华南地区21世纪中后期旱涝变化的情景分析

利用区域气候模式PRECIS（Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies）,首先选取若干旱涝指标,在验证模式对各旱涝指标的模拟能力的基础上,分析SRES A1B（Special Report on Emissions Scenarios A1B）情景下华南地区21世纪中后期（2040~2099年）各旱涝指标相对气候基准时段（1961~1990年）的变化情况,进而初步探讨华南地区未来旱涝情况的可能变化。研究表明,PRECIS能够较好地模拟出所选取的旱涝指标的年际变化和月变化特征;在SRES A1B情景下,21世纪中后期华南地区极端强降水事件的发生频率和强度都将显著增加,且强降水期将有所延长,从而使得华南地区出现雨涝灾害的可能性大大增加。与此同时,华南地区未来在春季、夏季和秋季发生气象干旱的可能性变化不显著,但在冬季发生气象干旱的可能性却将增加,尤其是在21世纪后30年冬季出现气象干旱的可能性更高。     

气候变化对长江上游径流影响预估

利用第五次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)中5个气候模式在3种典型浓度路径(RCPs)下的预估结果驱动SWAT水文模型,预估了21世纪气候变化对长江上游年径流量、季节分配以及极端径流的影响。结果表明：预估的长江上游平均气温呈显著上升趋势,21世纪末较当前(1986—2005年)升高1.5~5.5℃,降水总体呈增加趋势,在21世纪30年代后高于当前气候平均值,21世纪末相对于当前增加5%~15%。流域内气候变化存在明显空间差异,金沙江和岷沱江流域气温升高和降水增加幅度均大于流域平均值。预估的长江上游年径流量及各月平均径流均有增加趋势,在21世纪30年代后高于当前多年平均值,21世纪中期增加4%~8%,21世纪末增加10%~15%。预估的径流年内分布的均匀性有所增加,但年际变化明显增大,极端旱涝事件的频率和强度明显增加。预估的各子流域径流变化对气候变化的响应也存在差异,金沙江和岷沱江流域年径流量、年际变化和年内分布变化小,对气候变化的响应表现为低敏感;嘉陵江流域、乌江流域和长江上游干流径流增加幅度大,同时极端丰枯出现的频率和程度增加显著,是气候变化响应的敏感区域。     

基于标准化降水指数的近51a山东临沂市旱涝时空特征

基于1961—2011年临沂市10个气象观测站的逐月降水数据,采用标准化降水指数（SPI）,分析了临沂市旱涝时空分布特征。结果表明：临沂市旱涝变化具有阶段性特征,1960年代初中期和1970年代初中期,雨涝频繁;1960年代中后期和1970年代中后期及整个1980年代,干旱频繁;1990年代到21世纪初早期旱涝交替发生,2003年以后以雨涝为主。冬春季干旱呈弱的减轻趋势,秋旱呈弱加剧趋势,夏季旱涝变化趋势不明显。北部山区、西部丘陵、南部平原的旱涝变化总体上具有相对一致的趋势,但在1960年代中期、1980年代中期、21世纪初早期西部丘陵的旱涝变化幅度较其他2个区域要大。全市旱涝变率在21世纪初早期最大,1970年代中后期最小,3个区域的变率总体上表现出与全市大致相同的趋势,2004年以后南部平原旱涝变率持续增大。     

Future Changes of Drought and Flood Events in China under a Global Warming Scenario

This study investigates the impact of global warming on drought/flood patterns in China at the end of the 21st century based on the simulations of 22 global climate models and a regional climate model(RegCM3) under the SRES(Special Report on Emissions Scenarios) A1B scenario.The standardized precipitation index(SPI),which has well performance in monitoring the drought/flood characteristics(in terms of their intensity,duration,and spatial extent) in China,is used in this study.The projected results of 22 coupled models and the RegCM3 simulation are consistent.These models project a decrease in the frequency of droughts in most parts of northern China and a slight increase in the frequency in some parts of southern China.Considering China as a whole,the spatial extents of droughts are projected to be significantly reduced.In contrast,future flood events over most parts of China are projected to occur more frequently with stronger intensity and longer duration than those prevalent currently.Additionally,the spatial extents of flood events are projected to significantly increase.     

