城市钻孔数据地下三维地质建模软件的实现

介绍了基于钻孔数据的城市地下三维地质建模软件的实现过程，提出了基于钻孔数据三维地质建模的总体思路、钻孔数据管理和层序分层方法，还介绍了软件的模块组成及应用实例。建立的软件实现了对城市钻孔数据的三维建模、可视化分析和科学管理，具有丰富的二维成图和三维显示功能，实例的应用也说明本软件是分析城市第四系构造格架和演化的有力工具。     

城市地下空间三维地质模型可视化技术研究

目前,城市地下空间信息化发展面临着海量数据组织、管理和可视化显示等亟需解决的关键问题。本文顺应国家新型智慧城市建设趋势,提出并实现了城市地下空间三维地质模型可视化技术,构建地质三维模型分级数据,按照不规则四叉树结构形成LOD数据;基于构建的三维空间网格码规范编码,运用降维、非布尔运算的方法,实现最大精度化的地下空间模型数据无限逼近的融合;并采用多渲染引擎的混合渲染架构,支持DirectX、WebGL（OpenGL ES）、OSG（OpenGL）和游戏引擎（Unreal Engine）等多引擎渲染,实现TB级地下时空数据的真实感可视化与高效调度,为城市地下空间开发利用提供数据支持和辅助决策分析支撑。     

城市地下空间地质安全风险三维评价方法与实践

城市地下空间地质安全风险三维评价是合理进行地下空间立体化开发、降低开发地质风险的重要手段,但目前尚缺乏系统的研究,工作方法体系仍有待深入探讨。本文在前人工作基础上,对城市地下空间地质安全风险的类型、地质诱因与核心评价指标,以及传统二维评价的局限性进行归纳总结,并结合三维地质建模、三维评价指标体系以及三维空间分析等关键三维方法技术,提出了一套较为系统的城市地下空间地质安全风险三维评价技术方法体系。为验证方法的有效性,在南京市江北新区开展了城市地下空间地质安全风险三维评价实例研究,取得了较好的效果。研究显示该方法体系能够显著提升三维尺度下地下空间地质安全风险评价精度和准确性,为立体化地下空间开发提供有力支持。     

基于地质统计学的吉尔吉斯斯坦库鲁铜金矿三维地质建模

文章以吉尔吉斯库鲁铜金矿床为研究对象,借助Surpac软件建立了矿区三维地质模型;基于地质统计学原理,对样品数据进行三参数对数转换后建立了变异函数结构模型;利用普通克里格和距离幂次反比法分别对矿床进行资源量估算,并以矿区的南矿体为例对估算结果进行分析,绘制矿体在不同方向上品位变化趋势曲线来对模型进行验证与评估。结果表明,采用Surpac软件所建模型可靠,估值精度较高,可为今后合理开发矿山资源提供科学依据。     

Spatial variability of soil organic matter and nutrients in paddy fields at various scales in southeast China

The present study examines the spatial dependency of soil organic matter and nutrients in paddy fields at three different scales using geostatistics and geographic information system techniques (GIS). The spatial variability of soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN) and available phosphorus (AP) has been characterized using a total of 460, 131 and 64 samples that were, respectively, collected from the Hangzhou–Jiaxing–Huzhou (HJH) Plain (10 km), Pinghu county (1,000 m) and a test plot area (100 m) within the Pinghu county, Zhejiang province of the southeast China. Semivariograms showed that the SOM and TN had moderate spatial dependency on the large scale of HJH plain and moderate scale of Pinghu county with long spatial correlation distances. At the moderate scale of Pinghu county and the small scale of a test plot area, the AP data did not show any spatial correlation, but had moderate spatial dependency in HJH plain. Spherical and exponential variogram models were best fitted to all these soil properties. Maps of SOM and TN were generated through interpolation of measured values by ordinary kriging, and AP by lognormal kriging. This study suggests that precision management of SOM and TN is feasible at all scales, and precision management of AP is feasible at large scales.     

