用ECMWF资料作江淮区域性暴雨落区预报的试验

使用ＥＣＭＷＦ资料，由８５０ｈＰａ、２００ｈＰａ风场计算物理量，建立预报方程，作江淮地区暴雨落区预报试验。经１９９３年６－７月预报检验，该方程具有一定参考价值，但同时也发现了一些问题。这些问题待我国Ｔ６３模式业务运行后将部分得到解决，暴雨预报准确率可望有所提高。     

欧洲中期天气预报中心T213L31模式夏季预报性能检验

对欧洲中期预报中心１９９１年Ｔ１０６Ｌ１９模式和１９９２－１９９３年Ｔ２１３Ｌ３１模式６－８月４８－１４４小时５００ｈＰａ高度场预报和一些环流特征量进行了统计检验。结果表明，ＥＣＭＷＦ模式更新后夏季预报性能不稳定，亚洲地区更为突出；与原模式比，较表般西风带预报水平好于旧模式，而副热带预报水平不及旧模式。     

汛期低涡暴雨预报方法

据１９７４～１９９１年６～８月间暴雨资料统计分析，０８ｈ７００ｈＰａ低涡位于１０４～１０９°Ｅ、３３～３６°Ｎ或１００～１０５°Ｅ、２９～３２°Ｎ时，正阳易出现暴雨；其间，共有暴雨日３７个，低涡暴雨日２５个，占总暴雨８的６７．６％。为此，建立了低涡暴雨模式；首先消空处理，再筛选出一些物理意义明确且相关显著的预报因子，运用事件回归系数法建立低涡暴雨预报方程。经两年应用，预报效果较好。     

贵州省预报关键区T106500hPa高度场的统计检验

通过对１９９７年９月Ｔ１０６５００ｈＰａ高度场４８ｈ,７２ｈ,９６ｈ预报与实况场的对比分析,结果表明,９月份Ｔ１０６５００ｈＰａ高度场４８ｈ,７２ｈ,９６ｈ预报场对我省具有相当高的预报价值。     

1997年9月T106700hPa48h高度场预报检验

选取１９９７年９月Ｔ１０６７００ｈＰａ４８ｈ高度场预报与实况进行对比分析,然后统计了高原上影响系统及副热带低纬系统的预报正确率,发现Ｔ１０６ｈＰａ４８ｈ高度场预报正确率较高,对高原系统预报好于副热带高压预报,对台风位置的预报也较好。     

黑龙江省3—5天大—暴雨过程的自动化预报

根据１９７１－１９９０年６－８月北半球５００ｈＰａ高空图形势场的特征选择相关区，利用欧洲数值预报产品所预报的相关区７２ｈ，９６ｈ，１２０ｈ５００ｈＰａ高度专科一历史资料进行比较，找出最佳相似日，自动输出预报结果。     

河南省分县要素预报业务系统

本系统利用Ｔ１０６数值预报产品提供的１°×１°的预报场格点值。综合了诊断分析、回归分析、判别分析等多种预报技术，制作了河南省１１７个县站预报时效为２４～１２０ｈ的分级降水、最高温度、最低温度、风向、风速的预报方程，并在１９９９年和２０００年投入业务运行。     

利用ERBE和ISCCP资料反演青藏高原地表短波吸收辐射场

利用ＥＲＢＥ和ＩＳＣＣＰ卫星辐射及总云量资料,结合青藏高原地面日射资料,讨论了并提出了该地区地表短波吸收气候反演方法,该法的似合精度较高,平均误差为９．８Ｗ．ｍ＾－２据此计算出７５°Ｅ－９５°豚２５°Ｅ－４０°Ｎ间２．５°＊２．５°经纬网格点和高原６３个站点的各月平均地面吸收辐射通量密度,给制出其在高原的分布图,揭示其基本特征。     

中国西北夏季降水的EOF分析及其与500hPa高度场的关系

本利用我国１１０°Ｅ以西的１４０个台站７－９月月降水量及５００ｈＰａ１０°×５°网格点资料（１９６０－１９９０年），与７－９月月降水量分别进行ＥＯＦ分解，并与５００ｈＰａ高度场进行了对比。结果发现：７－９月月降水量第一特征向量在青藏高原东北侧有一高值中心，该中心与有关学计算的信噪比高值中心和准３年周期显的区域一致（均指降水量）；７－８月月降水量第一特征向量与５００ｈＰａ高度场在２０°－４０°     

数值预报对热带气旋移动路径的预报能力的检验

作者利用１９９５年６－１０月影响南中国海的１０个热带气旋实况资料以及５００ｈＰａ天气图，对日本地面２４小时数值预报和ＥＣＭＷＦ５００ｈＰａ为数值预报产品对热带气旋移动路径的预报能力进行检验和分析，结果表明；１．日本的２４小时地面数值预报对热带气旋的路径趋势有一定的预报能力，它对路径稳定的热带气旋预报能力较好，对热带气旋的突变转折预报能力较差。２．ＥＣＭＷＦ５００ｈＰａ数值预报对热带气旋的移动路长有     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;