浅成低温热液型金矿研究综述

浅成低温热液型金矿是重要的金矿类型,近年来对该类矿床的地球化学特征、成矿岩浆背景、成矿机理及成矿模式等方面的研究取得了重大进展。研究表明,该类矿床形成时代主要是中、新生代,其次为晚古生代;高硫化型矿床主要形成于挤压应力场环境和流体混合导致成矿物质沉淀,而低硫化型矿床主要产于张性或中性环境下由于流体的沸腾使得成矿物质沉淀;蒸气冷却收缩模式合理地解释了浅成低温热液矿床和斑岩矿床在时间和空间上的共生关系,对指导找矿具有一定的实践意义。     

浅成低温热液金矿研究现状及其趋势

浅成低温热液金矿指产于陆相火山岩系中或相邻岩石中，形成温度低于３００℃，成矿流体是大气降水与岩浆热液形成的混合热液的一类金矿床。近几年对浅成低温热液金矿研究结果突破了浅成低温热液金矿只形成于中一新生代火山岩系中的概念，在石炭纪陆相火山岩中发现了浅成低温热液金矿。浅成低温热液矿床一般产于岛弧环境或大陆边缘环境中一酸性陆相火山夺系及相邻岩石中。根据矿物组合及蚀变特征，浅成低温热液矿床可分为高硫型、低硫     

中国东部中生代浅成热液金矿的类型、特征及其地球动力学背景

中国东部中生代浅成热液金矿可以划分为与花岗岩和与碱性岩有关的两种类型；也可以分为高硫型和低硫型两大类，而且以后一种为主。这些金矿的形成和分布受区域构造制约，具体地说是受破火山口、火山角砾岩筒以及与火山机构有关的断裂控制。成矿围岩为火山岩类及同源花岗质岩石和周围地层。主要的蚀变组合为冰长石一玉髓一绢云母或明矾石一高岭石一石英(玉髓)。成矿年龄分布在180～188Ma，135～144Ma，127～115Ma和94～105Ma四个区间，前三组年龄分别响应于中生代华北板块与扬子克拉通的造山碰撞后陆内造山的伸展过程、构造体制大转折以及岩石圈大减薄，后一组为华南地区岩石圈再一次强烈伸展期间的产物。虽然这些矿床的形成时间有差异，但都是发育于大陆伸展环境中。     

福建省双旗山浅成脉型金矿地质及其意义

福建省双旗山金矿,主要由１３、１４、２１和２２号等金矿脉组成。尽管为一小型金矿床,但目前其黄金产量仅次于福建省紫金山铜金矿,而居全省第二位。双旗山金矿的成矿地质环境和矿床本质特征,表明其为形成于晚白垩世的浅成脉型金矿,是福建省重要的金矿类型之一,有良好的找矿前景,而双旗山金矿为典型代表。     

浅成低温热液金矿床的全球背景

浅成低温热液金矿床分为冰长石-绢云母型和明矾石-高岭石型两类,主要分布于环太平洋地区、地中海-喜马拉雅带和蒙古-鄂霍次克带,形成了许多超大型和大型金矿床.矿床主要形成于大陆边缘和岛弧环境,与陆相火山岩和火山机构有密切的关系,已发现矿床的形成时间以中、新生代为主.矿化发生于火山作用后,火山体系脆性断裂带和深部侵入体的发育使地下水循环,具有大量成矿流体及成矿物质来源是形成浅成低温热液金矿床的重要条件.     

中国浅成低温热液金矿床

浅成低温热液金矿床在中国传统上称为陆相火山岩型金矿床,主要发现在中国东部,后来在北疆地区也有新的发现.根据产出的大地构造背景,它们集中分布在3个带,并分属于3个成矿时期.它们包括:(1)新生代台湾东部岛弧带;(2)晚古生代北疆岛弧带;(3)中生代沿中朝克拉通北界的大陆边缘带;(4)中生代中国东南沿海地区的大陆边缘带.绝大多数矿床是低硫化型的,只有3个是高硫化型的,另有1个是与碱性岩系有关的Au-Te型矿床.除了中国最大的金矿床金瓜石矿床外,迄今为止中国大陆上的浅成低温热液金矿床总的来说只有较小的经济重要性.在中国东部发现的浅成低温热液金矿床的总储量,与区内广泛分布的中生代陆相火山岩十分巨大的体积极不相称.较古老的成矿年龄,中国东部的中生代和北疆的晚古生代,是中国大陆浅成低温热液金矿床的一个鲜明的特点.根据中国的成矿条件和保存条件的分析,以及与美国西部和俄国东部的对比,提出了中国浅成低温热液金矿床成矿潜力的一个初步评估.北疆可能有较大的寻找浅成低温热液金矿床的潜在重要性.     

