昆明准静止锋结构

利用常规探空资料，　选取１９９３－１９９５年冬、　春季节中１０个昆明准静止锋典型个例作了合成计算，　分析了昆明准静止锋的结构。研究结果表明，　锋面呈准南北向，　平均位于１０３．５°～１０４°Ｅ附近，　垂直高度约７００　ｈＰａ。受云贵高原阻挡作用的影响，　昆明准静止锋低层的温度场、　湿度场和风场等的结构与一般冷锋有明显差异。     

新书架

<正>《昆明准静止锋》段旭等著该书介绍了昆明准静止锋的命名和形成,研究了昆明准静止锋结构、锋面位置客观判定和锋面位置与云贵高原地形的关系;统计了锋面频次、位置、强度分布特征,以及冬春季锋面频次异常年海、气特征,统计分析了寒潮、暴雨、大雾和强对流天气与昆明准静止锋的关系。利用锋生函数诊断了昆明准静止锋生消和进退成因。数值模拟了昆明准静止锋进退与地形和冷暖气团之间的关系,并对昆明准静止锋影响     

昆明准静止锋的准地转Q矢量分析①

应用Q矢量理论,对1995年2月一次与云南寒潮天气过程有关的昆明准静止锋进行了诊断分析.结果表明:在850 hPa上,云南东部地区存在明显的非地转风辐合场,从而引起昆明准静止锋锋生;当700 hPa上Q矢量锋生函数值增大,说明锋后冷空气加强,昆明准静止锋容易南下;低层Q矢量辐合带与昆明准静止锋雨区有较好的对应关系.     

昆明准静止锋的准地转Q矢量分析

应用Ｑ矢量理论,对１９９５年２月一次与云南寒潮天气过程有关的昆明准静止锋进行了诊断分析。结果表明：在８５０ｈＰａ上,云南东部地区存在明显的的非地转风辐合场,从而引起昆明准静止锋锋生;当７００ｈＰａ上Ｑ矢量锋生函数值增大,说明儿后冷空气加强,昆明准静止锋容易南下;低层Ｑ矢量辐合带与昆明准静止锋雨区有较好的对应关系。     

昆明准静止锋移动影响因子数值模拟试验

利用中尺度WRF(Weather Research Forecast)模式,结合NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和常规气象观测资料,对2016年1月22-24日昆明准静止锋主要移动过程进行数值模拟和敏感试验,研究昆明准静止锋移动的影响因素.结果表明:WRF模式较成功模拟出此次昆明准静止锋锋面的移动过程和锋面西进的位置.当地...     

地形对昆明准静止锋影响的数值模拟研究

利用2008年1月NCEP/NCAR全球1°×1°再分析资料和MM5中尺度数值模拟结果,分析研究了昆明准静止锋的结构和位置.结果表明:在中国南方地区持续、频繁受冷空气影响下,昆明准静止锋的形成和维持是高原地形的阻挡和特定天气系统配置共同作用的结果;通过对地形减半的敏感性数值试验,定量分析得到高原地形阻挡作用是昆明准静止锋形成和维持的必要条件.     

昆明准静止锋的发现和研究

昆明准静止锋也称西南准静止锋,早在20世纪40年代已被中国学者所发现。这是在东亚冷空气爆发并向南扩展时,受西南高原地形阻挡形成的一种独特的锋面系统。在北美等地虽然也有类似现象,但昆明准静止锋在形成原因、活动规律和天气影响上都十分不同。在青藏高原大地形、低纬高原和横断山脉的作用下,昆明准静止锋沿地形呈准南北走向,具有东西摆动和跳跃式西进的独特活动规律。若静止锋转变成冷锋西进,往往伴随着西南地区寒潮等转折性天气出现;若静止锋长期稳定维持,不仅在冬季会造成冻雨等灾害性天气,还会在春季带来雷暴、冰雹、大风等强对流天气。从昆明准静止锋的发现开始,全面的回顾和总结相关的研究进程,对该领域研究的未来方向从以下几个方面做出展望:1)昆明准静止锋的定义仍需明确;2)锋区强烈逆温的成因和水汽来源;3)昆明准静止锋的气候结构和环流特征;4)昆明准静止锋的气候变率及其影响因子;5)昆明准静止锋的维持和进退机理;6)昆明准静止锋的可预报性和数值预报能力研究。     

