热液金矿中辉锑矿矿物学研究综述

辉锑矿是热液金矿化体系中较为重要的矿物.辉锑矿矿物学研究是热液金矿床成矿机制研究不可或缺的一部分.辉锑矿的矿物学特征主要包括物理结构和化学成分特征,笔者综述了热液金矿中辉锑矿的形态、晶胞参数、红外光谱、电子顺磁共振谱等物理特征以及稀土微量元素、硫同位素地球化学特征以及锑同位素的应用、热液金矿辉锑矿的含金性等多方面内容.     

金矿床中黄铁矿-毒砂-辉锑矿标型及金的赋存状态——以湖南省金矿床为例

湖南及类似地区的金矿床,金高度富集在黄铁矿、毒砂和辉锑矿中.这些载金的硫（砷）化物具有各自特征性的标型.由于黄铁矿、尤其是毒砂中的金大多属于质点小于0.1 μm的不可见金,不仅在光学显微镜下无法找到,即使利用电子探针和在高倍电镜下进行金的特征X射线扫描亦未发现金矿物富集区.由此引起了这类矿物中的金是呈超微细粒形式存在,还是以类质同像存在于其矿物晶格中的不同看法.所以,研究黄铁矿和毒砂的标型特征,查明金的赋存状态,对金的利用十分重要.经有关矿床多项实验研究及选矿试验结果,认为黄铁矿与毒砂中的不可见金,除次显微金外主要应为“纳米金”（矿物金）,而非晶格金（结构金）.     

甘肃省阳山金矿田金的赋存状态和金矿物特征

甘肃阳山金矿田属于类卡林型金矿床,金矿化类型主要有蚀变千枚岩、蚀变斜长花岗斑岩、蚀变砂岩、蚀变灰岩四种。金多呈独立金矿物形式出现,少许呈分散状,矿石中金矿物以自然金为主,其次是银金矿。金矿物以包体金、裂隙金、粒间金等形式嵌布于毒砂、黄铁矿、辉锑矿、粘土矿物等主要载金矿物中,且毒砂、黄铁矿、辉锑矿较其它金属硫化物中占优势。金矿物形态各样,粒度以微细粒为主。金矿物特征反映出本区金矿床的成矿物质主要来源于变质岩、岩浆岩和地幔,成矿作用与印支晚期中酸性侵入岩有关。这与地质地球化学研究所获得的矿床成因认识相一致。     

藏南喜马拉雅造山带造山型马扎拉Au-Sb矿床和沙拉岗Sb矿床流体包裹体He-Ar同位素组成:对成矿流体来源的制约

马扎拉Au-Sb矿床和沙拉岗Sb矿床是藏南金锑成矿带中典型的造山型矿床。马扎拉Au-Sb矿床中矿体以含金辉锑矿石英脉的形式产于下中侏罗统陆热组地层中,主要组成矿物有自然金、辉锑矿、石英和碳酸盐矿物;沙拉岗Sb矿床中矿体主要以辉锑矿石英脉的形式产于下白垩统多久组地层和辉长岩体中,主要组成矿物为辉锑矿、辰砂、锑华、石英和少量碳酸盐矿物。在两个矿床的矿脉石英和辉锑矿中均发现有三类原生和假次生包裹体:水溶液包裹体、CO2-水溶液包裹体和有机包裹体。流体包裹体显微测温结果显示:马扎拉Au-Sb矿床的成矿温度为160～280℃,沙拉岗Sb矿床的成矿温度为140～240℃。He-Ar同位素分析显示马扎拉Au-Sb矿辉锑矿石英脉矿石中辉锑矿和石英以及赋矿地层中沉积层状硫化物中黄铁矿的流体包裹体均具有低的3He/4He比值,分别为0. 01382～0. 05642Ra和0. 03353～0. 08744Ra,40Ar/36Ar比值具有比较大的变化范围,分别为346. 8～4770. 1和349. 4～2689. 1;沙拉岗Sb矿床中辉锑矿样品的3He/4He比值为0. 02385～0. 11488Ra,40Ar/36Ar比值变化小,为300. 6～537. 5。与藏南Au-Sb成矿带中造山型Au矿床成矿流体中含一定量的幔源挥发份相对比,马扎拉AuSb矿床和沙拉岗Sb矿床成矿流体中均无幔源流体的参与,马扎拉Au-Sb矿床成矿流体为壳源变质流体与改造型饱和大气水形成的混合流体;沙拉岗Sb矿床成矿流体以改造型饱和大气水为主,并有壳源变质流体的加入。     