成都市中心城区第四系三维地质模型构建与隐伏断裂分析

隐伏断裂的探测是城市地质调查的基本要素。成都中心城区位于成都平原东侧,整体表现为受断裂控制、西陡东缓的陆内逆冲断陷盆地,并以覆盖巨厚的第四纪砂卵石沉积为特征,隐伏断裂发育特征不明,识别难度大。本文基于多年来成都中心城区地铁勘察、房建地基勘察、水文地质调查、基坑探槽等累积的数据,结合实地勘察与其他地学数据整合信息库,运用计算机三维精细建模与可视化技术,建立了成都中心城区精细三维地质模型。结合实测钻孔剖面图,在精细刻画的三维基岩起伏面上识别出两条明显的北东向隐伏断裂,确定了其在中心城区经过的具体位置及展布形态;结合上覆砂卵石层的分布,确认蒲江-新津-成都断裂为主控断裂,早更新世开始活动,双桥子-包江桥断裂为其次级断裂,晚更新世初开始活动;同时发现了一条可能受断裂控制、贯穿市区的北西西向凹陷带。三维地质模型与沉积层等厚线图揭示了隐伏断裂对沉积的控制作用,砂卵石层沉降中心由西北向东南逐渐迁移。此次研究建立了成都中心城区的三维基岩起伏面模型,识别出了隐伏断裂具体位置及其主要特征,为城市地下空间合理利用、科学规划及地震危险性评价等提供了重要的基础资料。     

三维地质模型构建方法的研究及应用

地质体三维建模是地学信息系统的核心问题之一.对三维GIS及地学领域的空间构模方法的现状进行分析,结合地质体工程特点,提出一种三维地学空间构模方法--似三棱柱(STP)法.该方法以似三棱柱体作为三维地质体建模的基本体元,并采用5类基本元素和6组拓扑关系对似三棱柱体的数据结构进行描述.它能有效地表达各种三维地质现象,也可以更好地与传统的多层TIN模型结合,维护好空间实体的拓扑关系.基于本文的建模方法开发了一个适合地质领域的三维GIS初步原型,并用实际钻孔数据进行了验证.     

Development of a parameterization for simulating the urban temperature hazard using satellite observations in climate model

Urban surface temperature is hazardously higher than surrounding regions (so-called urban heat island effect UHI). Accurately simulating urbanization-induced temperature hazard is critical for realistically representing urban regions in the land surface-atmosphere climate system. However, inclusion of urban landscapes in regional or global climate models has been overlooked due to the coarse spatial resolution of these models as well as the lack of observations for urban physical properties. Recently, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Observing System (EOS) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations illustrate important urban physical properties, including skin temperature, surface albedo, surface emissivity, and leaf area index, It is possible to identify the unique urban features globally and thus simulate global urban processes. An urban scheme is designed to represent the urban-modified physical parameters (albedo, emissivity, land cover, roughness length, thermal and hydraulic properties) and to include new, unique physical processes that exist in urban regions. The urban scheme is coupled with National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Land Model Version 2 (CLM2) and single column coupled NCAR Community Atmosphere Model CAM2/CLM2 to assess the mechanisms responsible for UHI. There are two-steps in our model development. First, satellite observations of albedo, emissivity, LAI, and in situ observed thermal properties are updated in CLM2 to represent the first-order urban effects. Second, new terms representing the urban anthropogenic heat flux, storage heat flux, and roughness length are calculated in the model. Model simulations suggest that human activity-induced surface temperature hazard results in overlying atmosphere instability and convective rainfall, which may enhance the possibility of urban flood hazard.

3D ground model development for an active landslide in Lias mudrocks using geophysical,remote sensing and geotechnical methods

A ground model of an active and complex landslide system in instability prone Lias mudrocks of North Yorkshire, UK is developed through an integrated approach, utilising geophysical, geotechnical and remote sensing investigative methods. Surface geomorphology is mapped and interpreted using immersive 3D visualisation software to interpret airborne light detection and ranging data and aerial photographs. Subsurface structure is determined by core logging and 3D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), which is deployed at two scales of resolution to provide a means of volumetrically characterising the subsurface expression of both site scale (tens of metres) geological structure, and finer (metre to sub-metre) scale earth-flow related structures. Petrophysical analysis of the borehole core samples is used to develop relationships between the electrical and physical formation properties, to aid calibration and interpretation of 3D ERT images. Results of the landslide investigation reveal that an integrated approach centred on volumetric geophysical imaging successfully achieves a detailed understanding of structure and lithology of a complex landslide system, which cannot be achieved through the use of remotely sensed data or discrete intrusive sampling alone.     