松花江流域气候变化及ECHAM5模式预估

 根据松花江流域1961-2000年观测气温、降水量资料和ECHAM5/MPI-OM模式对该流域21世纪前50 a气候变化的预估结果,分析了松花江流域1961-2000年年平均气温和年降水量变化,并对21世纪前50 a气温和降水量变化趋势进行了预估。结果表明,在全球变暖的背景下,作为中国气候变暖区域响应的先锋,松花江流域年平均气温自1980年代初持续升高,升温幅度比较显著;年降水量在1961-2000年无明显增加或减少趋势,年代际差异也不大。相对于1961-1990年的气候场,21世纪前半叶,年平均气温仍将呈明显增加趋势,到2040年代升温幅度达1℃以上,年降水量变化趋势不显著,可能微弱增加,但冬季平均气温和冬季降水量都呈增加趋势,春季降水量也为增加趋势。     

Climate change in the Tahoe basin: regional trends, impacts and drivers

The purpose of this study was to quantify the decadal-scale time trends in air temperature, precipitation phase and intensity, spring snowmelt timing, and lake temperature in the Tahoe basin, and to relate the trends to large-scale regional climatic trends in the western USA. Temperature data for six long-term weather stations in the Tahoe region were analyzed for trends in annual and monthly means of maximum and minimum daily temperature. Precipitation data at Tahoe City were analyzed for trends in phase (rain versus snow), decadal standard deviation, and intensity of rainfall. Daily streamflow data for nine gaging stations in and around the Tahoe basin were examined for trends in snowmelt timing, by two methods, and an existing record for the temperature of Lake Tahoe was updated. The results for the Tahoe basin, which contrast somewhat with the surrounding region, indicate strong upward trends in air temperature, a shift from snow to rain, a shift in snowmelt timing to earlier dates, increased rainfall intensity, increased interannual variability, and continued increase in the temperature of Lake Tahoe. Two hypotheses are suggested that may explain why the basin could be warming faster than surrounding regions. Continued warming in the Tahoe basin has important implications for efforts to manage biodiversity and maintain clarity of the lake.     

长江流域及三峡库区近542年旱涝演变特征

选取长江流域沿线及三峡库区12个代表站,根据中国500年旱涝图集等级和各站建站以来5—9月降水量资料,按照旱涝等级标准,分别得到长江全流域、上游流域、中游流域、下游流域及其三峡库区1470—2011年旱涝等级序列。结果表明:长江各流域及其三峡库区均呈现较为明显的旱涝交替阶段,20世纪偏旱频率强烈增加,19世纪和20世纪偏涝频率明显增加。长江流域和三峡库区偏旱以上等级具有准160年周期震荡,全流域偏涝以上存在准140年的周期震荡,但20世纪后有所减弱,三峡库区偏涝以上等级存在准百年的周期震荡。三峡建坝蓄水前后库区降水EOF时空分布呈一致减少趋势,与此同时长江上游降水呈下降趋势,反映了长江上游流域及三峡库区气候趋旱;M-K突变检验显示水库蓄水前后流域上游和库区降水均未发生显著变化。在全球气候变化的背景下,三峡库区旱涝演变并不是孤立事件,而是与长江上游乃至整个长江流域旱涝背景密不可分。     

Uncertainties in historical changes and future projections of drought. Part II: model-simulated historical and future drought changes

While most models project large increases in agricultural drought frequency and severity in the 21st century, significant uncertainties exist in these projections. Here, we compare the model-simulated changes with observation-based estimates since 1900 and examine model projections from both the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) and Phase 5 (CMIP5). We use the self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index with the Penman-Monteith potential evapotranspiration (PET) (sc_PDSI_pm) as a measure of agricultural drought. Results show that estimated long-term changes in global and hemispheric drought areas from 1900 to 2014 are consistent with the CMIP3 and CMIP5 model-simulated response to historical greenhouse gases and other external forcing, with the short-term variations within the model spread of internal variability, despite that regional changes are still dominated by internal variability. Both the CMIP3 and CMIP5 models project continued increases (by 50–200 % in a relative sense) in the 21st century in global agricultural drought frequency and area even under low-moderate emissions scenarios, resulting from a decrease in the mean and flattening of the probability distribution functions (PDFs) of the sc_PDSI_pm. This flattening is especially pronounced over the Northern Hemisphere land, leading to increased drought frequency even over areas with increasing sc_PDSI_pm. Large differences exist in the CMIP3 and CMIP5 model-projected precipitation and drought changes over the Sahel and northern Australia due to uncertainties in simulating the African Inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and the subsidence zone over northern Australia, while the wetting trend over East Africa reflects a robust response of the Indian Ocean ITCZ seen in both the CMIP3 and CMIP5 models. While warming-induced PET increases over all latitudes and precipitation decreases over subtropical land are responsible for mean sc_PDSI_pm decreases, the exact cause of its PDF flattening needs further investigation.     

