铰接式浮标性能研究

铰接式浮标作为一种新型助航标志越来越受到海监部门的欢迎。铰接式浮标具有良好的水动力性能，在风流中静倾角及在波浪中摇摆角都较小，而且定位准确。本文对铰接式浮标的结构及其水动力性能计算方法作了介绍，并在国家重点实验室──海洋工程实验室作了系列试验，得出一些有益的结果，为优化设计提供了依据。     

Experimental Research of Resistance on Deep Sea Buoys and Mooring Systems

- In this paper a series of model experiments of resistance on buoys and mooring system components are described. The experiments include: experiments of hydrodynamic resistance on buoys and mooring system components, and experiment of air resistance on buoys in wind tunnel. The results are compared with the Beto's results (1980) and some analyses are conducted. The experimental results provide a reliable basis and some parameters for the design of deep sea mooring systems.     

Coupled dynamics of tethered buoy systems

The three-dimensional coupled behavior during the interaction of buoys with their mooring systems is numerically analyzed. A time-domain model was developed to predict the response of a tethered buoy subject to hydrodynamic loadings. External loadings include hydrodynamic forces, tethers tensions, wind loadings and weight. System nonlinearities include large rotational and translational motions, and non-conservative fluid loadings. The mooring problem is formulated as a combined nonlinear initial-value and two-point-boundary-value problem which is directly integrated both in time and space. Buoy equations of motion are derived using small Eulerian angles. Coupling between rotational and translational degrees of freedom is included and coupling between the buoy and cable is effected by adopting the buoy equations of motion as boundary conditions at one end for the mooring problem. Numerical examples are provided to validate the formulation and solution technique; predicted responses of three types of buoy (sphere, spar, and disc) are compared with experimental results.     

Reliability assessment and integrity management of data buoy instruments used for monitoring the Indian Seas

Reliable performance is the key requirement for instruments used in offshore moored buoys for cyclone monitoring, as under performance of the sensors can have a serious impact on the societal protection, and in addition, lead to costly repair and reinstallations. The instrument selection and application practices are based on the experiences of the global scientific community, and their performances are monitored based on IEC61508 standards. Reliability modeling based on experiences in the operation and maintenance of moored surface buoys for approximately two decades has identified that the sensor suite used for cyclone monitoring has a Mean Time Between Failure of 0.6 years, which is the basis of the implemented reliability centered maintenance strategies. As this is the first attempt to study the performance of such moored buoy instruments which have cumulatively clocked more than 7.3 million demanding offshore instrument-hours, the data presented shall serve as input for the offshore environmental instrument system design.     

水面无线自组网装备研发与水动力学监测应用研究

应用窄带物联网技术,研发了一种能够快速构建半径100 km的水面无线网络,并通过投放大量抛弃式带北斗定位的微型浮标,动态采集水动力学数据.该技术能够解决采用传统海洋水动力学监测利用锚泊式大型浮标,固定在一个位置上采集数据的方法成本高、数据精细化程度不够的问题.由大量的海洋试验和研究证明,该方法在泥沙沉积、漂浮垃圾追踪、...     

海洋观测浮标体水中平衡性分析

海洋观测浮标系统应用广泛,浮标体的平衡性能是影响海洋观测浮标使用的重要因素之一(着重观测波浪等水文参数除外)。以一种主体直径为2.3 m的浮标体为例,运用动力学平衡理论,通过数学分析法进行推演计算,分析后得到了此浮标体的重心和浮心的位置。其中,重心位于主浮体的中轴线偏下位置;按照浮标体倾斜一定角度的情况下,推算出浮标体浮心位置,并由此得出其稳心的位置。依据计算,得出浮标体倾斜20°的情况下,此浮标体依然处于稳态平衡,理论结果表明此浮标体设计具有一定的可行性。通过海上实际测试,验证了理论计算分析的正确性。文中对浮标体平衡性的研究采用了理论分析与实验印证相结合的方法,其分析计算方法具有普适性,适用于其他型号的海洋观测浮标体,乃至所有水面浮体的平衡性分析,可为水面浮体设计提供借鉴。     