中国南方准静止锋对冬季大范围冻雨的影响

利用1979—2016年1月逐日0.125°×0.125° ERA-Interim再分析资料及冻雨观测资料,通过个例合成等方法,探讨了中国南方准静止锋和冬季大范围冻雨的关系。结果表明:（1）中国南方大范围冻雨受昆明和华南准静止锋共同影响呈东西带状分布;（2）青藏高原东侧逆温之强,范围之广以及水汽之充沛的主要原因,一是冷空气常堆积在横断山脉以东和南岭山脉以北等中国广大的南方地区,其形成机制主要为冷平流和绝热冷却,地势较高地带非绝热冷却也较明显;二是700和850 hPa暖平流形成的暖层也十分宽广;三是850 hPa源自中国南海和西太平洋的湿平流输送;（3）500 hPa东亚大槽、700 hPa南支槽、850 hPa反气旋和地面蒙古冷高压为青藏高原东侧对流层低层极地大陆性气团与热带海洋性气团和热带大陆性气团交绥创造了必要的环流条件;（4）东亚冷空气爆发从青藏高原东侧南下,迫使近地面暖湿气团抬升形成华南准静止锋。同时,受青藏高原东部地形的阻挡产生冷空气堆积。当冷空气堆积到一定厚度向西爬上低纬高原时,又与南支西风相遇形成昆明准静止锋。由昆明和华南准静止锋形成的复杂锋面结构,伴随宽广而强烈的逆温有利于中国南方大范围冻雨的产生。      

昆明静止锋下的云南强倒春寒天气分析

利用NCEP1°×1°的6小时再分析资料和常规观测资料,对2005年3月云南出现强倒春寒天气过程的环流特征和物理量场特征进行了分析,探讨了在无南支槽的配合下,由昆明静止锋和高空切变线引发的大范围降雪和降温的强倒春寒天气发生前后中低层环流的演变、热力学和动力学物理因子与倒春寒天气的关系及其形成条件,为今后预测这类天气提供参考依据。     

三种温湿参数下昆明准静止锋锋面位置及锋生函数诊断的对比分析

针对2008年1~2月昆明准静止锋天气过程,讨论了位温、相当位温和广义位温三个温湿参数及其对应的锋生函数,对比分析结果表明:（1）广义位温因其湿度因子权重过大,不适用于分析以温度梯度定义的昆明准静止锋锋面位置和强度;（2）理想状态下的干大气位温和饱和大气相当位温仅与气压和温度有关,均能较好地反映大气温度场特征,适用于昆明准静止锋的分析,比较而言相当位温对温度锋区的描述更为显著;（3）用位温或相当位温计算锋生函数所得结果直接表达了因温度场变化导致的锋面生消状况,而用广义位温计算锋生函数所得结果同时包含温度锋生（消）和湿度锋生（消）两种情况,不能简洁地判断昆明准静止锋锋面生消状况。     

云贵高原锋线的动态特征

面向精细化的气象服务需求,为做到对云贵高原锋面系统变化的精准把控,深入认知其动态演变规律,基于50 a（1971—2020年）逐日台站观测资料,提出了一种利用线性拟合近似判定云贵高原地面锋线的方法,并通过综合分析锋线位置和锋线周边气象要素的空间分布和时间变化特征以及长持续锋线事件的锋线位置、走向变化,系统揭示了云贵高原锋线的移动特征,展现了云贵高原准“静”止锋的“动”态特征。结果表明,冷性锋线集中在102.5°—105°E,最大降温区在锋线东侧,暖性锋线集中在104.5°—105.75°E,最大升温区位于锋线西侧;锋线附近气象要素的变化与锋线的移动紧密相关,西进的锋线一般会伴随锋线附近的降温、升压和日照减少,东退的锋线则相反;根据长持续锋线事件的连续演变过程,可将锋线事件区分为静止、西移和东移3类,静止型出现次数最多,西移型可连续快速推进并伴随锋线南部的顺时针摆动,东移型出现频次较低且移速相对较慢。上述结果通过对云贵高原锋线,特别是其动态特征的客观定量描述,为该地区在锋线影响下各气象要素的精细化预报提供了重要参考。      

近五年东亚夏季自然天气季节的划分及夏季特征的初步探讨

本文根据1951—1955年五年高空和地面的资料,对夏季过程进行了分析,得到下面几点结果: 1.在东亚地区的四个主要经度带上以65°,120°和140°经度带的500毫巴强西风中心的位置和强度变化,对东亚自然天气季节的划分是最良好的指标。东经65°经度带上南边低纬度强西风的消失是梅雨期开始前的征兆。东经140°经度带上强西风在北纬40°以南消失时是夏季开始的征兆。和它相关联的过程是东亚高空大槽的消失和太平洋副热带高压带北移至30°—40°纬度带间,这个期间平均是在7月13日左右,也是江南梅雨结束的时候。故梅雨是夏季以前的盛行过程,它和500毫巴强西风区或锋区是有密切的联系的。 2.东经140°经度带上500毫巴强西风在北纬30°—40°重现时,是夏季结束秋季开始的征兆,和它相关连的天气过程是在该经度带上高空大槽重新建立,地面大陆冷高压从新地岛东部向东南下达华北地区。这个时间平均是在9月5日左右。故东亚夏季的长度平均仅55日。 3.从500毫巴强西风在各经度带上出现的情况来看,一般是西部比东部消失得早,出现得迟,不如冬季那样先在上游首先建立,在春夏之交这种相反的演变,似非地形的分支可以解释的。 4.在夏季自然天气季节所出现的盛行天气过程主要是表现在太平洋副热带高压随上游气压场的不同,及其和     