沃溪金锑钨矿床金的赋存状态

沃溪金矿是一个多种金属伴生的中低温热液充填石英脉型矿床。湖南省沃溪金矿地测科,为充分利用黄金资源,对该矿金的赋存状态进行研究,并得出以下结论。约有80％的金,赋存于黄铁矿、辉锑矿和石英中,约8％在白钨矿、伊利石中;极少量见于绿泥石、叶腊石中。强烈的黄铁矿化,是金富集的重要标志。各种矿物中金的粒度不等。石英、白钨矿中金的粒度通常较粗大;黄铁矿、辉锑矿、闪锌矿、伊利石中的粒度较细。可见金与不可见金的数量约各占一半。     

湖南江溪垄金锑矿床地质地球化学特征及开发应用

湖南江溪垄金锑矿床赋存于新元古界板溪群五强溪组浅变质岩系中.成矿严格受NE向剪切断裂带控制.该矿系金锑共（伴）生矿床.矿体呈陡倾斜的交错脉状产出,沿走向、倾向变化均较稳定.金主要产于近矿蚀变围岩中,毒砂为金的重要载体矿物;锑的富集则与硅化关系密切.矿石为高砷含金锑矿石.以锑为主的选矿试验结果表明,主要回收对象为辉锑矿,并可综合回收金.     

内生金矿床的成因：基本模式

金矿床以具有仅限于某一类金矿床的典型矿物组合（金－黄铁矿－毒砂；金－多金属－硫化物；金－碲化物；金－辉锑矿；金－辰砂）之一为特征。特征的矿物组合主要受沉淀环境的ＰＨ值和温度变化的控制。具有前３种矿物组合的金矿物的金矿床起源于花岗岩类或岩浆体系有关的流体，具有后２种矿物组合的金矿床起源于壳下非岩浆流体。     

榕江八蒙锑矿物质成份和金锑赋存状态的初步研究

八蒙锑矿属断裂—石英脉型矿床,产于前震旦系下江群平略组中上部的绢云母板岩、绿泥石板岩中。本文主要研究了八蒙锑矿含金锑岩石特征,矿物组份,锑矿石的结构、构造类型,围岩蚀变与金锑矿化的关系,提出了金锑矿化的生成阶段。并研究了辉锑矿、黄铁矿及非金属矿物绢云母、绿泥石、石英等含量与特征.除了数十件光薄片鉴定外,还做了人工重砂鉴定,化学、光谱多项分析、物相分析、单矿物分析等测试方法验证。确定了本矿主要以辉锑矿(Sb_2S_3)为特征。金属不可见金,赋存在黄铁矿、毒砂中。此外,对锑矿化、金矿化的成矿条件提出了初步认识.     

某些矿物中次显微金及晶格金的研究

利用电子显微镜研究了高岭石、伊利石、黄铁矿、辉锑矿、石英等中的次显微金;利用电子顺磁共振波谱仪研究了黄铁矿、毒砂中的品格金;获得了一些有实际意义的结果,从而对这些矿物中金的赋存状态有了进一步的了解.并从结晶化学观点对次显微金、晶格金的形成机理进行了分析.     

热液金矿中辉锑矿矿物学研究综述

辉锑矿是热液金矿化体系中较为重要的矿物。辉锑矿矿物学研究是热液金矿床成矿机制研究不可或缺的一部分。辉锑矿的矿物学特征主要包括物理结构和化学成分特征,笔者综述了热液金矿中辉锑矿的形态、晶胞参数、红外光谱、电子顺磁共振谱等物理特征以及稀土微量元素、硫同位素地球化学特征以及锑同位素的应用、热液金矿辉锑矿的含金性等多方面内容。     

A Study on the Mineralization of the Woxi Au–Sb–W Deposit,Western Hunan,China

The Woxi Au–Sb–W deposit in the western Hunan Province, China, is of hydrothermal vein type characterized by a rare mineral assemblage of stibnite, scheelite and native gold, of which gold fineness ranges from 998.6 to 1000. The mineralization sequence observed in the deposit is, from early to late, coarse‐grained pyrite – scheelite – stibnite – Pb–Sb–S minerals – sphalerite (+ cubanite) – fine‐grained pyrite. Native gold may have precipitated with scheelte. Microthermometric and LA–ICP–MS analyses of fluid inclusions in scheelite, quartz associated with scheelite and stibnite and barren quartz clarified that there may be at least three types of hydrothermal fluids during the vein formation in the Woxi deposit. Scheelite and native gold precipitated from the fluid of high temperature and salinity with high concentrations of metal elements, followed by stibnite precipitation. The later fluid of the highest temperature and salinity with low concentrations of the elements yielded the sphalerite mineralization. The latest fluid of low temperature and salinity with low concentrations of the elements is observed mainly in barren quartz. The remarkably high Au/Ag concentration ratios determined in the fluid inclusions in scheelite might be the reason for the extremely high gold fineness of native gold.     

