砂海螂Mya arenaria Linnaeus核型

作者以鳃为材料 ,用空气干燥法制作染色体标本 ,研究了砂海螂 Mya arenaria L innaeus的核型 ,其核型公式 2 n为 34,2 4 m+ 10 sm,染色体总臂数 NF为 6 8。无端部和亚端部着丝点染色体 ,也无异型染色体     

平鲷不同发育类型的染色体核型分析

研究了平鲷（Rhabdosargus sarba）自然群体和人工诱导雌核发育的染色体核型,结果表明：平鲷自然群体和雌核发育二倍体的染色体没有明显的形态结构差异,数目均为2n=48,中部着丝点染色体2对,亚中部着丝点染色体1对,亚端部着丝点染色体2对,端部着丝点染色体19对,其核型公式为4m＋2sm＋4st＋38t,染色体总臂数（NF）54,染色体上未见随体、次缢痕,也未发现有明显异形的性染色体;雌核发育单倍体染色体数目n=24,中部着丝点染色体有2条,亚中部着丝点染色体1条,亚端部着丝点染色体2条,端部着丝点染色体19条,核型公式为2m＋1sm＋2st＋19t,染色体总臂数（NF）27,单倍体染色体数量是其二倍体染色体的一半,其形态和结构与同源的另一套染色体相似.根据鲷科几种主要鱼类的核型,结合它们之间的杂交后代的性状表现和遗传亲和力、个体发育及其基本生物学特征分析,在分类学上平鲷可以归入鲷属,与黑鲷（Sparus macrocephalus）和黄鳍鲷（Sparus latus）同为一属.     

小荚蛏的核型分析

以小荚蛏(Siliqua minimai Gmelin)担轮幼虫为材料,采用热滴片法进行染色体制备和核型分析。结果表明,小荚蛏二倍体染色体数目为2n=38,核型公式为2n=12m 14sm 10st 2t,染色体臂数(NF)=64,未发现性染色体和随体。与已经研究的大竹蛏、缢蛏和长竹蛏相比,小荚蛏核型更不对称,st/t类型数量更多,推测小荚蛏较为原始。用类平均法对它们进行聚类分析,结果小荚蛏与它们的亲缘关系最远。     

三种海产帘蛤目贝类的核型研究

以大竹蛏、紫石房蛤和中国蛤蜊的鳃组织为材料,经注射植物血球凝集素和秋水仙素处理,低渗作用后,采用滴片法和压片法制片,对3种贝的核型进行了研究.结果表明,3种贝类的二倍体染色体数均为38条,大竹蛏的核型为26m+6sm+2st+4t,NF=0;紫石房蛤的核型为32m+2sm+4st/t,NF=2;中国蛤蜊的核型为20m+16sm+2st/t,NF=4.在3种贝类的染色体中均未发现随体及性染色体.     

鮸状黄姑鱼染色体核型的研究

采用体内注射PHA和染色体常规制片方法对状黄姑鱼 (NibeamiichtheoidesChu,Lo &Wu)的核型进行了研究 ,结果表明状黄姑鱼二倍体染色体数目为2n=48,核型为2n=48t ,臂数NF=48。本文还就鱼类的染色体核型演化趋势进行了探讨。     

法螺(Chanoria tritonis)染色体核型分析

法螺(Chanoria tritonis)是珊瑚敌害生物长棘海星的天敌,在维持珊瑚礁生态系统平衡中具有重要作用。近年来由于人类过量捕杀,法螺数量急剧减少,开展法螺的人工繁育工作迫在眉睫。染色体研究是遗传育种工作的基础。目前,有关法螺的染色体研究在世界范围内尚属空白。本实验以法螺面盘幼虫为材料,采用秋水仙素溶液及低渗溶液处理,热滴片法制片,对染色体进行Giemsa染色来研究法螺的核型。结果表明,法螺染色体二倍体数2n=70,核型为2n=32m+18sm+20st,NF=120。部分分裂相中出现2条异形染色体,是否为性染色体还有待确认。染色体组中第2对和第16对中部着丝粒染色体上具有次缢痕。对我国已进行过染色体核型研究的腹足纲贝类进行统计表明,法螺是目前已知的染色体数目最多的物种。     

缢蛏的染色体研究

于1994年8月在山东省威海和青岛市沿海采集缢蛏,运用PHA每克体重8×10-6g）和秋水仙素（每克体重2—3×10-6g）体内注射法,以其鳃组织为材料,对缢蛏的染色体进行分析研究。结果表明,缢蛏的二倍体数目为2n＝38,核型为26m＋8sm＋2st＋2t,NF＝72。C-带核型展示,有7对染色体恒定地出现C-带,均为端带。银染核型表明,有一对中着丝粒染色体具Ag－NOR带。银染带可以作为一种遗传标记。     

大獭蛤的核型研究

以担轮幼虫(trochophore)为材料,采用秋水仙素活体预处理-低渗-固定-热滴制片-空气干燥-染色,制作染色体标本;对标本进行观察、计数、显微拍照,再运用数理统计、软件处理对大獭蛤(LutrariamaximaJonas)的染色体数目及核型进行了探讨。结果显示,大獭蛤二倍体的染色体数目为34,其核型公式为2n=20m 12sm 2st,NF=76,未发现有异型和具随体的染色体。另外本研究还分析了大獭蛤与蛤蜊科的其它种类之间的核型异同,为探讨它们之间的亲缘关系提供科学依据。     

日本蟳核型分析

以鳃、肝胰腺、心脏、精巢、成熟卵、各期胚胎及溞状幼体等为材料,采用空气干燥法对日本(女寻)(Charybdis japonica)的染色体数目和核型进行了研究.结果表明,发育期的精巢最适宜进行日本(女寻)染色体计数,用眼点期之后的胚胎和溞状幼体制片,适宜做核型分析.日本(女寻)染色体的数目是2,n=114,n=57.核型分析显示,日本(女寻)有中部着丝粒染色体(m)共计17对(第1～17号),亚中部着丝粒染色体(sm)7对(第18～24号),亚端部着丝粒染色体(st)仅1对(第25号),端部着丝粒染色体(t)共计32对(第26～57号).日本(女寻)的核型公式为:2 n=114=34m+14sm+2st+64t,染色体臂数NF=164,未能发现异形性染色体的存在.     

宽额鲈染色体核型研究及制作方法的比较

本文首次在鱼类染色体研究中采用静脉抽血肾细胞制片法获得了形态清晰的宽额鲈染色体核型。同时比较了静脉抽血肾细胞制片法与PHA、秋水仙素腹腔注射肾细胞制片的常规鱼类染色体制片法制片效果上的差异．结果表明，两种制片方法获得的宽额鲈染色体核型均为2n=48=4st 44t，NF=50．静脉抽血肾细胞制片法在获得较好染色体中期分裂相的同时还获得部分染色体后期分裂相。但由于该方法未使用秋水仙素。获得染色体中期分裂相相对较少．     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.