1958-2012年来河北汛期暴雨气候变化特征分析

应用1958-2012年河北21个基准站和基本站逐日降水观测资料,分析了河北汛期暴雨的气候分布特征、年际、年代际变化以及趋势变化特征。结果表明,汛期暴雨分布呈现东部、南部多,向西北部递减的特征。最大暴雨量中心在河北东部、燕山南麓的唐山、秦皇岛地区。从年际和年代际尺度分析,暴雨量、频次、强度都存在2-3 a的年际变化周期信号,暴雨量和频次在20世纪80年代以后存在15-20 a的年代际周期信号。汛期暴雨量、暴雨频次时间序列整体呈现下降趋势,特别是21世纪以来,河北暴雨量和暴雨频次下降趋势更为明显,暴雨强度在近50 a变化幅度不大。在空间分布上,暴雨量、暴雨频次和暴雨强度三个特征量在年代际变化中整体都呈现东退南缩的特征。从趋势分析看来,大部分站点汛期暴雨量、频次、强度都呈现下降趋势。     

基于REOF分析的广东前汛期降水趋势的区域特征

采用旋转经验正交展开(REOF)方法,对广东48站前汛期降水标准化距平场进行客观分区,在此基础上对各区区域平均前汛期降水的长期演变趋势进行了讨论。结果表明:广东省前汛期降水量场可以划分为4个区域,即粤东区、粤中区、粤西北区以及雷州半岛区。该4区前汛期降水量线性趋势不显著,年代际变化特征明显。进入21世纪以来,除雷州半岛区降水持续减少外,其余各区出现明显增加。而20世纪90年代以来粤东区和粤中区旱涝发生更为频繁。     

渠江流域汛期强降水时空分布特征

本文从分析研究渠江流域汛期强降水时空分布入手,试图揭示该流域21世纪以来洪水频发的原因。经对渠江流域1970~2012年降水资料分析研究得出:(1)渠江流域汛期降水量、暴雨日数、降水变差系数呈“北大南小”的空间分布;“北区(河流汇水区,下同)”近年来汛期降水量增大、暴雨频率增加、降水趋于极端;(2)短时强降水多发生在04~08时,频发区主要位于“北区”,近年来频次呈上升趋势;(3)小时雨强极值“北区”普遍大于“南区”;近43年渠江流域汛期小时雨强极值总体呈增大趋势,“北区”尤为明显。因此,渠江流域汛期发生的强降水趋势性变化,是导致该流域洪水频发的主要原因之一。      

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND TYPES OF APRIL-SEPTEMBER RAINFALL IN THE PEARL RIVER BASIN

With rainfall data of 51 stations in April-September in the Pearl River basin during 1954-2003, we have applied the Principal Component Analysis method to research the spatial distribution characteristics of April-September rainfall. The results reveal the following. In the Pearl River basin, there is different precipitation varying from 600 mm to 1900 mm in April-September and precipitation decreases gradually from southeast to northwest. The standard deviation distribution decreases gradually from east to west on the whole. The rainfall distribution of the Pearl River basin has five main types Type Ⅰthere is flood (drought) in the whole region, Type Ⅱ there is flood (drought) in the north and drought (flood) in the south, Type Ⅲ there is flood (drought) in the east and drought (flood) in the west, Type Ⅳ there id flood (drought) in the central part and drought (flood) in the east and west, and Type Ⅴ there is flood (drought) in center and drought (flood) in north and south. The types of the flood (drought) in the whole region and flood (drought) in the north and drought (flood) in the south appear much more than the others,being 64% of the total. From the 10-year moving average, it is seen that rainfall between April and September in the Pearl River basin region is mainly dry in 1983-1992, and mainly dry in the east and wet in the west in 1967-1971 and wet in the east and dry in the west in 1979.     

