Facies Analysis, Sequence Stratigraphy and Diagenetic Studies of the Jurassic Carbonates of the Kohat Basin, Northwest Pakistan: Reservoir Implications

The present study deals with the depositional facies, diagenetic processes and sequence stratigraphy of the shallow marine carbonates of the Samana Suk Formation, Kohat Basin, in order to elucidate its reservoir quality. The Samana Suk Formation consists of thin to thick-bedded, oolitic, bioclastic, dolomitic and fractured limestone. Based on the integration of outcrop, petrographic and biofacies analyses, the unit is thought to have been deposited on a gentle homoclinal ramp in peritidal, lagoonal and carbonate shoal settings. Frequent variations in microfacies based sea-level curve have revealed seven Transgressive Systems Tracts (TSTs) and six Regressive Systems Tracts (RSTs). The unit has undergone various stages of diagenetic processes, including mechanical and chemical compaction, cementation, micritization, dissolution and dolomitization. The petrographic analyses show the evolution of porosity in various depositional and diagenetic phases. The fenestral porosity was mainly developed in peritidal carbonates during deposition, while the burial dissolution and diagenetic dolomitization have greatly enhanced the reservoir potential of the rock unit, as is further confirmed by the plug porosity and permeability analyses. The porosities and permeabilities were higher in shoal facies deposited in TSTs, as compared to lagoonal and peritidal facies, except for the dolomite in mudstone, deposited during RSTs. Hence good, moderate and poor reservoir potential is suggested for shoal, lagoonal and peritidal facies, respectively.     

Lower Carboniferous peritidal carbonates and associated evaporites adjacent to the Leinster Massif,southeast Irish Midlands

Analysis of a 275 m‐thick section in the Milford Borehole, GSI‐91‐25, from County Carlow, Ireland, has revealed an unusual sequence of shallow subtidal, peritidal and sabkha facies in rocks of mid?‐late Chadian to late Holkerian (Viséan, Lower Carboniferous) age. Sedimentation occurred on an inner ramp setting, adjacent to the Leinster Massif. The lower part of the sequence (late Chadian age) above the basal subtidal bioclastic unit is dominated by oolite sand facies associations. These include a lower regressive dolomitized, oolitic peloidal mobile shoal, and an upper, probably transgressive, backshoal oolite sand. A 68 m‐thick, well‐developed peritidal sequence is present between the oolitic intervals. These rocks consist of alternating stromatolitic fenestral mudstone, dolomite and organic shale, with evaporite pseudomorphs and subaerial exposure horizons containing pedogenic features. In the succeeding Arundian–Holkerian strata, transgressive–regressive carbonate units are recognized. These comprise high‐energy, backshoal subtidal cycles of argillaceous skeletal packstones, bioclastic grainstones with minor oolites and algal wackestones to grainstones and infrequent algal stromatolite horizons. The study recognizes for the first time the peritidal and sabkha deposits in Chadian rocks adjacent to the Leinster Massif in the eastern Irish Midlands. These strata appear to be coeval with similar evaporite‐bearing rocks in County Wexford that are developed on the southern margin of this landmass, and similar depositional facies exist further to the east in the South Wales Platform, south of St. George's Land, and in Belgium, south of the Brabant Massif. The presence of evaporites in the peritidal facies suggests that dense brines may have formed adjacent to the Leinster Massif. These fluids may have been involved in regional dolomitization of Chadian and possibly underlying Courceyan strata. They may also have been a source of high salinity fluids associated with nearby base‐metal sulphide deposits. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

试论华北板块寒武纪地层的穿时性

华北板块寒武系馒头组和毛庄组，徐庄组和张夏组，崮山组、长山组和凤山组分别以紫红色泥质白云岩及页岩、鲕粒灰岩和竹叶状灰岩为特征，依次形成于Xi湖－－塞卜哈、鲕滩和滩外斜坡环境。若按传统的时代划分，必然得出互相矛盾的古地理解释。按Walther相律，应有大量的柴红色泥质白云岩和页岩，鲕粒灰岩与竹叶状灰岩是同时形成的，无论泥质白云岩和页岩，鲕粒灰岩还是竹叶状灰岩都是随着海侵、相迁移而一个地区，一个地区依次形成，并且它们都是穿时的。     

Sequence Stratigraphy and Rudist Facies Development of the Upper Barremian‐Lower Cenomanian Platform,Northern Sinai,Egypt