浅成低温热液型金矿床研究的某些进展

浅成低温热液型金矿床成矿流体在较深处(3～4km)发生相分离的同时导致不同成矿元素和载矿元素进入不同的相态,从而形成不同性质流体,其中富挥发S的气水相在高压下有很强的载矿能力,对特定矿化类型形成具有决定性意义。流体在向浅成低温环境演化过程中,携带大量成矿物质的气水相必须转化成液相才可能导致浅成低温成矿(深度1～2km),这个过程与含水的岩浆房冷却密切相关。通过冷却加压,富挥发S的气体在水盐体系的两相界面以上可转变为液体,将成矿元素Au等运移至浅部。浅成低温热液矿床与卡林型矿床均可形成于大陆裂谷环境,前者的高硫化类型与后者在流体性质、蚀变特征、成矿特征等方面具有明显的相似性和可比性。富碲型矿床的Te很可能是在相分离过程中以Te2(g)和H2Te(g)的形式进入气相,并在浅部被地下水吸收,形成Ag(HTe)2-和Au(HTe)2-络合物,伴随着流体的冷却和环境变化,使得碲化物沉淀。少硫(碲)化物特富金的浅成低温热液型矿床金可能以金硅络合物或是金硅合金氢化物形式进行搬运,在浅部SiO2和Au沉淀形成特富金矿。     

(Au,Ag)Te2 Minerals from Epithermal Gold Deposits in Japan

Chemical composition and mode of occurrences of (Au, Ag)Te₂ minerals such as calaverite (AuTe₂), sylvanite (AuAgTe₄) and krennerite ((Au, Ag)Te₂) in epithermal gold telluride ores from Suzaki, Kawazu and Teine are examined. In the ores from Suzaki, (Au, Ag)Te₂ minerals occur in microbands of tellurides and fine quartz. The minerals in telluride bands change from krennerite, via calaverite‐native tellurium, to sylvanite, in the order of crystallization. A sample from Kawazu contains sylvanite and native tellurium with stutzite, hessite and tetradymite in the coarser gray quartz part. The Teine sample also contains sylvanite and native tellurium with barite and quartz. The peak patterns of XRD of calaverite, krennerite and sylvanite from Suzaki are almost identical to that of JCPDS 43–1472, JCPDS 8–20 and JCPDS 9–477, respectively. The Te, Au, Cu, and Ag contents of calaverite from Suzaki range from 56.4 to 57.9 wt.%, from 41.6 to 42.6 wt.%, from 0.28 to 0.45 wt.% and from 0.14 to 0.31 wt.%, respectively, corresponding to the formula Au_0.97Ag_0.01Cu_0.02Te₂. The Te, Au, Ag, and Cu contents of krennerite from Suzaki range from 59.6 to 61.4 wt.%, from 31.3 to 33.6 wt.%, from 4.91 to 6.13 wt.% and from 0.66 to 0.80 wt.%, respectively, corresponding to the formula Au_0.71Ag_0.22Cu_0.05Te₂ with Au and Ag ranging from 0.68 to 0.74 and from 0.20 to 0.25, respectively. The Te, Au, Ag, and Cu contents of sylvanite from Suzaki range from 61.5 to 63.4 wt.%, from 24.1 to 27.4 wt.%, from 10.0 to 12.5 wt.% and from 0.00 to 0.12 wt.%, respectively. The Te, Au, Ag, and Cu contents of sylvanite from Kawazu range from 62.7 to 63.3 wt.%, from 23.5 to 24.1 wt.%, from 12.0 to 12.5 wt.% and from 0.09 to 0.16 wt.%, respectively. The Te, Au, Ag, Cu and Fe contents of sylvanite from Teine range from 61.8 to 63.5 wt.%, from 23.6 to 24.7 wt.%, from 11.9 to 13.3 wt.%, from 0.01 to 1.65 wt.% and from 0.00 to 0.02 wt.%, respectively. The average formulae of sylvanite from Suzaki, Kawazu, and Teine are expressed as Au_1.06Ag_0.94Cu_0.02Te₄, Au_1.00Ag_0.95Cu_0.02Te₄ and Au_1.01Ag_0.95Cu_0.06Te₄, respectively. Judging from the mineral assemblages of these ores and other localities, Au–Te mineralization in the Japanese Islands can be divided into four types: native gold–calaverite at Date and Agawa, krennerite(?native tellurium) at Osore‐zan and Mutsu, sylvanite–native tellurium–hessite at Teine, Kawazu, Kobetsuzawa, and Kato, and polyminerallic assemblages at Suzaki and Kushikino. The pH–Eh diagram of aqueous tellurium species and tellurium minerals at 250°C indicates that (Au, Ag)Te₂ minerals in epithermal gold telluride mineralization would have been formed under middle to low Eh and acidic (to intermediate) pH conditions. It is possible that dilute tellurium‐containing fluid would scavenge dilute gold.     