甘孜嘎拉金矿金的赋存状态初步研究

甘孜嘎拉金矿位于川西甘孜-理塘断裂带北段,该矿床具一定规模。笔者对该矿床自然金的产出状态,以及超显微金在黄铁矿、毒砂、辉锑矿主要载金矿物和各类矿石中的分布特征初步研究后,认为该矿床的金只有少量呈显微自然金形式赋存,大部分都是以超显微金的自然元素金混入各类载金体中,金的赋存状态指示该区金物源广,具良好的找金前景。     

U-Pb dating of scheelite,wolframite and apatite from the Woxi Au-Sb-W deposit,western Hunan Province and their geological significanceSCIEI北大核心CSCD

沃溪矿床位于湘西雪峰隆起区的转折部位,是该区金锑钨矿床的典型代表。该矿床成矿元素及成矿期次较为复杂,各成矿阶段的形成时代长期存在争议。本次研究在对沃溪矿床详细野外调查及岩相学观察的基础上,对深部中段矿体中的白钨矿、磷灰石及浅部中段矿体中的黑钨矿开展了U-Pb同位素分析。依据本次所获年龄数据,结合观察到的矿脉交切关系、矿物共生组合等特征,本文认为沃溪矿床除了加里东期成矿作用之外,还存在燕山期成矿作用。其中,白钨矿形成相对较早,成矿年龄为149.0±12Ma、144.8±1.7Ma、139.8±6.1Ma;黑钨矿与白钨矿同时生成(或稍晚),成矿年龄为137.8±3.9Ma、134.8±5.1Ma;自然金、辉锑矿主要在白钨矿、黑钨矿形成以后通过沉淀而成,且自然金在晚阶段(125.8±5.6Ma、123.8±4.6Ma)石英-碳酸盐脉中仍有少量产出。综合已有年代学资料推测,沃溪矿床可能在经历了加里东期陆内造山成矿作用之后,还经受了燕山期伸展构造背景下深部流体不同程度的叠加改造作用。而该矿床发现的矿脉原地破裂后被后期矿物胶结等现象,则指示其矿脉的形成与液压致裂作用有关,这种作用导致矿脉反复裂开-愈合,有利于成矿元素(尤其是金)的活化迁移和再富集沉淀。     

祁连山西段党河南山北坡3个不同特征的金矿床研究

黑刺沟金矿床以富As和Sb的微细浸染蚀变岩型金矿化和部分石英脉型锑－金矿化为特征,典型矿物组合为黄铁矿-毒砂(辉锑矿)-石英;贾公台金矿床以少硫化物石英脉型金矿化和蚀变岩型金矿化为特征,As和Sb的质量分数不高,典型矿物组合为黄铁矿-自然金(方铅矿)-石英-钾长石;鸡叫沟金矿床以蚀变岩型金矿化为主,次之为石英脉型金矿化,典型矿物组合为黄铁矿-黄铜矿-石英.3个金矿床的成因均与岩浆岩有密切联系,但各矿区的岩浆岩在岩石学、岩石化学、微量元素及稀土元素特征具有差异,表明其成因不尽相同.这可能是造成3个金矿床地质特征差异的主要原因.     

As–Sb–Bi–Au mineralization in the Baogutu gold deposit,Xinjiang, NW China

Here we report the occurrence of some uncommon mineral assemblages including pääkönenite, aurostibite, native arsenic, native antimony, and native bismuth found in the Baogutu gold deposit in the western Junggar, Xinjiang, NW China. The mineralization could be generally subdivided into two types: the gold-bearing quartz-vein type mineralization and disseminated mineralization in the wall rocks. The sulfide minerals in gold lodes commonly include pyrite, arsenopyrite, marcasite, and stibnite. However, the L7 lode in No. 4 orebody and the L1 lode in No. 11 orebody of the Baogutu gold deposit are quite different in terms of their mineral assemblages. The L7 lode contains native arsenic–quartz veins in shallow levels and stibnite–quartz veins at depth. Gold-bearing minerals (electrum, native gold, and rarely aurostibite) mainly coexist with pääkönenite, stibnite, native arsenic, and native antimony. The crystallization of As- and Sb-bearing minerals was likely to have consumed H₂S from the hydrothermal fluid, which probably triggered the precipitation of native gold. The L1 lode consists of several discontinuous sulfide-dominated lensoid orebodies. The massive sulfide ores that produced most of the gold resource are characterized by an intimate association between native bismuth and native gold mineralization.     