The Lower Cretaceous sections in northern Sinai are composed of the Risan Aneiza (upper Barremian-middle Albian) and the Halal (middle Albian-lower Cenomanian) formations. The facies reflect subtle paleobathymetry from inner to outer ramp facies. The inner ramp facies are peritidal, protected to open marine lagoons, shoals and rudist biostrome facies. The inner ramp facies grade northward into outer ramp deposits. The upper Barremian-lower Cenomanian succession is subdivided into nine depositional sequences correlated with those recognized in the neighbouring Tethyan areas. These sequences are subdivided into 19 medium-scale sequences based on the facies evolution, the recorded hardgrounds and flooding surfaces, interpreted as the result of eustatic sea level changes and local tectonic activities of the early Syrian Arc rifting stage. Each sequence contains a lower retrogradational parasequence set that constituted the transgressive systems tracts and an upper progradational parasequence set that formed the highstand systems tracts. Nine rudist levels are recorded in the upper Barremian through lower Cenomanian succession at Gabal Raghawi. At Gabal Yelleg two rudist levels are found in the Albian. The rudist levels are associated with the highstand systems tract deposits because of the suitability of the trophic conditions in the rudist-dominated ramp.     

鄂西—湘西北地区二叠纪栖霞期岩相古地理

对鄂西—湘西北地区多个沉积剖面的地层及沉积相进行了详细分析,结果表明,该区二叠纪栖霞期至茅口初期主要为内克拉通碳酸盐岩缓坡环境,发育内缓坡相、中缓坡相、外缓坡相和盆地相.内缓坡相以厚层至块状生物碎屑石灰岩为主,生物颗粒以绿藻和底栖有孔虫为主,缺乏高能沉积的生物颗粒.中缓坡相以中厚层含生物碎屑颗粒石灰岩以及厚层灰泥石灰岩...     

Sea-level fluctuations and the geometric variability of tide-dominated sandbodies

This paper presents examples of various large tidal sandbodies from the Eocene Roda Sandstone in the southern Pyrenees and the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene in the East China Sea. An attempt is made to summarize the geometric variability of these large tidal sandbodies in relation to the sediment supply and tidal discharge of the depositional system. Transverse sand bars were developed in low-sinuosity, high-gradient channels with high influxes of coarse sediments and water from fluvial systems. Tidal point bars were formed in meandering low-gradient estuarine channel where tidal influence was stronger and sediment was finer than those of the transverse sand bar. A tidal delta complex was built up at the estuary mouth with an abundant sediment supply and an increased tidal discharge. Tidal sand ridges were formed when relict fluvial or deltaic sands were eroded and reworked by strong tidal currents during subsequent sea-level rise.

Since the sediment supply and the tidal discharge of the depositional system were closely related to the eustatic sea-level change and basin subsidence, i.e. the relative sea-level change, special attention will be given to the relationship between geometric variability of tidal sandbodies and the sequence stratigraphic framework in which various sandbodies occurred. Three orders of eustatic sea-level fluctuations can be recognized. The third-order eustatic sea-level cycle, together with basin subsidence, controlled the development of systems tracts and the occurrence of different tidal sandbodies, such as estuary and tidal flat facies during the late stage of a LSW systems tract (type 1 sequence) or a SM systems tract (type 2 sequence); tidal point bar facies, tidal delta facies or tidal sand-ridge facies during a TR systems tract; estuary facies during an early HS systems tract; and fluvial sand bar facies in a late HS systems tract and the early stage of a SM or LSW systems tract. There are also the fourth-order and fifth-order eustatic fluctuations, which are superimposed on the third-order eustatic changes and have important control on the build-up, abandonment and preservation of composite and single tidal sandbodies, respectively.

Since the deposition of tidal sandbodies is very sensitive to eustatic sea-level changes, recognition of various tidal sandbodies is important in sequence stratigraphy analyses of sedimentary basins and in the facies prediction of clastic sediments in basin modelling.     