半潜平台浮子式系泊系统参数优化研究

通过在系泊缆中设置浮子可以改善系泊系统性能,降低平台运动响应。建立浮子式系泊系统的数值计算模型,验证浮子式系泊系统数值计算方法,详细分析浮子设计参数(设置位置和净浮力大小)变化对系泊缆张力特性与平台运动的影响规律,并根据得到的规律选择了优化的浮子系泊系统方案。最后对优化方案进行评估,表明优化方案可以显著降低系泊中的平台水平运动,尤其是低频运动,同时系泊缆张力变化不大,仍满足安全要求。研究结果可为今后浮子式系泊系统设计提供参考。     

改进波浪发电浮标性能的试验研究

为了改进波浪发电浮标为性能，以及推广使用，使之能适用于波浪周期短波高小的海区，对上海航标厂的波浪发电浮标为浮体进行了试验研究。试验测量了气室压力、内波高、浮体升沉等物理量。通过输出功率的比较，提出了浮体设计方案的建议。     

Numerical model of a mussel longline system: Coupled dynamics

The longline is modelled using lumped masses and tension-only springs including structural damping. The mussel culture is modelled as cylinders attached to the main line and the equations are formulated for the coupled dynamics of the main line, buoys and mussel socks using Kane's formalism. Surface waves are described by Stokes’ second-order wave theory. The hydrodynamic loads are applied via a Morison's equation approach using the instantaneous relative velocities and accelerations between the fluid field, the longline and the attached buoys and mussel masses. The algorithm is presented and the equations are solved using the Runge–Kutta routine “ode45” in MATLAB. Outputs include position, orientation and velocity of all components and tension in all line segments. The numerical model may be used to predict the dynamics of longline systems using drag coefficients determined from field measurements. We expect that the results will be useful for checking and optimizing shellfish aquaculture designs prior to installation and for modifying existing designs to safeguard against failure.     

Modelling surface drifting of buoys during a rapidly-moving weather front in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea

The Gulf of Finland is an elongated estuary located in the north-eastern extremity of the Baltic Sea. This semi-enclosed sea-area is subject to heavy sea traffic, and is one of the main risk areas for oil accidents in the Baltic. The continuous development and validation of operational particle drift and oil-spill forecasting systems is thus seen to be essential for this sea-area.Here, the results of a three-day drift experiment in May 2003 are discussed. The field studies were performed using GPS-positioned surface floating buoys. The aim of this paper is to evaluate how well models can reproduce the drift of these buoys. Model simulations, both in forecast and hindcast modes, were carried out by three different 3D hydrodynamic models, the results of which are evaluated by comparing the calculated drifts with observations. These models were forced by HIRLAM (High Resolution Limited Area Model) and ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) meteorological forecast fields.The simulated drift of the buoys showed a good agreement with observations even when, during the study period, a rapidly-changing wind situation was observed to affect the investigation area; in this situation the winds turned about 100 degrees in half an hour. In such a case it is a very complicated task to forecast the drifters' routes: there is a need to regularly update the meteorological forcing fields and to use these regularly-updated fields throughout the simulations. It is furthermore recommended that forecasts should be made using several circulation models and several meteorological forecasts, in order to get an overview of the accuracy of the forecasted drifts and related differences in between the forecasts.     

