基于GIS的中国人居环境自然适宜性评价

With the degeneration of environment and acceleration of urbanization, human environment has attracted great attention worldwide. This paper sets up the Human Settle-ments Environment Index (HEI) model and evaluates the natural environment suitability for Human Settlements in China based on GIS technology. The results show that the HEI of China decreases from southeast to northwest in general, HEI is significantly correlated with population density at grid size and the correlation coefficient (r) between them reaches 0.93, which indicates that natural environment suitability for Human Settlements has a significant influence on population distribution. Most people in China mainly concentrate in areas with high natural environment suitability. The total suitable area is 430.47×104> km2, which ac-counts for nearly 45% of the total land area in China, while the proportion of people living in the area reaches 96.56%. With a population density of 18 people per square kilometer, the critical area is the transitional region for people to live in China. The critical area covers 225.11×104 km2 with a population of 41.12 million. The non-suitable area covers 304.42×104 km2 with a population of only 2.49 million.     

基于GIS 的中国人居环境指数模型的建立与应用

以1km×1km 栅格为基本单元, 选取地形、气候、水文、植被等自然因子, 构建了基 于人居环境指数的中国人居环境自然适宜性评价模型, 运用GIS 技术, 定量评价了中国不同 地区的人居环境自然适宜性, 揭示了中国人居环境的自然格局与地域特征。研究表明： 中国 人居环境指数整体呈现由东南沿海向西北内陆递减的趋势; 人居环境指数与人口密度显著相 关, 二者的对数曲线拟合度R² 值高达0.87, 人居环境指数可以综合反映区域人居环境的自然 适宜程度。中国人居环境自然适宜性评价结果显示, 中国人居环境适宜地区430.47×10⁴ km² , 接近国土面积的45%, 相应人口占全国的96.56%, 其中3/4 以上的人口集聚在约占1/4 人居 环境高度适宜和比较适宜地区; 中国人居环境临界适宜地区225.11×10⁴ km² , 占国土面积的 23.45%, 相应人口4112 万, 占全国的3.24%, 人口密度每平方公里18 人, 是中国人居环境 适宜与否的过渡地区; 中国人居环境不适宜地区304.42×10⁴ km², 人口249 万, 不到全国的 0.2%, 人口密度每平方公里不足1 人, 大片地区沦为“无人区”。     

基于GIS的新疆和田地区人居环境适宜性评价

人居环境是人类生存和发展的基础。运用GIS和RS技术采用单因子评价和综合评价模型,系统地归纳了国内外人居环境评价研究的理论基础和应用研究成果,利用DEM与[WTBX]NDVI[WTBZ]数据将多年平均气温、降水量、人口和GDP等要素的栅格数统一到1 km×1 km的栅格尺度,以此反映干旱区适宜性的空间分布特征。通过数字评价模型分析,结果表明：和田地区的人居环境指数介于1.139～4.495之间;整体分布景观是从和田河流域、克里雅河流域等绿洲区向北部沙漠区和南部山脉区递减,大部分地区受到自然条件的限制,人居环境中高级适宜区面积最少,占全研究区面积的1.04%,较适宜区占5.95%,中等适宜区占21.13%、难适宜区和不适宜区占71.68%,表明自然环境基础很恶劣,生态环境相当脆弱。因此,开展和田地区人居环境适宜性评价研究,对干旱区生态环境保护具有现实意义。     