Nutrients, sea level and tectonics: constrains for the facies architecture of a Miocene carbonate ramp in central Italy

ABSTRACT In the western part of the central Apennines, Lower–Middle Miocene carbonates were deposited on a tropical–subtropical carbonate ramp. They record two long-term cycles, the first of which is illustrated in this paper. Between 21 and 17.5 Ma, Miocene carbonates, paraconformably overlying the Cretaceous limestones, record a transgressive event during a time of global (2nd order) sea-level lowstand. It is postulated that this deviation is related to an increase in tectonic subsidence. Between 17.5 Ma and 16–15 Ma, with a progressive relative sea-level rise, the inner–middle ramp facies belt stepped back, whereas the bryozoan-dominated outer ramp facies belt stepped back but simultaneously prograded. This bloom of suspension-feeding organisms is interpreted to reflect an increased nutrient availability, hence a change from oligotrophic to eutrophic conditions. Strontium-isotope dates constrain correlation of the second phase with a eutrophic event possibly linked to the influence of the neighbouring Apenninic accretionary wedge and foredeep system.     

晚三叠世龙门山前陆盆地早期(卡尼期)碳酸盐缓坡和海绵礁的淹没过程与动力机制

晚三叠世龙门山前陆盆地分布于扬子克拉通西缘,属于印支期造山楔构造负载驱动的挠曲型前渊凹陷.其中卡尼期马鞍塘组是分布于底部不整合面之上的第一套地层单元,记录了前缘隆起边缘碳酸盐缓坡和海绵礁的构建和淹没过程.据钻孔揭示马鞍塘组的最大厚度超过250m,显示为西北厚东南薄的楔形结构,从北西向南东依次分布了深水盆地、碳酸盐缓坡和海绵礁和浅水滨岸带等沉积物类型.其中碳酸盐缓坡和海绵礁分布于前陆盆地的远端,呈面向西的条带状展布,其走向线与龙门山冲断带的走向大致平行.碳酸盐缓坡和海绵礁的厚度介于30～100m之间,由北西向南东变薄.在垂向上,马鞍塘组由3部分构成,下部为鲕粒滩和生物碎屑滩,中部为海绵礁,上部为黑色页岩,显示为向上变细、变深的沉积序列.在Li et al.(2003)盆地模拟的基础上,本次对卡尼期前陆盆地的沉降速率、沉积速率、海绵礁生长速率、相对海平面上升速率进行了定量计算,其中沉降速率为0.10mm·a-1、沉积速率为0.04mm·a-1、海绵礁生长速率为0.03mm·a-1、相对海平面上升速率介于0.01mm·a-1～0.05mm · a-1之间.研究结果表明:在卡尼期早期,相对海平面处于初始上升阶段,相对海平面上升速率较小,盆地处于欠补偿状态,沉积了碳酸盐缓坡型鲕粒滩和生物碎屑滩;在卡尼期中期,相对海平面上升速率等于海绵礁生长速率,海绵礁持续保持垂直向上的生长状态,形成了高度达100余米的塔礁;在卡尼期晚期,相对海平面上升速率大于海绵礁生长速率,礁顶的水深逐步变大,导致礁体被淹溺致死,从而在卡尼期形成了鲕粒灰岩滩-生物碎屑滩-海绵礁灰岩-页岩的向上变细、变深的沉积序列,显示了前陆盆地早期碳酸盐缓坡和海绵礁生长并被淹没的特有模式.本次研究成果表明龙门山前陆盆地的底部不整合面和碳酸盐缓坡、海绵礁的淹没过程是扬子板块西缘印支期造山楔逆冲构造负载的挠曲变形的产物,显示了在卡尼期松潘-甘孜残留洋盆的迅速闭合和造山楔构造负载向扬子板块的推进过程.     

The inner ramp facies of the Thanetian Lockhart Formation,western Salt Range,Indus Basin,Pakistan

The Lockhart Formation from a major carbonate unit of the Paleocene Charrat Group in Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan represents a larger foraminiferal–algal build up deposited in a cyclic sequence of the carbonate ramp. The foraminiferal–algal assemblages of the Lockhart Formation are correlated here to larger foraminiferal biostratigraphic zone, i.e. Shallow Benthic Zone (SBZ3) of the Thanetian Age. Inner ramp lagoon, shoal and fore shoal open marine are three main facies associations represented by wackstone and packstone foraminiferal–algal deposits. These facies are present in a cyclic order and displayed a retrograding carbonate ramp indicating the Thanetian transgressive deposits associated with eustatic sea level rise. The correlation of the microfacies of the Lockhart Formation (Upper Indus Basin) and facies of the Dungan Formation (Lower Indus Basin) provide detailed configuration of the depositional setting of the Indus Basin during the time interval represented by the Thanetian Zone SBZ3.     