综合电参数在采煤地区拟建城市区地质结构识别及其评价研究

贵州黔西北地区煤矿资源丰富,因由于煤矿开采导致城市地下地质结构变化而引发安全问题。城市地下空间是城市未来发展的重要增长极,拟建城市规划区地下空间地质结构的识别及评价工作极为重要。文中提出基于电场理论、采空区氧化还原环境及煤区地质规律,综合电阻率、电流、自然电位等多个电参数对采煤区拟建城市区地质结构快速识别的方法,并对强风化层、老窑采空区、煤矿采空区等地质结构特征进行评价,取得成果与实地踏勘、已有工程一致,可为城区建设场地地质灾害危险性评价和地下空间开发利用提供重要依据。该方法具有无损、高效、绿色、低成本等优势,值得进一步研究推广。     

Uncertainty reduction and sampling efficiency in slope designs using 3D conditional random fields

A method of combining 3D Kriging for geotechnical sampling schemes with an existing random field generator is presented and validated. Conditional random fields of soil heterogeneity are then linked with finite elements, within a Monte Carlo framework, to investigate optimum sampling locations and the cost-effective design of a slope. The results clearly demonstrate the potential of 3D conditional simulation in directing exploration programmes and designing cost-saving structures; that is, by reducing uncertainty and improving the confidence in a project’s success. Moreover, for the problems analysed, an optimal sampling distance of half the horizontal scale of fluctuation was identified.     

基于三维地质模型的河南韩梁铝土矿成矿分析及资源量估算

依据河南省鲁山—宝丰韩梁地区铝土矿的地质特征,利用Surpac 6.3矿业软件建立了该矿区的地质数据库及地层、矿体、断层和地表模型,形象表达了矿区的地形地貌和矿体的产状及空间关系。推断出矿床形成的环境和成因,应用块体模型和距离幂次反比法对矿体的品位分布和资源量进行了动态估算,表明块体估算资源量的方法可靠准确,提高了储量估算的效率,为勘查工作提供了可靠的参考和科学依据。     

机载LiDAR与地面三维激光扫描在贵州水城独家寨崩塌地质灾害风险调查中的应用

在贵州岩溶山区开展地质灾害风险调查时,由于局部存在高差较大的复杂山体,传统的地面调查手段往往具有局限性。为有效地识别及测量潜在的高位隐蔽性地质灾害隐患,采用无人机载LiDAR和地面三维激光扫描的方法,通过“俯视”数据与“正视”数据相融合,可完整、精确地获取崩塌危岩带的高精度点云及三维模型等数据。以贵州省水城区鸡场镇独家寨崩塌为例,通过野外数据采集-原始点云处理-不同数据融合-整体着色修复等步骤,最后得到研究区高精度三维模型数据,在此基础上对岩体结构和裂隙进行提取,解译出层面和两组节理裂隙产状,进而有效识别危岩体的空间分布,并基于网格划分方法计算出危岩带的规模约6.6×104 m3。结果表明无人机载LiDAR与地面三维激光扫描相融合的方法可优势互补,具有可操作性强、精度高、识别准等特点,可有效地获取解译并识别危岩体的分布及规模,为后续稳定性分析及风险评价提供基础。     

Foliation fields and 3D cartography in geology: Principles of a method based on potential interpolation

A modeling method that takes into account known points on a geological interface and plane orientation data such as stratification or foliation planes is described and tested. The orientations data do not necessarily belong to one of the interfaces but are assumed to sample the main anisotropy of a geological formation as in current geological situations. The problem is to determine the surfaces which pass through the known points on interfaces and which are compatible with the orientation data. The method is based on the interpolation of a scalar field defined in the space the gradient in which is orthogonal to the orientations, given that some points have the same but unknown scalar value (points of the same interface), and that scalar gradient is known on the other points (foliations). The modeled interfaces are represented as isovalues of the interpolated field. Preliminary two-dimensional tests carried-out with different covariance models demonstrate the validity of the method, which is easily transposable in three dimensions.     