基于栅格的区域人居自然和人文环境质量综合评价——以京津冀地区为例

区域人居环境质量对于区域社会经济发展具有重要意义。本文以京津冀地区为例,基于人居自然要素指数（地形起伏度、气候指数、水文指数和植被指数）和人文要素指数（夜间灯光指数、空气质量指数和交通通达指数）构建了人居环境质量综合指数（HSCI）,分析了2010年其空间分异规律,并探讨了人口分布与人居环境质量的相关性。主要结论为：① 人居自然环境受距渤海距离和太行山脉的影响较为明显,呈现由东南向西北递减的空间分异规律。其中,紧邻渤海的天津市和沧州市最好,太行山西侧的张家口市和承德市最差。② 人居人文环境在城市地区明显优于非城市地区,并表现出与行政级别相一致的层级结构。同时由于南部空气质量较差,其人文环境整体劣于北部。其中,北京市人文环境最优,衡水市最差。③ 人居环境质量综合指数既表现出由东南向西北依次递减的规律,又表现出城市地区向非城市地区依次递减的圈层结构,以及高级别行政区优于低级别行政区的层级结构。其中,天津市和唐山市人居环境质量最优,张家口市和承德市最差。④ 京津冀地区人口并非在人居环境最好的地方分布最多,而是在人居环境中等的地方分布最多,二者呈正态分布规律。整体来看,人居环境质量综合指数大于0.6的土地约占35%,却聚集了约40%的人口,说明该区充分利用了高人居环境质量的土地,人口与人居环境质量分布较为协调。     

干旱内陆河流域人居环境适宜性评价——以石羊河流域为例(英文)

The study employs slope,aspect,relief degree of land surface,land use,vegetation index,hydrology and climate,as evaluation indexes to set up the Human Settlements Environmental Index(HEI) model to evaluate the environmental suitability for human settlements in the Shiyang River Basin.By using GIS spatial analysis technology,such as spatial overlay analysis,buffer analysis and density analysis,the environmental suitability of the human settlement spatial situation and spatial pattern are established to analyze their spatial distribution.The results show that the index of suitability for human settlements in the Shiyang River Basin is between 17.13 and 84.32.In general,suitability for human settlements decreases from the southwest to the northeast.Seen from an area pattern,the suitable region is mainly distributed in the Minqin oasis,Wuwei oasis and Changning basin,which are about 1080.01 km 2 and account for 2.59% of the total area.Rather and comparatively suitable region is mainly distributed around the counties of Gulang,Yongchang and north of Tianzhu,which is about 1100.30 km 2.The common suitable region is mainly distributed outside the counties of Yongchang,Jinchuan and most parts of Minqin County,which are about 23328.04 km 2,accounting for 56.08% of the total area.The unsuitable region is mainly distributed upstream and to the north of the river,which is about 9937.60 km 2,accounting for 23.89% of the total area.Meanwhile,the least suitable region is distributed around the Qilian Mountains,which are covered by snow and cold desert and lie in the intersecting area between the Tengger Desert and Badain Jaran Desert.The total area is about 6154.05 km 2,accounting for 14.79% of the total area.Suitable regions for human habitation are mainly distributed around rivers in the form of ribbons and batches,while others are scattered.The distribution pattern is identical to the residential spatial pattern.In addition,the relationships between HEI and other factors have been analyzed.There is a clear logarithmic correlation between the residential environment and population,that is,the correlation coefficient between the evaluation value and population density reaches 0.851.There is also a positive correlation between the residential environment and economy,which reaches an evaluation value of 0.845 between the residential environment and GDP.Results also show that the environment is out of bearing with the existing population in Shiyang River Basin.Spatial distribution of population is profoundly affected by severe environmental problems,such as the expanded deserts,the hilly terrain and the changing climate.Surface water shortage and slow economic growth are bottlenecks for suitable human settlement in the Shiyang River Basin.Combining these problems with planning for construction of new country and the exploitation of local land,some residential areas should be relocated to improve the residential environment.     