基于ARM的海洋站水文气象自动观测系统设计

针对国内现有的基于单片机或PC/104的数据采集系统的不足,介绍了一种基于ARM(Advanced RISCMachines)平台和单片机平台的数据采集系统。它结合了国外先进的数据采集技术,具有功耗低、体积小、性能高,软、硬件扩充灵活的特点,其通用性、模块化和可扩展性能满足浮标、船用气象仪等海洋水文气象仪器设备研发的需求。     

采矿车运动对深海采矿软管输送系统的影响分析

根据矿石输送软管挠度变化很大的特点,采用了几何非线性有限元理论对输送系统进行力学分析;根据输送管道在采矿船和采矿车的牵引下运动,同时受到管道和管内流体重力、浮力和海水阻力作用的情况,采用有限元对输送系统进行了计算分析。从计算结果的比较分析可知,在输送管道下端安装浮体,得到了一种十分理想的采矿系统;采矿车牵引输送管道运动时,海水对管道产生很大的阻力,海水阻力对管道两端结点反力和管道形状影响都很大。     

国产深海准实时传输潜标系统设计

基于海洋环境安全保障、海洋环境预报和海洋科学研究的需要,开展国产深海准实时传输潜标系统的设计,重点进行锚泊系统水动力分析、观测设备工作同步性、准实时通讯系统安全可靠和系统低功耗等整体技术设计;开展轻型感应耦合传输缆制作、大深度感应耦合传输和智能收放通讯等数据实时通讯技术的研究;进行适用于准实时传输潜标系统的多种类国产设备的稳定性和可靠性优化、规模化集成和系统化的应用示范,形成半潜升降式准实时通讯潜标与浮子式准实时通讯潜标各1套。所设计的准实时传输潜标系统集成了1台抗污染CTD、19台感应耦合CTD、8台感应耦合T、4台感应耦合传输的ADCP、2台单点海流计和6台感应耦合数据传输仪,并配有2套声学释放器;潜标系统本体设计含有3个水下流线型浮体、1套通讯浮子、1套准实时卫星通讯装置（半潜式水下绞车或海面浮子）和1套锚泊缆系,可实现深达2 000 mm的剖面温盐深和海流等海洋要素的高频率、多要素、多层次的长期连续观测和数据准实时传输,以便对科学问题解决和海洋环境安全保障等提供及时的数据支撑。     

2016年南极中山站固定冰冰厚观测分析

极区海冰是全球气候系统的重要组成部分,南极的固定冰普遍存在于其沿海地区,中山站周边固定冰一般在11月中下旬达到最厚。海冰厚度是海冰的重要参数之一,2016年在南极中山站附近3个站点(S1、S2、S3站点)共布放了4套温度链浮标,包括1套SIMBA (Snow and Ice Mass Balance Array)温度链浮标和3套太原理工大学温度链浮标(TY温度链浮标),SIMBA温度链浮标每天观测4次,TY温度链浮标每小时观测1次。利用浮标观测的温度剖面以及海冰和海水间不同介质温度差异计算得到海冰厚度。在S3站点,同时布放了SIMBA温度链浮标和TY温度链浮标。温度链浮标计算冰厚和人工钻孔观测冰厚比较结果显示,S1站点TY温度链浮标计算的海冰厚度平均误差和均方根误差分别为3.3 cm和14.7 cm,S2站点和S3站点分别为6.6 cm、6.9 cm以及4.0 cm、4.8 cm。S3站点的SIMBA温度链浮标计算冰厚和人工观测冰厚的平均误差和均方根误差为8.2 cm和9.7 cm。因而S3站点TY温度链浮标计算的海冰厚度更接近人工观测的结果。进一步对Stefan定律海冰生长模型进行对比,模型计算得到的海冰生长率为0.1～0.8 cm/d,生长率快于TY温度链浮标的结果,且受积雪影响明显。相比于卫星遥感反演冰厚的误差和观测时段的限制以及有限的人工观测,2种温度链浮标未来对于中山站附近海冰的长期监测均有重要的应用价值。     

