超弦理论中的宇宙波函数

本文讨论了超弦理论中的宇宙波函数，使用Ｖｉｌｅｎｋｉｎ的边界条件，我们得到了膨胀子场Ｄ的值给定时宇宙标度因子ａ的几率分布。我们还得到了宇宙自发成核时，经典宇宙的标度因子的最小值为Ｐｌａｎｃｋ长度的数量级，这说明量子效应能阻止宇宙塌缩到奇点。     

标量场的动量与宇宙波函数

我们用有限维超空间模型分析了标量场的动量对宇宙波函数的影响。指出经典禁戒区的范围与动量值密切相关;在一定的条件下,在α～0附近区域内会出现经典允许区;波函数的行为与算符顺序因子p有关。使用Vilenkin边条件,我们得出α一定时波函数随标量场φ的分布几率不依赖φ,这与忽略标量场的动量时算出的分布几率不同,因此对于剧胀宇宙的初条件的推断也不同。最后,我们把所得的结果与经典剧胀理论进行了比较。     

宇宙微波背景辐射极化的近似解析公式

在宇宙早期的退耦过程中，光子与电子发生Thompson散射．光子气体空间分布的各向异性通过Thompson散射而产生宇宙微波背景辐射的极化，并为最近WMAP观测到．从光子气体的Boltzmann方程出发，采用一般的光深函数，分别积分给出原初密度扰动和残余引力波产生的微波背景辐射极化的近似解析解，结果适用于一般的复合过程．密度扰动FS所产生极化的近似解析解为βS≌-CFs(Td)ΔTd，其中Td和△Td分别为退耦时刻和退耦宽度，系数C≌(0．08—0．12)，明显依赖于复合模型．残余引力波扰动FT产生极化的积分稍微复杂，在长波近似下我们对原初扰动按波数进行幂级数展开，保留到两项FT≌FT^(1) FT(2)，分别积分，给出近似解析解βT≌-[CFT^(1)(Td) DFT^(2)(Td)]ΔTd.第一项的极化与密度扰动类似，结论也相同；但第二项的系数D≌(0．22—0．32)，远大于系数C，我们的近似解析解有助于理解背景辐射的温度一极化交叉关联和检测残余引力波对背景辐射各向异性的贡献．     

活动星系核红移分布中的准周期峰

本文作者在活动星系核红移分布（０＜ｚ≤０．２）中发现了准周期性的峰。这些峰分布于ｚ≈０．０３０，０．０６０，０．０９０，０．１２０处（其中ｚ＝０．０６０处的峰是１９６８年Ｂｕｒｂｉｄｇｅ发现的并于１９９０年证实）。红移数据的功率谱表明。这些峰值的准周期为△ｚ＝０．０２７±０．００２。两个相邻的峰所表征的空间距离为８１±６ｈ~（－１）Ｍｐｃ。这可能是宇宙大尺度结构中各个单元的特征尺度（Ｈ_０＝１００ｈ~（－１）Ｍｐｃ~（－１）ｍｓ~（－１）。     

Fe^＋24,Fe^＋25低能态能级结构及谱线的自发辐射跃迁几率

本通过采用居间耦合形式下的解析波函数，用相对论微扰法完整地计算了Ｆｅ＾＋２４低能态（ｎ＝１，２，３）能级和相应的谱线自发辐射跃迁几率（Ｆｅ＾＋２５的数据也同时列出作为对比），所得结果具有较高的精度，且其中涉及Ｆｅ＾＋２４ｎ＝３能级的数据是首次详细给出的。     

活动星系核中相对论电子束的物理效应

本文研究了Ｂｌａｚａｒ天体的辐射性质，提出一种新的喷流模型，即具有幂律分布的极端相对论电子团从中心核注入喷流等离子体中，它在一定的注入速度下，不仅能在喷流等离子体中激发等离子体湍动，产生电磁波的相干辐射，而且能产生强的同步辐射。利用等离子体的弱湍理论，我们研究了极端相对论电子团在喷流等离子体中的辐射过程，并详细研究了它在解释Ｂｌａｚａｒ天体辐射特性中的应用，本文认为，Ｂｌａｚａｒ天体的不稳定辐射与极端相对论电子团的无规注入、喷流等离子体的物理环境瞬息变化有关。Ｂｌａｚａｒ中快速变化的辐射偏振角摆动。产生于相对论电子团在湍动等离子体中的同步辐射过程。另外，Ｘ选和射电选的ＢＬＬａｃ天体之间的区别取决于喷流等离子体的运动状态和物理环境。     

UBV光电测光系统的转换方程和精度比较

根据对鬼星团中Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ测光标准星的观测，我们研究了北京天文台６０ｃｍ望远镜直流光电光度计ＵＢＶ测光系统的转换方程．应用该方程推算了对三颗变星观测得到的ＵＢＶ星等，讨论了所得光变曲线的精度，并与较差方法所得结果进行了比较     