基于Z指数的江西省旱涝指标与时空分布特征

利用1961—2020年江西省逐日降水资料,基于Z指数分析确定了适用于江西省的旱涝指标。运用M-K检验、小波分析和EOF等方法分析了江西省旱涝时空分布特征。结果表明,1961—2020年江西省降水量年际变化大,20世纪90年代出现突变,但未出现显著的持续增加或减少。江西省干旱、雨涝事件存在准20 a主周期,从90年代开始偏涝年份明显增多,且雨涝呈增强的趋势。江西省旱涝主要存在4种空间分布型,分别为全区型、北涝（旱）南旱（涝）型、西涝（旱）东旱（涝）型、中心涝（旱）南北旱（涝）型,累计贡献率为83.61％。Z指数作为表征江西省旱涝指标的方法具有一定的适用性。     

气侯变化对东部季风区赣江和官厅流域径流的影响

选取中国东部季风区南方赣江流域和北方官厅流域,基于逐日气象和水文观测数据率定和验证了HBV水文模型,并以国际耦合模式比较计划第五阶段（CMIP5）中输出要素最多的5个全球气候模式在3种典型浓度路径（RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5）下的预估结果驱动HBV模型,预估了气候变化对21世纪两个流域径流的影响。结果表明：(1) 1961—2017年,赣江和官厅流域年平均气温均呈显著上升趋势,升温速率分别为0.17℃/(10 a)和0.28℃/(10 a);同期,赣江流域降水显著增加,官厅流域降水微弱下降。不同RCP情景下,21世纪两个流域均将持续变暖、降水有所增加,北方官厅流域的气温和降水增幅均大于南方赣江流域。(2) 21世纪,官厅流域年、季径流增幅远大于赣江流域。官厅流域年径流在近期（2020—2039年）、中期（2050—2069年）、末期（2080—2099年）均呈增加趋势,RCP8.5情景下增幅最大、RCP4.5最小。赣江流域在RCP4.5下,近期、中期年径流相对基准期略有减少,但在整个21世纪径流呈上升趋势;RCP2.6和RCP8.5下,21世纪中期以后径流增幅下降。(3) 21世纪,东部季风区北部的官厅流域发生洪涝、南方赣江流域发生干旱的可能性增大,不同RCP情景预估得到相同的结论。     

Projections and downscaling of 21st century temperatures, precipitation, radiative fluxes and winds for the Southwestern US, with focus on Lake Tahoe

Recent projections of global climate changes in response to increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere include warming in the Southwestern US and, especially, in the vicinity of Lake Tahoe of from about +3°C to +6°C by end of century and changes in precipitation on the order of 5–10 % increases or (more commonly) decreases, depending on the climate model considered. Along with these basic changes, other climate variables like solar insolation, downwelling (longwave) radiant heat, and winds may change. Together these climate changes may result in changes in the hydrology of the Tahoe basin and potential changes in lake overturning and ecological regimes. Current climate projections, however, are generally spatially too coarse (with grid cells separated by 1 to 2° latitude and longitude) for direct use in assessments of the vulnerabilities of the much smaller Tahoe basin. Thus, daily temperatures, precipitation, winds, and downward radiation fluxes from selected global projections have been downscaled by a statistical method called the constructed-analogues method onto 10 to 12 km grids over the Southwest and especially over Lake Tahoe. Precipitation, solar insolation and winds over the Tahoe basin change only moderately (and with indeterminate signs) in the downscaled projections, whereas temperatures and downward longwave fluxes increase along with imposed increases in global greenhouse-gas concentrations.     

Upper Yellowstone River Flow and Teleconnections with Pacific Basin Climate Variability during the Past Three Centuries

Climate variability, coupled with increasing demand is raising concerns about the sustainability of water resources in the western United States. Tree-ring reconstructions of stream flow that extend the observational record by several centuries provide critical information on the short-term variability and multi-decadal trends in water resources. In this study, precipitation sensitive Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menzeisii) tree ringrecords are used to reconstruct annual flow of the Yellowstone River back to A.D. 1706. Linkages between precipitation in the Greater Yellowstone Region and climate variability in the Pacific basin were incorporated into our model by including indices Pacific Ocean interannual and decadal-scale climatic variability, namely the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the Southern Oscillation. The reconstruction indicates that 20th century streamflow is not representative of flow during the previous two centuries. With the exception of the 1930s, streamflow during the 20th century exceeded average flows during the previous 200 years. The drought of the 1930s resulted in the lowest flows during the last three centuries, however, this probably does not represent a worst-case scenario for the Yellowstone as other climate reconstructions indicate more extreme droughts prior to the 18th century.     