水利水电三维地质模型覆盖层建模技术研究

近几年,建立水利水电三维地质模型成为地质工作者分析工程地质现象和掌握岩土体结构规律的一种新的有用手段。在CATIA软件的基础上,利用Visual Basic.net编程开发了适用于水利水电行业的三维地质建模平台,系统介绍了该三维地质建模平台,该平台包括覆盖层、地质层、水文层、模型分析、模型剖切、有限元分析等基本模块,结合三维地质建模软件提出了地质模型的覆盖层建模流程;针对建模过程中一些关键技术问题做了详细的分析研究,如原始数据处理、曲面分割、曲面缝合等。同时,该软件可实现对已建好的三维地质模型进行质量检测与修复,以保证地质模型的可靠性,最后利用该建模平台建立了某水电站的三维地质模型,利用平台的切割功能实现模型的任意位置、任意角度的二维剖切,以满足工程设计的需要。     

模糊数学评判山东省枣庄地质灾害现状与发展趋势

枣庄市是山东省地质环境脆弱、地质灾害多发地区之一,近十几年来,采空塌陷、岩溶塌陷、崩塌、地裂缝等灾害频繁发生,人们的生存环境进一步恶化,成为经济社会进一步发展的主要制约因素之一。论文根据多年的研究成果,通过选取评判指标建立模糊数学评判模型对枣庄市地质灾害现状及发展趋势进行评判,并以地质灾害发育涉及的区域按照地质灾害类型及主要地质灾害发育程度进行评判分区。评判指标选取基本符合枣庄地质灾害现状实际,所建立的评判模型能够反映枣庄市地质灾害现状及发展趋势。     

The southeastern border of the Upper Rhine Graben: a 3D geological model and its importance for tectonics and groundwater flow

A 3D geological model of the area east of Basel on the southeastern border of the Upper Rhine Graben, consisting of 47 faults and six stratigraphic horizons relevant for groundwater flow, was developed using borehole data, geological maps, geological cross sections, and outcrop data. This model provides new insight into the discussions about the kinematics of the area between the southeastern border of the Upper Rhine Graben and the Tabular Jura east of Basel. A 3D analysis showed that both thin-skinned and thick-skinned tectonic elements occur in the modeled area and that the Anticline and a series of narrow graben structures developed simultaneously during an extensional stress-field varying from E–W to SSE–NNW, which lasted from the Middle Eocene to Late Oligocene. In a new approach the faults and horizons of the 3D geological model were transferred into discrete elements with distributed hydrogeological properties in order to simulate the 3D groundwater flow regime within the modeled aquifers. A three-layer approach with a horizontal regularly spaced grid combined with an irregular property distribution of transmissivity in depth permitted the piezometric head of the steady-state model to be automatically calibrated to corresponding measurements using more than 200 piezometers. Groundwater modeling results demonstrated that large-scale industrial pumping affected the groundwater flow field in the Upper Muschelkalk aquifer at distances of up to 2 km to the south. The results of this research will act as the basis for further model developments, including salt dissolution and solute transport in the area, and may ultimately help to provide predictions for widespread land subsidence risks.     

The use of 3-D mapping in geological research and risks analysis: evaluation of a water supply project in the Kathmandu-Melamchi Area

Using 2-D and 3-D multi satellite data (SPOT and LANDSAT TM) in a GIS allows us to produce 3-D digital elevation maps (DEM) through the techniques of remote sensing (RS) analysis and computer aided mapping. In the field of geotechnical research, since 1992, some works have been made in cooperation with ICIMOD-MENRIS, the department of Mines and Geology in Nepal, and the bilateral cooperation from both France and Germany. The use of 2-D and 3-D digital maps to geological and geotechnical research and risks analysis, concerns here the evaluation of the new water supply project Kathmandu-Melamchi proposed by WHO-UNDP and the World Bank. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

雄安新区工程地质勘查数据集成与三维地质结构模型构建

雄安新区位于太行山以东平原区,100 m以浅地层以冲洪积冲湖积砂层和黏土层为主,工程地质条件良好。中国地质调查局组织实施了工程地质勘查工作,获取了百余个钻孔的地层、标贯、测试等地质数据,形成了雄安新区工程地质勘查技术方法体系,建立了工程地质钻孔数据库及三维模型,为雄安新区规划建设提供了有力支撑。本文从工程地质钻探数据获取、数据集成方法、地质资料处理技术等方面进行了整理和归纳,利用三维可视化软件建立工程地质三维结构模型。以雄安新区工程地质勘查数据集应用的实例,为城市地质调查和数据集处理及应用提供参考。