Karst Ecosystem:An Ecosystem on Carbonate Rocks

<正>Karst ecosystem is an ecosystem constrained by karst environment.A series of unique characteristics of karst ecosystem are originated from carbonate rock.In China,the area with karst landform covers a total area of 3.44 million km2,accounting for one third of the whole land     

基于GIS的人居环境自然适宜性研究——以关中—天水经济区为例

选取地形、气候、水文、植被等自然因子,建立1 km×1 km栅格单元的人居环境基础数据库,构建了基于人居环境指数的关中-天水经济区人居环境自然适宜性评价模型,采用GIS技术,定量评价了该地区的人居环境自然适宜性,揭示了关中-天水经济区人居环境的自然格局与地域特征.研究表明:关中-天水经济区人居环境指数整体呈现由东南向西北递减趋势,人居环境指数可以综合反映区域人居环境的自然适宜程度;关-天地区人口明显集中分布于人居环境适宜程度较高的地区.评价结果显示,关-天地区人居环境-般适宜区和比较适宜区面积最大,接近全区总面积的95.09%,相应人口最多,占全区总人口的96.19%.     

天山北麓经济发展与绿洲扩张

借助地学信息图谱技术，以不同时相、不同尺度的图像数据源为基础，编制出1949年以来天山北麓绿洲分布图4幅，绿洲演化规律为：1949－1967年为绿洲迅速扩张阶段，耕地面积急剧增加，1967－2000年绿洲扩张速度减缓，耕地面积总量基本保持平衡，城市化进程加快，分析了天山北绿洲经济带发展现状，论述了北麓经济带，城市群和主导产业分布格局，讨论了绿洲扩张过程中水资源利用变化以及生态环境问题，这些对研究50年来北麓绿洲经济带的变化具有重要意义，也对未来北麓绿洲经济带的发展具有指导作用。     

20 世纪科尔沁的人口变化及其特征分析

利用蒙、汉、日语多种文献资料就科尔沁近百年的人口变化进行了分析,结果发现： 一个世纪以来科尔沁人口增加很快,平均人口密度从民国初期的2.40 人/km² 增加到2000 年 的39.72 人/km²,约为世纪初的17 倍;新增人口主要为1949 年前的关内流民、1949 年中华人民共和国成立后的移民以及移民生育;人口增加最高峰出现在1949 年后的计划移民时期, 伪满时期的流民则构成了研究区近百年另一个显著的移民高潮;移入人口在科尔沁的分布受 距离农区的空间间隔、科尔沁自然环境条件及其变化、城镇化等因素影响,人口密度呈现从 科尔沁外围到腹地、从农耕区到农牧交错区和牧区、从城镇到农村牧区逐渐降低的空间分布特征,移入人口成为20 世纪科尔沁的农耕主力军。     

Water resources utilization and eco-environmental safety in Northwest China

Northwest China includes Xinjiang Ugyur Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province, Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Shaanxi Province, covering 308×104 km2. It is located in the warm-temperate zone and the climate is arid or semi-arid. Precipitation is very scarce but evaporation is extremely high. The climate is dry, the water resources are deficient, the eco-environment is fragile, and the distribution of water resources is uneven. In this region, precipitation is the only input, and evaporation is the only output in the inland rivers, and precipitation, surface water and groundwater change with each other for many times, which benefits the storage and utilization of water resources. The average precipitation in this region is 232 mm, the total precipitation amount is 7003×108 m3/a, the surface water resources are 1891×108 m3/a, the total natural groundwater resources are 1150×108 m3/a, the total available water resources are 438×108 m3/a, and the total water resources are 1996×108 m3/a and per capita water resources are 2278 m3/a. The water resources of the whole area are 5.94×104 m3/(a.km2), being only one-fifth of the mean value in China. Now, the available water resources are 876×108 m3/a, among which groundwater is proximate 130×108 m3/a.     

北宋中期耕地面积及其空间分布格局重建(英文)