宇宙常数与宇宙年龄问题

本用球对称扰动模型导出了星系暗晕的平均密度与形成时间的关系，并由此估算银河系的形成时间ｔｖ，我们把球状星团的年龄作为银河系年龄ｔＧ的代表。则ｔＧ＋ｔＶ是宇宙年龄，对Ωλ＝０，０．０７和０．８的平坦宇宙模型，本计算并讨论了能与它相洽的哈毂常数的范围，结果表明，若哈勃常数大到８０ｋｍ·ｓ＾－１·Ｍｐｃ＾－１左右，引入宇宙常数并不一定能解决宇宙年龄的矛盾。     

蓝致密矮星系谱的星族合成

利用星团谱样本的星族合成方法,分析了７个ＢＣＤＧ的光学谱,研究蓝致密矮星系（ＢＣＤＧ）内部的恒星形成历史、能源机制和尘埃分布情况．星族合成结果不仅能够解释ＢＣＤＧ的主要观测特征,解决ＢＣＤＧ研究中存在的一些问题,而且揭示了ＢＣＤＧ的一些未知的特性．谱合成结果表明：ＢＣＤＧ是年老的天体,其内部较早已经有恒星形成发生,恒星形成呈爆发式的,在ｔ＝５×１０７～１０９ｙｒ时的恒星形成率较高,最近（ｔ＝１０７ｙｒ）的恒星形成率开始下降;光谱分析显示大量大质量的年轻恒星提供了ＢＣＤＧ中心区的主要能源．利用扣除恒星吸收影响的发射线光谱,计算了发射线产生区的内红化值,发现它明显大于由连续谱计算得到的内红化值,这种差异的可能解释是ＢＣＤＧ内部尘埃对连续谱和发射线的产生区遮挡程度不同．最后,比较了ＢＣＧ和ＢＣＤＧ星族合成结果,提出了矮星系间一种可能的演化序列．     

Fe~（＋24），Fe~（＋25）低能态能级结构及谱线的自发辐射跃迁几率

本文通过采用居间耦合形式下的解析波函数，用相对论微扰法完整地计算了Ｆｅ＋２４低能态（ｎ＝１，２，３）能级结构和相应的谱线自发辐射跃迁几率（Ｆｅ＋２５的数据也同时列出作为对比），所得结果具有较高的精度，且其中涉及Ｆｅ＋２４ｎ＝３能级的数据是首次详细给出的。     

Quantization of the Bianchi type universe

In this paper, we have used a square root formulation of the Wheeler-De Witt equation to quantize a minisuperspace model consisting of the Bianchi-I type universe with a radiation field source. We have derived a wavefunction with a conserved current and a positive-definite probability density.

We have also explored the third quantization of the Bianchi type universe using a procedure usual in the quantum field theory of curved space-time. We have given the wave function that satisfies the Wheeler-De Witt equation. By regarding the wave function as the universe field operator in a minisuperspace, we have not only circumvented the difficulty of a probabilistic interpretation in quantum cosmology, we have also reached the conclusion that multiple universes would result. We have estimated the average number of universes produced from ‘nothing’, and have given their distribution, which turned out to be a Planck distribution.     

用SAVQ技术实现太阳射电频谱的数据压缩

对自适应矢量量化（SAVQ）技术在太阳射电频谱数据压缩中的应用进行了有意义的讨论．给出一种压缩比和失真可调的SAVQ压缩方法,指出提高数据压缩比的有效方法之一为样本集成,同时介绍了用该技术对北京天文台太阳射电频谱仪上的两个波段（1．0GHz－2．0GHz和2．6GHz－3．8GHz）的观测数据进行压缩的实用效果,并与国际同行所用的ICON方式进行性能比较．最后展示了数据压缩技术及其在天文上的应用．     

Quintessence黑洞的视界面积量子化

近年来的天文观测发现了暗能量的存在，因而有必要讨论暗能量条件下的黑洞热力学。该文应用约化相空间量子化方法研究了被Quintessence包围的静态球对称黑洞的视界面积量子化问题，给出了面积谱。     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics CONTENTS

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Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews 011 all liranchcs of astronoiriy and astrophysics.Reviews arc by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length     

Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Study on the Stressed Mirror Polishing with a Continuous Polishing Machine for Large Aperture Off-axis Aspheric Mirrors

A special stressed annular polishing technique is proposed to mill the off-axis aspheric sub-mirrors of a large segmented mirror with an annular polishing machine. Based on the basic principle of stressed annular polishing technique, a set of special stressing mechanisms are designed to convert milling the aspheric surfaces of sub-mirrors with different off-axis distances into milling the spherical surfaces with identical radii of curvature, so that they can be pol- ished simultaneously on a continuous polishing machine. It took about contin- uous 40 hours to polish a scaled-down mirror of the planning Chinese Future Giant Telescope (CFGT) using this technique. This mirror has the 330 mm di- ameter, 3.6 m off-axis distance, and the 21.6 m radius of curvature, and its max- imum asphericity is 16 micron. The experiment shows that this method has a high effciency, suits batch manufacturing, especially the batch manufacturing of aspheric sub-mirrors of the segmented primary mirror of an extremely large aperture telescope.