Three-dimensional sequence analysis of a subsurface carbonate ramp, Mississippian Appalachian foreland basin, West Virginia, USA

Well‐cuttings, wireline logs and limited core and outcrop data were used to generate a regional, three‐dimensional sequence framework for Upper Mississippian (Chesterian), Greenbrier Group carbonates in the Appalachian foreland basin, West Virginia, USA. The resulting maps were used to document the stratigraphic response of the basin to tectonics and to glacio‐eustasy during the transition into ice‐house conditions. The ramp facies include inner ramp red beds and aeolianites, lagoonal muddy carbonates, mid‐ramp ooid and skeletal grainstone shoal complexes, and outer ramp wackestone–mudstone, that grades downslope into laminated silty lime mudstone. The facies make up fourth‐order sequences, a few metres to over 90 m (300 ft) thick. The sequences are bounded along the ramp margin by lowstand sandstones and calcareous siltstones. On the ramp, sequence boundaries are overlain by thin transgressive siliciclastics and aeolianites, and only a few are calichified. Maximum flooding surfaces on the outer ramp lie beneath deeper water facies that overlie lowstand to transgressive siliciclastic or carbonate units. On the shallow ramp, maximum flooding surfaces overlie siliciclastic‐prone transgressive systems tracts, that are overlain by highstand carbonates with significant grainstone units interlayered with lagoonal lime mudstones. The fourth‐order sequences are the major mappable subsurface units; they are bundled into weak composite sequences which are bounded by red beds. In spite of differential subsidence rates across the foreland basin (1 to 3 cm/k.y. up to 25 cm/k.y.), eustatic sea‐level changes controlled regional sequence development. Thrust‐load induced differential subsidence of fault‐blocks, coupled with in‐plane stress, controlled the rapid basinward thickening of the depositional wedge, whose thickness and facies were influenced by subtle structures such as arches trending at high angles as well as parallel to the margin.     

Anatomy of a cyclically packaged Mesoproterozoic carbonate ramp in northern Canada

Carbonates in the upper member of the Mesoproterozoic Victor Bay Formation are dominated by lime mud and packaged in cycles of 20–50 m. These thicknesses exceed those of classic shallowing-upward cycles by almost a factor of 10. Stratigraphic and sedimentological evidence suggests high-amplitude, high-frequency glacio-eustatic cyclicity, and thus a cool global climate ca. 1.2 Ga.The Victor Bay ramp is one of several late Proterozoic carbonate platforms where the proportions of lime mud, carbonate grains, and microbialites are more typical of younger Phanerozoic successions which followed the global waning of stromatolites. Facies distribution in the study area is compatible with deposition on a low-energy, microtidal, distally steepened ramp. Outer-ramp facies are hemipelagic lime mudstone, shale, carbonaceous rhythmite, and debrites. Mid-ramp facies are molar-tooth limestone tempestite with microspar-intraclast lags. In a marine environment where stromatolitic and oolitic facies were otherwise rare, large stromatolitic reefs developed at the mid-ramp, coeval with inner-ramp facies of microspar grainstone, intertidal dolomitic microbial laminite, and supratidal evaporitic red shale.Deep-subtidal, outer-ramp cycles occur in the southwestern part of the study area. Black dolomitic shale at the base is overlain by ribbon, nodular, and carbonaceous carbonate facies, all of which exhibit signs of synsedimentary disruption. Cycles in the northeast are shallow-subtidal and peritidal in character. Shallow-subtidal cycles consist of basal deep-water facies, and an upper layer of subtidal molar-tooth limestone tempestite interbedded with microspar calcarenite facies. Peritidal cycles are identical to shallow-subtidal cycles except that they contain a cap of dolomitic tidal-flat microbial laminite, and rarely of red shale sabkha facies or of sandy polymictic conglomerate. A transect along the wall of a valley extending 8.5 km perpendicular to depositional strike reveals progradation of inner-ramp tidal flats over outer- and mid-ramp facies during shoaling. The maximum basinward progradation of peritidal facies coincides with a zone of slope failure that may have promoted the development of the stromatolitic reefs.The sea-level history of the Victor Bay Formation is represented by three hectometre-scale sequences. An initial flooding event resulted in deposition of the lower Victor Bay shale member. Upper-member carbonate cycles were then deposited during highstand. Mid-ramp slumping was followed by late-highstand reef development. The second sequence began with development of an inner-ramp lowstand unconformity and a thick mid-ramp lowstand wedge. A second transgression promoted a more modest phase of reef development at the mid-ramp and shallow-water deposition continued inboard. A third and final transgressive episode eventually led to flooding of the backstepping ramp.Overall consistent cycle thickness and absence of truncated cycles, as well as the high rate and amount of creation of accommodation space, suggest that the periodicity and amplitude of sea-level fluctuation were relatively uniform, and point to a eustatic rather than tectonic mechanism of relative sea-level change. High-amplitude, high-frequency eustatic sea-level change is characteristic of icehouse worlds in which short-term, large-scale sea-level fluctuations accompany rapidly changing ice volumes affected by Milankovitch orbital forcing. Packaging of cyclic Upper Victor Bay carbonates therefore supports the hypothesis of a late Mesoproterozoic glacial period, as proposed by previous workers.     