To understand historical human-induced land cover change and its climatic effects, it is necessary to create historical land use datasets with explicit spatial information. Using the taxes-cropland area and number of families compiled from historical documents, we esti-mated the real cropland area and populations within each Lu (a province-level political region in the Northern Song Dynasty) in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty (AD1004-1085). The es-timations were accomplished through analyzing the contemporary policies of tax, population and agricultural development. Then, we converted the political region-based cropland area to geographically explicit grid cell-based fractional cropland at the cell size of 60 km by 60 km. The conversion was based on calculating cultivation suitability of each grid cell using the topographic slope, altitude and population density as the independent variables. As a result, the total area of cropland within the Northern Song territory in the 1070s was estimated to be about 720 million mu (Chinese area unit, 1 mu = 666.7 m2), of which 40.1% and 59.9% oc-curred in the north and south respectively. The population was estimated to be about 87.2 million, of which 38.7% and 61.3% were in the north and south respectively, and per capita cropland area was about 8.2 mu. The national mean reclamation ratio (i.e. ratio of cropland area to total land area; RRA hereafter for short) was bout 16.6%. The plain areas, such as the North China Plain, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Guanzhong Plain, plains surrounding the Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake and Sichuan Basin, had a higher RRA, being mostly over 40%; while the hilly and mountainous areas, such as south of Nanling Mountains, the southwest regions (excluding the Chengdu Plain), Loess Plateau and south-east coastal regions, had a lower RRA, being less than 20%. Moreover, RRA varied with topographic slope and altitude. In the areas of low altitude (≤250 m), middle altitude (250-100 m) and high altitude (1000-3500 m), there were 443 million, 215 million and 64 million mu of cropland respectively and their regional mean RRAs were 27.5%, 12.6% and 7.2% respectively. In the areas of flat slope, gentle slope, medium slope and steep slope, there were 116 million, 456 million, 144 million and 2 million mu of cropland respectively and their regional mean RRAs were 34.6%, 20.7%, 8.5% and 2.3% respectively.     

1985―2010年中国沿海城市人口密度时空变化

基于1985―2010年沿海城市人口密度数据,利用ArcGIS和空间统计的方法,分析了1985、1990、1995、2000、2005和2010年6个时间节点沿海城市人口密度的时空变化特征,并探讨了沿海城市人口密度变化的驱动因素。结果表明：1985年以来中国沿海城市人口密度整体上呈现不断增长的趋势,2010年沿海城市常住人口总数为2.64亿人,约占全国总人口的19.70%,平均人口密度在640人/km2左右。人口空间分布差异明显,集中表现为区域中心城市人口密度大,南通市以北地区大部分沿海城市的人口密度小于南通市以南的沿海城市。自然因素、经济因素、城市地位与功能、国家政策以及城市发展历史等是沿海城市人口密度差异的主要驱动因素,其中人口迁入已成为影响人口密度时空变化的最重要驱动力。为进一步促进沿海城市人口的合理分布,建议加强引导沿海地区人口有序流动,积极发展中小城镇,注重提高环境的承载力,促进人口、资源与环境的可持续发展。     

Eco-environment range in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers

Based on geographical and hydrological extents delimited, four principles are identified, as the bases for delineating the ranges of the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers in the paper. According to the comprehensive analysis of topographical characteristics, climate conditions, vegetation distribution and hydrological features, the source region ranges for eco-environmental study are defined. The eastern boundary point is Dari hydrological station in the upper reach of the Yellow River. The watershed above Dari hydrological station is the source region of the Yellow River which drains an area of 4.49×104 km2. Natural environment is characterized by the major topographical types of plateau lakes and marshland, gentle landforms, alpine cold semi-arid climate, and steppe and meadow vegetation in the source region of the Yellow River. The eastern boundary point is the convergent site of the Nieqiaqu and the Tongtian River in the upstream of the Yangtze River. The watershed above the convergent site is the source region of the Yangtze River, with a watershed area of 12.24×104 km2. Hills and alpine plain topography, gentle terrain, alpine cold arid and semi-arid climate, and alpine cold grassland and meadow are natural conditions in the source region of the Yangtze River.     