黑龙江东安金矿床成因探讨

东安金矿床是黑龙江省新近发现的大型浅成热液金矿床。受断裂和隐爆角砾岩带控制，赋存于中生代陆相火山-侵入岩及晚印支期碱长花岗岩强硅化带中。成矿与火山-侵入岩作用有密切成生关系。通过对矿区内矿化围岩和基底岩石的金丰度和稀土元素特征的研究，以及对石英中包裹体测温、盐度、液相成分、氢-氧同位素特征的研究，认为该矿床的成矿物质主要来源于基底变质岩；成矿温度为144℃～348℃；成矿深度约0．2km～1．0km；成矿时代为中燕山晚期，为一浅成热液低硫型金矿床。     

Chemistry and Occurrences of Native Tellurium from Epithermal Gold Deposits in Japan

The chemistry and mode of occurrences of native tellurium in the epithermal gold ores from Teine, Kobetsuzawa, Mutsu, Kawazu, Suzaki and Iriki in Japan are examined. Mineral assemblages in contact with native tellurium are: quartz‐sylvanite at Teine, quartz‐hessite‐sylvanite‐tellurantimony at Kobetsuzawa, quartz at Mutsu, quartz‐stutzite‐hessite‐sylvanite‐tetradymite at Kawazu, quartz at Suzaki, and quartz‐goldfieldite at Iriki. The peak patterns of XRD for native tellurium from these six ores are nearly identical to that of JCPDS 4–554. Their chemical compositions of Te range from 98.16 to 100.73 wt.%, showing nearly pure tellurium. Other elements detected are: Se of 0–0.85 and Cu of 0–0.74 at Teine, Sb of 0.45–0.47 and Se of 0.19–0.27 at Kawazu, Se of 0.22–1.11 and Sb of 0–0.49 at Suzaki, and Cu of 0.69–0.98, As of 0.22–0.28 and Bi of 0–0.22 wt.% at Iriki. No other elements are detected in the ores of Kobetsuzawa and Mutsu. The ranges of associated minor compositions are consistent with those of the experimental phase. The differences would be related to associate minerals. The mineral assemblages in these ores agree well with the previously proposed experimental phase relations in Au‐Ag‐Te ternary system for 120–280°C. The Suzaki ore has high Te‐Au assemblage: from calaverite‐sylvanite‐krennerite via native tellurium to petzite, with changing mineralization stage, whereas the Kobetsuzawa and the Kawazu ores have high Te‐Ag assemblage of tellurium‐hessite, and native tellurium‐stutzite‐hessite‐sylvanite, respectively. The Teine ore has intermediate assemblage of native tellurium‐sylvanite. The mineral assemblages in the Au‐Ag‐Te system are related to the hydrothermal environment especially to the pH condition, i.e. Au rich assemblages under acidic and Ag rich assemblages under intermediate pH conditions, being supported by alteration mineral species. The other telluriferous epithermal gold deposits not in association with native tellurium such as Agawa, Date, Takeno, Chugu, Chitose, Sado and Kushikino are estimated to have been formed under higher pH conditions as adularia and calcite occur in these deposits. The pH‐Eh diagram for aqueous tellurium species and tellurium minerals at 250°C indicates that the region of native tellurium occurs between those of aqueous telluride and tellurous species at lower pH, being consistent with their mineral assemblages in ores and alteration envelopes.     

质疑新疆阿希、石英滩浅成低温热液金矿床“高钾”流体

一些文献列举了新疆阿希和石英滩金矿床群体包裹体成分分析结果，其阳离子中Na^ /K^ 比值(原子比)＜l，并存在大量过剩阳离子等与矿床地质特征相悖的特点。文章利用群体包裹体分析方法，对阿希金矿含金石英脉进行了专门的实验，结果证实上述分析结果与分析样品不纯和非包裹体来源的污染有关。文中还讨论了有关包裹体成分分析和结果应用中值得注意的一些问题。     

福建紫金山铜金矿床类型与环太平洋浅成低温矿床的比较

福建省上杭紫金山铜金矿床是我国大陆发现的首例高硫型浅成低温热液矿床,在矿床深 继发现了斑岩型铜矿、中低温热液型铜矿和低硫浅成热液型银（金、铜）矿。可与环太平洋带上一系列特大型斑岩铜金和低温热液型金（铜）矿对比,它们有若干共同特征,但紫金山矿床与它们的一些不同之处,启示我们开拓找矿的新的时空领域。     