Study of the Messinian carbonate-evaporite lithofacies offshore Western Libya

This study represents a preliminary investigation of the late Messinian subsurface Marsa Zouaghah Formation in the Western Libyan Offshore, Central Mediterranean Sea. The formation was deposited in three major environmental settings: (a) Marginal Sabkha; (b) Open Lagoon; and (c) Hypersaline Lagoon. The marginal sabkha and open lagoonal settings are locally interrupted by intertidal oolitic shoal deposits. The marginal sabkha facies is replaced in central parts of the Libyan offshore by a narrow zone of aeolian-fluvial facies, the distribution and thickness of which is entirely controlled by a local uplift, the Tripoli Nose'. The marginal sabkha facies broadly defines the late Messinian palaeoshoreline lying parallel to, and north of, the E-W Jifarah fault system which dominated the southern part of the Libyan offshore. This fades is, thus, interpreted as being structurally controlled by fault systems. The hypersaline lagoonal facies is developed in areas of relatively higher rates of subsidence than that of adjacent facies belts. It is therefore, related to restriction formed by continuous subsidence and evaporation. The Marsa Zouaghah Formation constitutes saltern evaporates deposited over a wide platform in sabkha and lagoonal settings, forming part of the 'basin-wide-evaporites' of the Mediterranean Basin deposited during the Messinian salinity crisis. The evaporites formed during a major relative sea-level fall within a subsiding basin situated on the northern continental margin of the African plate. Local, vertical and lateral variations in lithofacies and thickness within the Messinian deposits of the north-west Libyan offshore were controlled by contemporaneous strike-slip movements in addition to sea-level change.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000600

Detailed studies on Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous carbonate rocks in central Hunan, southern China have led to the recognition of 25 lithofacies which can be grouped into:(1) inner ramp peritidal platform,(2) inner ramp organic bank and mound.(3) mid ramp,(4) outer ramp,and(5) shelf basin fades associations.The peritidal platform fades association dominates the Zimenqiao Formation (Namurian A or late Datangian) and is characterized by gypsum and dolostone-containing sequences, indicating a peritidal platform environment.The other four fades associations dominate the Menggongao Formation(late Famennian).Liujiatang Formation(Tournaisian or Yangruanian).Shidengzi Formations (early Visean or early Datangian).Five upward-shallowing cycles were distinguished in these three Formations.The predominant fades associations developed in each Formation demonstrate an overall transgression-regression cycle in the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous in central Hunan.The overall transgressive sequence was preserved in the Shaodong.Menggongao.and Liujiatang Formations,and the overall regressive sequence was preserved in the Liujiatang.Shidengzi.Ceshui and Zimenqiao Formations.     

