flux from South China Sea. The changes between DRY and CTL runs result in reduced southerly wind over the ocean (south of ˜25 °N) and enhanced northerly wind over the land (north of ∼25 °N). The temperature and associated circulation changes due to drier initial soil moisture anomaly result in reduced southerly winds over East China, and therefore a weakened EASM system. The averaged moisture flux decreases significantly over Central China but increases along the East China Sea. In addition, the drier soil moisture perturbation exerts an effect on suppressing (enhancing) vertical velocity over Central China (along the East China Sea), thus leading to more (less) cloud water and rain water. Therefore, the influence of soil moisture exerts an opposite impact on surface precipitation between these two regions, with more and less accumulation rainfall in Central China and along the East China Sea, respectively.     

A study on the distinct features of the Asian summer monsoon during the years of extreme monsoon activity over India

Summary In this paper, interseasonal characteristics of the Asian summer monsoon in the years of 1987 and 1988 are studied as 1987 is characterized by a large deficiency of monsoon rainfall (drought) and that of 1988 by a large excess monsoon rainfall (flood) over India. In order to compare the similarities and differences seen in the large scale dynamics and energetics of the Asian summer monsoon during the years of extreme monsoon activity, uninitialized analyses (12 Z) of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), U.K. are utilized in this study for the summer monsoon seasons of 1987 and 1988.It is found that the excess rainfall season (1988) is characterized by much stronger tropical easterly jet (TEJ) associated with the upper tropospheric easterlies and the East African low level jet (Somali Jet) associated with lower tropospheric westerlies. Such a feature mainly determines the strength of the reverse Hadley circulation which normally covers the South Asian continent during the northern summer. Further, the energetics of the TEJ show that the monsoon of 1988 has comparatively stronger zones of kinetic energy flux divergence (convergence) at its entrance (exit) regions. These zones of kinetic energy flux divergence are largely maintained by the adiabatic processes over the strong kinetic energy flux divergence zones over the Bay of Bengal and east central Arabian Sea as compared to that of 1987. Apart from this, both the zonal and meridional components of the ageostrophic flows are found to be stronger during 1988 monsoon season. Analysis of the vertically integrated thermodynamical features of the monsoon indicate that the monsoon of 1988 was characterized by an excess import of heat and moisture into the monsoon atmosphere as compared to that of 1987. Further, from the quantitative estimation of certain significant heat and moisture budget parameters during the contrasting monsoon seasons of 1987 and 1988, it becomes evident that considerable differences exist in the quantities of adiabatic production of heat energy, diabatic heating and the moisture source/sink.With 13 Figures     

The Variability of the Interannual Oscillations of the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall

A new method of analysis namely, Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) is applied to the Indian Summer Monsoon (June-September) Rainfall (ISMR) series. The method is efficient in extracting the statistically significant oscillations with periods 2.8 and 2.3 year from the white noise of the ISMR series. The study shows that 2.8 / 2.3 year cycle captures the variability of the ISMR related to Southern Oscillation / Quasi Biennial Oscillation. The temporal structure of these oscillations show that these are in phase in extreme (excess and drought) monsoon conditions as well as in El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) years. Both these oscillations show minimum variability during the period 1920-1940 and there is an increasing trend in the variability of these oscillations in the recent decades. The study enables to obtain pure signal consisting of reconstructed time series using these two Oscillations, from the original white noise series.