贵州省乌江流域人口分布与地形的关系

研究流域人口分布与地形的关系,有助于了解地理环境对人口分布的影响。以贵州省乌江流域为研究区,基于DEM数据和人口数据,提取海拔、坡度、起伏度等地形因子,研究人口分布与地形因子的关系。研究结论：① 人口数量在海拔800~1400 m的地区超过60%,人口密度在1000~1200 m的地区最高。② 人口数量与人口密度随着坡度上升总体呈下降趋势。③ 人口密度在起伏度小于50 m的地区超过1000人/km ²,人口密度随着起伏度上升总体呈下降趋势。     

1935-2010年中国人口分布空间格局及其演变特征

在自然地理和社会经济等因素影响作用下,中国东西部人口分布与社会经济长期处于不平衡的发展态势。采用人口分布结构指数、基尼系数、重心迁移、空间自相关等方法,以中国1935-2010年6期人口普查县级统计数据为数据源,实现人口密度分界线的空间刻画和中国人口分布的时空分析。结果表明：受社会历史、自然环境和经济条件的影响,中国人口空间分布的时空演变特征差异相对明显;尽管人口分布的均衡性发展态势不断增强,但总体空间格局并未发生明显的改变;胡焕庸线至今仍能很好地概括中国人口东南地狭人稠、西北地广人稀的空间格局,但该线西侧的甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古等人口密度超过50人/km²的区域面积呈现增长的趋势,且持续向西北扩张。     

深圳市人口分布的细网格动态特征

深圳是中国人口密度最高的城市,为应急处置自然灾害等突发事件,需要实时获取高分辨率的人口动态分布信息。本文利用"基于移动基站的人口分布动态监测系统"提供的时间分辨率1 h,空间分辨率1 km的人口密度信息,分析了深圳市人口细网格动态特征。深圳城市移动用户总人口是1082.59万人,平均人口密度5545人/km²,最高16.5万人/km²,超过5.0万人/km²高密度人口主要分布在商业中心、海关口岸、火车站和居民集中居住区。最高人口密度的数值与选择的网格尺度有关,1000 km²网格和1 km²网格之间可以相差18倍。在深圳50%的人口聚集在10%的空间范围内,60%的人口分布在海拔高度50～100 m的土地上;网格上的建筑密度、道路密度与人口密度线性相关,建筑密度增加1%,对应人口增加约1000人,道路密度增加0.01%,人口增加约2000人。城市总人口在一定时期内是相对固定,变化幅度在4%以内,逐日之间变幅在1%左右。深圳是个典型的移民城市,春节期间由于大量人口返乡或外出旅游,总人口净减少48%。本文选择9个典型网格分析人口日变化规律:海关口岸属于早高峰型,大量的出境、出行、出游人员在早晨8时前后集中;城镇集市区属于午高峰型;商业中心区属于晚高峰型,高峰前后每小时的净流入 (出) 人员可达2万人;居民区属于午低谷型,周末与周日相比各时段人口均偏多;政府行政办公和公共服务区,周末比周日人口明显减少,春节期间减幅75%;工厂区因错峰用电,夜间4时形成人口高峰;郊野公园春节期间人数不减反增;偏僻乡镇人口日变化振幅很小;农业区在上午9时形成人口低谷,与日出而作的传统习惯相对应。     

东非国家小城镇形成与发展的潜力——基于最大熵模型分析

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近10年来海河流域地下水超采严重,急需加强流域地表水与地下水统一管理。地表水与地下水的耦合模拟研究是实现流域地表与地下水资源综合管理的重要支撑。本文探讨了当前3种不同的地表水与地下水耦合方式,基于现有数据条件和应用管理的需求,提出了将成熟的流域地表水SWAT与地下水MODFLOW模型进行松散耦合的技术框架,并构建了海河流域地表水与地下水耦合模型。在流域地表空间上,根据流域特性和管理需求,划分了283个子流域和2100个水文响应单元（HRU）;在平原区地下空间上,基于15个大的岩性分区剖分出若干个4km×4km网格。通过GIS平台,建立流域地表水与地下水计算单元的转换关系。并利用1995．2004年水文气象数据进行验证分析,取得较好模拟精度。该耦合模型不仅能够支撑流域现状管理,而且可用于气候变化与南水北调工程对流域水资源影响评估分析。     

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