哈萨克斯坦Marsel探区下石炭统碳酸盐岩微相特征与沉积环境

根据薄片和岩心资料,识别出哈萨克斯坦Marsel探区下石炭统43种微相类型(MF)和10种微相组合样式(MA)。其中,MF1—MF3为灰泥灰岩,形成于外缓坡或局限低能环境;MF4—MF13为粒泥灰岩,形成于内缓坡泻湖—潮缘带、中缓坡或外缓坡环境;MF14—MF20为泥粒灰岩,形成于局限及低能的内缓坡环境;MF21—MF34为颗粒灰/云岩,多形成于内缓坡潮下带—中缓坡浅滩环境;MF35—MF37为晶粒白云岩,形成于蒸发潮坪环境;MF38—MF43为细粒碎屑岩,主要形成于内缓坡—中缓坡环境。微相组合样式主要包括中—外缓坡微相组合(MA2)、中—低能浅滩微相组合(MA1、MA8)、中缓坡混积微相组合(MA5)、中—高能浅滩—潮坪微相组合(MA6、MA7、MA9)、内缓坡泻湖—潮坪微相组合(MA3)、内缓坡碎屑潮坪微相组合(MA4)和混积潮坪微相组合(MA10)。通过亚相和微相组合分析,认为研究区早石炭世属于缓坡型台地沉积模式。杜内阶—维三段早期,相对海平面缓慢—快速上升,总体以内—中缓坡低能局限泻湖—潮坪和中—外缓坡沉积为主;维三段中期—谢尔普霍夫阶期,相对海平面缓慢—快速下降,主要发育内缓坡低能局限泻湖—潮坪和蒸发潮坪沉积,局部地区发育浅滩和混积潮坪沉积。     

湘鄂地区晚寒武世末至早奥陶世特马豆克期层序地层与岩相古地理

从寒武纪末至早奥陶世特马豆克期（牙形类Cordylodus intermedius 带至Serratognathus 带）,地处扬子陆块的湘鄂地区分为三个沉积区：浅水碳酸盐台地、台地东南缘碳酸盐岩、泥质岩混合沉积区和较深水细碎屑岩沉积区。前二个沉积区的层序地层分为4个正层序,在同一陆块内不同沉积区这四个三级层序相互可对比,代表了四次三级海侵、海退旋回。其中牙形类Paltodus deltifer 带中、下部是特马豆克期最大的海侵时期。特马豆克早期（Glyptoconus quadraplicatus 带）和晚期（Serratognathus带中、上部）分别发生过大的海退事件。各正层序的体系域岩相古地理格局能更客观地反映该地区特马豆克期古地理演化特征。特马豆克初期（C.lindstromi 带至C.angulatus带下部）自鄂西北至湘中地区依次为潮坪、潮间泻湖白云岩相、开阔碳酸盐台地、台地边缘浅滩、碳酸盐岩台地边缘斜坡、黑色碳质页岩盆地的古地理格局。特马豆克早期（Glyptoconus quadraplicatus 带）缓慢海退时期海水普遍变浅,自北向南依次为潮坪、潮间泻湖白云岩相、局限台地相、台地边缘浅滩相和较深水碳酸盐外陆架。特马豆克中期海进时期,生屑灰岩和页岩沉积向北超覆,扩展至青峰襄广断裂。湘鄂浅水碳酸盐沉积区为开阔碳酸盐台地,混合沉积区为较深水碳酸盐外陆架,湘中地区为深水泥质下外陆架。特马豆克晚期缓慢海退时期海水再度变浅,在湖北、湘西北开阔碳酸盐台地上,出现台内生屑浅滩、台地边缘生屑浅滩,浅滩上发育有海绵、苔藓虫礁丘。     

塔里木盆地奥陶系蓬莱坝组碳酸盐岩缓坡沉积特征及油气勘探意义

塔里木盆地奥陶系蓬莱坝组广泛发育的白云岩是油气勘探的主要目标之一,储层的分布受沉积相控制作用明显,普遍认为蓬莱坝组沉积模式是弱镶边-局限台地的沉积模式。本文基于地震资料精细解释,结合野外露头与钻井岩相类型及发育特征分析,对沉积模式与相带展布特征进行研究,首次提出了蓬莱坝组为碳酸盐岩缓坡沉积的新认识,并探讨了其油气勘探意义。依据地震地层结构、地层厚度变化特征,以及岩相发育规律体现的颗粒滩普遍发育特征、岩性的分区性揭示的岩性变化受古地貌明显控制的特征,认为蓬莱坝组沉积时期为缓坡沉积环境,可分为内缓坡相、中缓坡相和外缓坡相,且具有中缓坡和内缓坡两种成滩背景。其中中缓坡高能颗粒滩平面上呈条带状在塔中北斜坡-顺南-古城地区及塔北南缘地区规模发育,是蓬莱坝组颗粒滩储层勘探的优选区。碳酸盐岩缓坡沉积新认识改变了传统的台缘礁滩勘探思路,拓展了勘探领域,对推动蓬莱坝组勘探具有重要的参考价值。     

Carbonate platform growth and cyclicity at a terminal Proterozoic passive margin, Infra Krol Formation and Krol Group, Lesser Himalaya, India