预测有效波高的深度学习模型研究

研究基于RNN、LSTM、GRU深度学习模型,针对NOAA浮标数据集中的44013、44014、44017浮标的数据,通过斯皮尔曼相关性分析提高模型预测效果。实验结果表明,在进行相关性分析后,S-RNN、S-LSTM、 S-GRU的预测效果均比原始RNN、LSTM、GRU模型预测效果好。此外,提出一种基于LSTM的LSTM-Attention 波高预测模型,并进行相关实验,量化LSTM-Attention模型的预测效果,实验结果表明LSTM-Attention模型有更好的预测效果。为评估模型的泛化能力,研究还提出了一种采用邻近浮标数据进行学习,预测浮标缺失数据的方 法。实验结果表明,该方法的预测精度可以达到97.93%。本研究为海浪预测提供了新的方法和思路,也为未来深 度学习模型在海浪预测中的应用提供了参考。     

Performance of the CCIW wave direction buoy at ARSLOE

The performance at the Atlantic Remote Sensing Land Ocean Experiment (ARSLOE) of the Canada Centre for Inland Waters (CCIW) wave direction buoy is examined. The waveheight and period data show good agreement with data from neighboring buoys. Nondimensional energy and fetch for wind sea cases agree well with data collected from fixed sensors in Lake Ontario. Direction measurements for a particularly well-defined swell agree well with the Experimental Environmental Research Buoy (XERB) measurements. Meteorological data are compared with that collected at the XERB. Windspeed estimates are reasonably well-correlated and much of the scatter is due to the 24-kin separation between the buoys. There is some systematic bias in the wind direction estimates.     

核电站附近海域漂流海藻的漂移路径数值模拟

研究核电站附近海域漂流海藻的漂流路径对保障核电站冷源安全具有重要意义。本研究根据辽东湾东部海域漂流海藻的分布特征,构建该海域的二维水动力和粒子追踪数值预测、预报模型,基于近年实际观测的海流和潮位数据,对水动力模型进行验证,并根据2019年5月至8月释放北斗和GPS浮标采集数据,对该海域相同工况下的海藻漂移路径进行校验,均吻合良好。同时,对该海域7月大潮期,取水口附近海域的海藻堵塞风险进行了模拟分析,得到各不同工况下,漂流海藻到达取水口定义威胁区范围内的时间。结果表明,该数值模型能够对漂流海藻的漂移路径进行准确模拟,可为科学规避或有效减轻漂流海藻对核电站冷源取水口的堵塞风险提供技术支撑。     

"采用SCADA通信系统通过国内卫星传输资料浮标数据研究"及其应用

海洋资料浮标测量数据传输的安全、可靠、经济和方便,是多年来浮标工程研究的课题。文中介绍我国海洋资料浮标数据传输方式的变革,国内卫星(中卫-1号)的性能及覆盖海域,"全线通"双向数据卫星通信系统原理特点以及"采用SCADA通信系统通过国内卫星传输资料浮标数据研究"成果在我国东海、南海的应用情况。     

基于进化算法的浮筒配置优化问题的研究

根据浮筒配置方案的设计要求和合理性检验准则,给出了方案的优化模型。针对问题的复杂性,结合约束支配的概念,提出了一种改进的将浮筒纵向位置配置和浮筒充气量综合考虑、一体优化多目标进化算法。通过算例分析可知,将多目标进化算法以及约束支配的概念应用到浮筒配置优化方案是可行的、有效的。     

适用于中国近海观测研究浮标的北斗/GPS双模信标系统的研制与应用

为了提高海洋观测研究浮标在位运行的安全性,自主设计了一种北斗/GPS双模定位信标。该信标采用传统的GPS技术进行定位结合“北斗”卫星特有的报文通信和定位功能,通过解决传统GPS信号盲区问题,为中国近海海洋观测研究浮标安全运行提供了更加有力的保障,同时提高了数据保密能力。该系统采用外部供电和内部自主供电相结合的模式,即使外部供电中断,也可保证正常运行不低于1 a,而且基本上不需要对信标进行专门维护,大大降低了运行和维护成本。与该信标配套的岸站管理系统具备发送和短信和邮件报警的功能,可实现浮标运行状态实时监控。