利用锋生函数对2008年年初昆明准静止锋生消过程的诊断分析

利用ERA-Interim 0.125°×0.125°高分辨率逐6小时再分析数据,选取昆明准静止锋2008年1~2月长时间维持过程诊断分析了锋生函数及其各分项在锋面生消过程中的作用与贡献,并结合2016年1月20~27日锋面增强西进过程和1979年1月14~20日锋面减弱东退过程进行了比较分析。结果表明:（1）非绝热加热项对锋面生消作用较小,但存在显著的日变化。在辐射作用下,非绝热加热项日间表现为锋消,夜间为锋生。（2）西移冷气团在被高原大地形抬升过程中存在局地地形迫使冷气团下沉的情况,并导致垂直运动倾斜项表现为锋生。由于地形固定不变,局地锋生形成次级锋生带。次级锋生带与昆明准静止锋的形成、维持和东西摆动有密切的联系。（3）辐合辐散项和水平形变项是锋生函数变化的主要贡献项,其中水平形变项中的切变变形作用以锋生为主,而伸缩变形项在纬向产生锋生,在经向产生锋消。     

Analysis of the Winter Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activity and Its Synoptic Background in China during 2010-20

Cloud-to-ground(CG)lightning data and the ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset are analyzed to gain insight into the spatiotemporal distribution and synoptic background of winter-season CG flashes between December 2010 and February 2020 in China.We identify three Winter Lightning Frequent Areas(WLAs):the southwest side of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau(WLA1),the east side of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau(WLA2),and the Poyang Lake Plain(WLA3).The CG lightning flashes most frequently occur at local midnight and have a monthly peak in February.The CG lightning in WLA1 is mostly generated in non-frontal weather;however,the lightning in WLA2 and WLA3 mostly occurs in frontal systems.The frontal circulation situation is divided into four typical types:transversal trough after high pressure,low vortex,confrontational convergence,and asymptotic convergence.In all typical weather patterns,the lightning occurs downstream of a 500 hPa trough and is accompanied by a southwesterly low-level jet.The convective parameters of winter thunderstorms differ greatly from those of summer thunderstorms.The maximum convective available potential energy(MCAPE)and K-index(KI)are more useful metrics than convective available potential energy(CAPE)and Showalter index(SI)during winter.This study further deepens the understanding of the distribution characteristics of winter CG lightning in China,which motivates further research to improve the ability of winter thunderstorm prediction.     

Synoptic patterns associated with landslide events in the Serra do Mar, Brazil

Heavy rains frequently occur over the Serra do Mar, in the southeast coastal mountain region in Brazil, particularly during the summer season. These rains can cause landslides and loss of life. The objective of this work is to produce a synoptic climatology of heavy rainfall episodes of the period from November to April using 10-year reanalyses data. The identification of the synoptic pattern of these events should provide guidance to forecasters. The landslide events were mostly related to cold front passages and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ). These systems differed from the climatology by exhibiting more intense characteristics for the frontal situations and a blocking circulation configuration for the SACZ situations. In both cases, the composite fields showed that the 250-hPa mass divergence was strikingly more intense than the climatology and had a preferred location in the 24 h prior to landslide events. Anomalies of this ten-year event climatology showed above-normal moisture anomalies, which are more evident in the SACZ than in the frontal cases.     

Identification of zones of atmospheric fronts as a problem of postprocessing the results of numerical prediction

Presented is a review of the results of the studies that have been carried out in recent 15 years at the Hydrometcenter of Russia and deal with the objective analysis of atmospheric fronts and with diagnostic computations on the base of the results obtained. A unique experiment on the quantitative estimation of the measure of subjectivity of the frontal analysis carried out by weather forecasters in operational mode was accomplished in the process of the method development. Differences turned out to be so significant that no concrete synoptic archive can be considered as a source of actual data on the position of fronts. At the same time, the degree of agreement between different forecasters concerning the position of primary cold and warm fronts remains practically significant. The statistical method of objective analysis of atmospheric frontal zones is worked out as a method of postprocessing the results of numerical forecast (objective analysis) of the fields of pressure (geopotential), temperature, and humidity. The proposed method was operationally tested and recommended for the operational use by the Roshydromet Central Methodological Committee for Hydrometeorological and Heliophysical Forecasts. The data on precipitation at the stations (a degree of precipitation intensity on the front characterizes its activity) are used as a predictant (criterion of the absence or presence of a front). The frontal parameter initially obtained as a probability of the fact that the forecaster draws the front through the given grid cell is (in its physical essence) a quantitative characteristic of baroclinity near the surface and in the layers of 850-500 and 925-700 hPa and of cyclonicity of the surface pressure field. This variable turned out to be an effective diagnostic characteristic of baroclinic forcing of vertical circulations and formation of clouds and precipitation in frontal zones. The spectra of the frequency of precipitation of various intensity for different seasons and regions of the European part of the former USSR are constructed using the long-term data on two main characteristics of precipitation forcing, namely, the frontal parameter and the height of the convection level. Given are other potential application areas of the frontal parameter including the verification of numerical models.     