Abstract The Infra Krol Formation and overlying Krol Group constitute a thick (< 2 km), carbonate-rich succession of terminal Proterozoic age that crops out in a series of doubly plunging synclines in the Lesser Himalaya of northern India. The rocks include 18 carbonate and siliciclastic facies, which are grouped into eight facies associations: (1) deep subtidal; (2) shallow subtidal; (3) sand shoal; (4) peritidal carbonate complex; (5) lagoonal; (6) peritidal siliciclastic–carbonate; (7) incised valley fill; and (8) karstic fill. The stromatolite-rich, peritidal complex appears to have occupied a location seaward of a broad lagoon, an arrangement reminiscent of many Phanerozoic and Proterozoic platforms. Growth of this complex was accretionary to progradational, in response to changes in siliciclastic influx from the south-eastern side of the lagoon. Metre-scale cycles tend to be laterally discontinuous, and are interpreted as mainly autogenic. Variations in the number of both sets of cycles and component metre-scale cycles across the platform may result from differential subsidence of the interpreted passive margin. Apparently non-cyclic intervals with shallow-water features may indicate facies migration that was limited compared with the dimensions of facies belts. Correlation of these facies associations in a sequence stratigraphic framework suggests that the Infra Krol Formation and Krol Group represent a north- to north-west-facing platform with a morphology that evolved from a siliciclastic ramp, to carbonate ramp, to peritidal rimmed shelf and, finally, to open shelf. This interpretation differs significantly from the published scheme of a basin centred on the Lesser Himalaya, with virtually the entire Infra Krol–Krol succession representing sedimentation in a persistent tidal-flat environment. This study provides a detailed Neoproterozoic depositional history of northern India from rift basin to passive margin, and predicts that genetically related Neoproterozoic deposits, if they are present in the High Himalaya, are composed mainly of slope/basinal facies characterized by fine-grained siliciclastic and detrital carbonate rocks, lithologically different from those of the Lesser Himalaya.     

巴麦地区晚石炭世碳酸盐岩台内滩储层综合评价

碳酸盐岩台内滩是重要的油气勘探目标,但关于台内滩储层的形成与评价研究相对薄弱。以巴麦地区先巴扎区块上石炭统小海子组作为研究碳酸盐岩台内滩的典型实例,“露头-岩心-镜下-测井-地震”五位一体综合分析表明,小海子组发育-蜓-类生屑滩、藻核形石滩、生屑滩、砂屑滩和薄皮鲕粒滩等5种碳酸盐岩台内滩,形成于海侵背景下、内缓坡台地中的微低古隆起环境,受控于构造变形和海平面变化。优质储层受开阔台地浅滩沉积作用和（准）同生期成岩作用控制;纵向上小海子组下亚段的储层物性比上亚段好;平面上Ⅰ类储层自Bt8井沿北东东向至西南向呈条带状展布,与台内古地貌较高区域相对应;Ⅱ类储层主要发育在台内古地貌较低区域,呈零散的片状分布。     

Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of a transfer zone coarse-grained delta, Miocene Suez Rift, Egypt

This study focuses on Miocene sedimentation and stratigraphic evolution in a major transfer zone at the northern tip of the Thal Fault segment, Gulf of Suez. The succession generally shoals upwards from offshore mudstone containing pro-delta turbidites, into conglomeratic delta foresets and topsets, with sandstone-dominated shoreface facies coexisting laterally. Despite this upward shoaling, key stratal surfaces marking abrupt changes in relative sea-level allow the succession to be divided into four stratal units. The stacking pattern of the stratal units suggests an initial relative sea-level rise that generated a major marine flooding surface. A relative sea-level fall followed, resulting in widespread exposure and incision. During the ensuing relative sea-level rise a lowstand coarse-grained delta and coeval shoreface succession prograded several kilometres basinward. The stratigraphic development of the transfer zone delta is in marked contrast to that of aggradationally stacked deltas that occur near the centre of the Baba-Sidri fault segment, further south. At the transfer zone, low rates of subsidence and accommodation development coupled with a high sediment supply derived from a large fault tip drainage catchment have produced a strongly progradational delta subject to marked changes in relative sea-level. In the fault centre location, however, higher rates of accommodation development coupled with lower rates of sediment supply from footwall catchments have produced aggradationally stacked deltas. The results from this study have implications for sequence stratigraphic models and hydrocarbon exploration within extensional basins.