拉尔玛-邛莫金矿床的地质特征及成矿模式

拉尔玛-邛莫金矿床产于西秦岭南亚带寒武系硅岩建造中,受地层、岩性、构造控制十分明显.但与其它层控金矿床相比较,该矿床不仅含矿主岩特殊,而且矿石矿物和元素组合十分复杂.矿床中除Au外,Cu、U、Mo、Sb、V、Zn等元素在局部地段亦可圈出独立矿体.同时,矿床中存在铂族元素(PGE)、铟的高异常以及硒的矿化富集体,从而构成了Au-Cu-U-Mo-Se-PGE建造矿床.研究表明,金矿床的形成,至少经历了喷流沉积和地下水热液活动改造两个成矿期.前者表现为硅岩建造中出现了众多成矿元素的高异常和黄铁矿等条带状、层纹状构造的形成,显示出矿质的初步聚集;后者则促使矿质富集层中的成矿物质组分发生活化、迁移和再聚集,并最终导致工业矿床的形成.矿床属与海底喷流作用有关的喷流型层控金矿床.     

中国微细浸染型金矿矿质迁移沉淀机制

本文在分析矿源和成矿物化条件基础上,化理论计算和研究,提出中国微细浸染型金矿中金是呈Ａｕ（ＨＳ）２＾－形式存在阀迁移的,矿质沉淀的主要机理为温度下降和因硫化物沉淀而引起的决硫（及还原硫）活度下降,其次为压力的下降和有机质的还原吸附作用。     

Migration paths and precipitation mechanisms of ore-forming fluids at the Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit,Guizhou, China

Shuiyindong is one of the largest and highest grade stratabound Carlin-type gold deposits in China. This paper reports on the results of petrographic studies, electron microprobe analyses (EMPA) of arsenian pyrite, and the mass transfer during mineralization and alteration, and it presents the deposit-scale distributions of Au, As, Sb, Hg, Tl, and trace elements in a representative cross section across the Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit, Guizhou Province. The main objectives were to identify the precipitation mechanisms of minerals, or elements from fluids, and the migration paths of ore-forming fluids.Petrographic and EMPA studies indicate that gold in the primary ores is mainly hosted by arsenian pyrite. Mass transfer associated with alteration and mineralization shows that Au, As, Sb, Hg, Tl, and S were significantly added to all mineralized rocks, Fe₂O₃ and SiO₂ were immobile in the main orebodies that are hosted in bioclastic limestone, and CaO, Na₂O, Sr, and Li were removed from country rocks. The relations between Fe and S indicate that the sedimentary rocks at the Shuiyindong deposit contain more iron than is needed to combine with all of their contained sulfur to form pyrite. This suggests that sulfidation and decarbonation were the principal mechanism of gold precipitation at the Shuiyindong deposit. Hg, Sb, and As commonly formed sulfide minerals, such as stibnite, realgar, and orpiment, in late-stage quartz–calcite veins, or absorbed by organic matter in argillite. Fluid cooling presumably led to depositions of stibnite, realgar, and orpiment in late-stage quartz–calcite veins. Organic matter likely served as a reductant in argillite for the ore fluids, causing the precipitation of As, Sb, Hg, and S, as well as Au.Deposit-scale distributions of gold and other relevant elements reflect the passage of fluids through the rocks. Rock strata and structures allowed the ore-forming fluids to migrate horizontally along the unconformity surface of the Middle–Upper Permian, converge on the high position of an anticline, and then ascend into the overlying strata along the anticlinal axis. The distributions of the major and trace elements show that elements that accompanied the ore-forming fluids include Au, As, Sb, Hg, Tl, and S, and that Na₂O and Li were exhausted in the Longtan Formation at the anticlinal core during gold mineralization. The enrichment of Co, Cr, and Ni in the Longtan Formation at the anticlinal core might be associated with deformation that formed the anticline, or with gold mineralization. Different host rocks were preferentially mineralized by different elements. The bioclastic limestone is commonly enriched in Au, whereas the argillite is preferentially enriched in As, Hg, Sb, and Tl. The zonation of ore-forming elements in the deposit appears to be Sb–Tl–As–Hg–Au–Hg–As (from bottom to top). Enrichment of Au, As, Sb, Hg, and Tl provides useful guidance for the exploration for Carlin-type gold deposits in Guizhou. Anomalies of As and Hg in soil or stream sediment might be an important clue and these elements can be used as indicator elements. Ore-forming fluids migrated along the unconformity surface of the Middle–Upper Permian and the anticlinal axis, so these are favorable sites for exploration for Carlin-type gold deposits in Guizhou.