冬季蒙古反气旋和伊朗反气旋的年代际变化特征

根据NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用客观判定和追踪方法,研究了1948~2013年欧亚地区冬季温带反气旋的年代际气候变化的活动特征。结果发现,反气旋的高频分布区也是反气旋气候变化最大的区域,其中蒙古高原和伊朗高原的反气旋最活跃。反气旋的频数和强度既有长期趋势也有年代际变化。蒙古高原和伊朗高原的反气旋频数具有明显的年代际变化特征。反气旋频数具有2~6年和16~30年周期,且具有变频特征。EOF分解发现蒙古高原和伊朗高原的反气旋频数分布均在较高纬度和较低纬度地区呈现显著相反的偶子极态分布形式。蒙古高原的反气旋强度的变化基本可以体现欧亚大陆反气旋强度的变化。反气旋分布和强度的年代际变化可以用对流层低层经向温度梯度表示的斜压锋的位置和强度的年代际变化来解释,但斜压锋对欧亚反气旋的影响具有区域性。蒙古高原的反气旋在1960~1975年50°N以北较多,1990~2005年50°N以南较多的偶极子态变化与80°~120°E区域的斜压锋纬度位置自55°N南移到45°N有密切关系,30°~80°E区域的斜压锋纬度位置变化不能单独解释伊朗高原反气旋偶极子态年代际变化。自21世纪00年代中期斜压锋偏强对反气旋强度偏强有重要影响。     

冬季北大西洋风暴轴的东西变化及其能量诊断

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,定义一个风暴轴经度指数,基于这个指数做合成分析,对冬季北大西洋风暴轴63 a(1948-2010年)的东西变化特征及其能量平衡差异进行了诊断。主要结论如下:(1)北大西洋风暴轴存在明显地东扩和西退。当风暴轴向东扩展时,天气尺度瞬变波可以向下游发展至乌拉尔山以东的亚洲上空;风暴轴西退时,天气尺度瞬变波活动范围向西收缩到15°W以西的大洋上空。(2)能量诊断表明,当风暴轴向东扩展时,涡动动能在高纬度的大西洋东部及西欧上空明显增强。在0°以西的区域,涡动动能的增强主要归因于能量斜压转换过程的增强;而在0°以东区域,涡动动能的增强可能与涡动非地转位势通量引起的"下游发展效应"增强有关。风暴轴向西收缩时,变化相反。     

Principal Components Analysis of Rainfall and Associated Synoptic Models of the Southwest Monsoon over India

Summary  The summer monsoon circulation shows various spatial and temporal oscillations and often a combination of systems produces an integrated effect. In this study phases of the southwest (SW) monsoon have been identified in an objective manner with the help of T-mode principal component analysis (PCA) of weekly rainfall anomalies. Mean composite charts have been prepared utilising all available upper air data (1977–1986) for each category of the SW monsoon epochs identified by the PCA. These sets of charts have been constructed for both the strong and weak phases associated with the first four significant principal components (PCs). A well defined east-west oriented trough system, extending from about 28° N Latitude/65° E Longitude to 20° N Latitude/90° E Longitude, in the lower levels, has been the main feature associated with the strong phase of the monsoon corresponding to PC I. The trough in the lower levels is more marked in the eastern half compared to the western half in both the sets of charts associated with strong phases of the monsoon related to the PC II and PC III. With PC II, the position of the troughs in the lower levels is further north of its location in PC III. The east-west trough system associated with the strong phase of PC IV has a large southward tilt with height. The charts corresponding to the weak phases of these PCs have synoptic features, such as the position of the trough close to the foothills of the Himalayas, and the shifting of middle and upper tropospheric anticyclones to the south. The study suggests an objective method of interpretation of principal components by utilising synoptic data. In addition, synoptic models and data sets corresponding to different phases of the monsoon can also be prepared in an objective manner by such PCA. Received July 18, 1997 Revised April 30, 1999