CI综合气象干旱指数在宁夏的本地化修正及应用

利用宁夏20个气象观测站近50a逐日平均气温和降水资料,采用累积频率法对CI综合气象干旱指数进行了本地化修正。通过对比分析,修正后的指数对干旱的演变反映更为合理,对干旱事件的监测效果更好,适宜在宁夏应用。其应用分析表明：麻黄山、海原、固原、西吉4地春季、夏季和秋季各季节的干旱日数均增加,强度均增强;秋季所有地区干旱日数增多,强度增强,且大部分地区秋季干旱日数增加幅度最大;固原及以北地区的干旱增加趋势明显高于南部阴湿地区,且干旱中心向西转移,21世纪以来同心和兴仁变为干旱中心。干旱事件中大部分干旱等级的日数与干旱日数和强度具有相同的变化趋势;春季大部分地区重旱和特旱日数的增加对其干旱日数的增加贡献率最大;夏季,盐池、麻黄山、固原和泾源特旱日数的变化对干旱日数变化贡献率最大;秋季,大部分地区中旱日数的变化对干旱日数变化的贡献率最大。21世纪以来,春夏季大部分地区干旱事件频率达到年代最高或次高值,且中部干旱带频率高于南部山区,大部分地区特旱日数达到年代最大值;秋季干旱事件频率减小,所有地区各干旱等级日数明显少于1980年代和1990年代。     

Climate Variability and Change: Past, Present and Future – An Overview

Prior to the 20th century Northern Hemisphere average surface air temperatures have varied in the order of 0.5 ^°C back to AD 1000. Various climate reconstructions indicate that slow cooling took place until the beginning of the 20th century. Subsequently, global-average surface air temperature increased by about 0.6 °C with the 1990s being the warmest decade on record. The pattern of warming has been greatest over mid-latitude northern continents in the latter part of the century. At the same time the frequency of air frosts has decreased over many land areas, and there has been a drying in the tropics and sub-tropics. The late 20th century changes have been attributed to global warming because of increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations due to human activities. Underneath these trends is that of decadal scale variability in the Pacific basin at least induced by the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO), which causes decadal changes in climate averages. On interannnual timescales El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) causes much variability throughout many tropical and subtropical regions and some mid-latitude areas. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) provides climate perturbations over Europe and northern Africa. During the course of the 21st century global-average surface temperatures are very likely to increase by 2 to 4.5 ^°C as greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere increase. At the same time there will be changes in precipitation, and climate extremes such as hot days, heavy rainfall and drought are expected to increase in many areas. The combination of global warming, superimposed on decadal climate variability (IPO) and interannual fluctuations (ENSO, NAO) are expected lead to a century of increasing climate variability and change that will be unprecedented in the history of human settlement. Although the changes of the past and present have stressed food and fibre production at times, the 21st century changes will be extremely challenging to agriculture and forestry.     

Trends in evaporation of a large subtropical lake

In order to further investigate the capability of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) to identify flood/drought events, monthly precipitation data from 26 precipitation stations and monthly discharge data from four hydrological stations from 1960 to 2006 in the Minjiang River basin were used to analyze the correlations between multiple time scales of the SPI and river discharge. The SPI series that had a maximum correlation with discharge was chosen to detect flood/drought events in the basin, and the results were compared to historical flood/drought events. The results indicated the following. (1) High Pearson correlations between the SPI and discharge were identified at shorter time scales (1 to 3 months), and the maximum correlation was found on the time scale of 2 months. (2) Five floods among the six largest historical flood events in the Minjiang River basin were identified with the 2-month SPI, but the SPI does have shortcomings in identifying more general floods. The SPI also identified major drought events that were consistent with historical data. This demonstrates that the 2-month SPI is an effective indicator for the identification of major flood/drought events in the Minjiang River basin.     

中国降水季节性的预估

本文使用国际耦合模式比较计划第五阶段（CMIP5）中共46个全球气候模式的数值试验数据,通过评估择优选取了14个模式来预估21世纪中国各季节降水百分率及其变率。结果表明,模式集合平均能够较好地模拟各季节降水百分率及其变率,但模式与观测间、各模式间都存在一定不同,空间上西部差异较大,季节上夏季差异明显。21世纪中国降水百分率整体表现为夏季大冬季小,但存在区域性,如华南春季降水百分率大于夏季。与1986~2004年相比,中国降水百分率整体表现为在夏季显著减少,冬春季显著增加,但高原则与之相反。此外,模式对于长江中下游地区降水百分率的预估存在较大不确定性。RCP8.5情景下降水季节性变幅要大于RCP4.5情景。降水季节性的变率在四季均表现出一定的增加趋势,但21世纪早、中和末期与1986~2004年相比并无显著差异（置信水平为95%）。