Types, Characteristics, and Geodynamic Settings of Mesozoic Epithermal Gold Deposits in Eastern China

Mesozoic epithermal gold deposits in eastern China are divided into calc‐alkaline and alkaline magma‐related gold deposits, and are also grouped as low‐sulfidation, intermediate‐sulfidation and high‐sulfidation types, of which the first two predominate. These gold deposits are distributed in the Tianshan–Yinshan–Great Xing’anling Variscan fold belt of North China craton, Qinling‐Dabie Indo‐Sinian fold belt of Yangtze craton, and South China fold belt or Cathaysian block, from north to south along the eastern China continent. Most of the epithermal gold orebodies are hosted either in volcanic rocks or their related granitoids, and volcanic breccia pipes. These orebodies are mainly associated with adularia–chalcedony–sericite, and alunite–kaolinite–quartz alteration. These orebodies formed in four mineralization pulses at 175, 145–135, 127–115, and 110–94 Ma. The first three pulses correspond to the post‐collision period between the North China and Yangtze cratons, an extension period during late‐stage rotation of the principal compressional stress from N‐S to E‐W, and a dramatic thinning period of the lithosphere, respectively. The last mineralizing pulse was the result of another extension in South China. Although the mineralizing pulses occurred at different times, they all occurred in extensional settings and were accompanied by crust and the mantle interaction.     

Characteristics and Mineralization Age of the Fukusen No. 1 Vein,Hishikari Epithermal Gold Deposits,Southern Kyushu,Japan

The Fukusen No. 1 vein is located in the southeastern part of the Yamada deposit, Hishikari epithermal gold deposits, southern Kyushu, Japan. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau ages of adularia from the margin and the center of the Fukusen vein are determined to be 0.617 ± 0.024 Ma and 0.606 ± 0.009 Ma, respectively. The Fukusen No. 1 vein shows banding structure composed mainly of quartz, adularia and clay minerals. Colloform texture is displayed by cryptocrystalline to amorphous silica material that is associated with fine-grained electrum and sulfides near the center of the vein. Pyrite in the Fukusen No. 1 vein often shows acicular shape resulting from inversion from marcasite. Near the center of the vein, primary marcasite occurs associated with colloform texture of silica. The Fukusen No.1 vein preserves primary texture and materials which were deposited from the ore-forming hydrothermal solution. The Fukusen No. 1 vein was formed in a short period and is one of the youngest veins in the Hishikari deposits.     

Gold Grade and Tonnage Models of the Gold Deposits, China

Abstract: The gold grade and tonnage modelling is applied to some types of the gold deposits in China, including placer, Archaean lode, slate belt, Carlin, volcanogenic, skarn and Shandong Peninsula, among others. The Shandong Peninsula type denotes the gold deposit, which was formed in an intensely reshaped Archaean greenstone belt. The modelling results show: (1) the Archaean lode gold deposits of China are similar to the Homestake type in gold grades. (2) The Chinese slate belt type gold deposits are marked by moderately lower gold grades but considerably larger ore volumes than the similar type elsewhere. (3) The Carlin style gold deposits of China are identified by higher Au grades but evidently smaller sizes in comparison with their counterparts in western North America. (4) The volcanogenic (continental) style is similar to Sado epithermal veins in gold grade‐tonnage models and general characteristics while volcanogenic gold deposits of the oceanic subgroup contrast with Kuroko‐type deposits in the gold grade model. But the Chinese volcanogenic (oceanic) subtype (Palaeozoic age) shows similar higher gold grades to those of the Palaeozoic Kuroko‐type deposits elsewhere. (5) Porphyry and skarn gold deposits tend to have a large size but low grade. (6) Less than half of the Shandong Peninsula gold deposits are of ore volumes exceeding the 50th intercept of the relevant gold tonnage model, implying possible undiscovered gold deposits with a larger size in the peninsula. (7) In general, Chinese gold deposits of larger sizes tend to have lower gold grades in relation to gold grade models. (8) Gold grade‐tonnage models can be effectively influenced by how to include or exclude non‐economic gold resources in the modelling. Ore volumes of gold deposits actually to some extent depend on gold grades. Consequently, the way of including or excluding low‐grade values may effect a gold grade‐tonnage model and cause different interpretation of the modelling results. This is particularly true to the gold deposits, which generally show an inverse correlation between gold grade and tonnage.