城市钻孔数据地下三维地质建模软件的实现

介绍了基于钻孔数据的城市地下三维地质建模软件的实现过程，提出了基于钻孔数据三维地质建模的总体思路、钻孔数据管理和层序分层方法，还介绍了软件的模块组成及应用实例。建立的软件实现了对城市钻孔数据的三维建模、可视化分析和科学管理，具有丰富的二维成图和三维显示功能，实例的应用也说明本软件是分析城市第四系构造格架和演化的有力工具。     

Development of a parameterization for simulating the urban temperature hazard using satellite observations in climate model

Urban surface temperature is hazardously higher than surrounding regions (so-called urban heat island effect UHI). Accurately simulating urbanization-induced temperature hazard is critical for realistically representing urban regions in the land surface-atmosphere climate system. However, inclusion of urban landscapes in regional or global climate models has been overlooked due to the coarse spatial resolution of these models as well as the lack of observations for urban physical properties. Recently, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Observing System (EOS) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations illustrate important urban physical properties, including skin temperature, surface albedo, surface emissivity, and leaf area index, It is possible to identify the unique urban features globally and thus simulate global urban processes. An urban scheme is designed to represent the urban-modified physical parameters (albedo, emissivity, land cover, roughness length, thermal and hydraulic properties) and to include new, unique physical processes that exist in urban regions. The urban scheme is coupled with National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Land Model Version 2 (CLM2) and single column coupled NCAR Community Atmosphere Model CAM2/CLM2 to assess the mechanisms responsible for UHI. There are two-steps in our model development. First, satellite observations of albedo, emissivity, LAI, and in situ observed thermal properties are updated in CLM2 to represent the first-order urban effects. Second, new terms representing the urban anthropogenic heat flux, storage heat flux, and roughness length are calculated in the model. Model simulations suggest that human activity-induced surface temperature hazard results in overlying atmosphere instability and convective rainfall, which may enhance the possibility of urban flood hazard.

三维地质模型构建方法的研究及应用

地质体三维建模是地学信息系统的核心问题之一.对三维GIS及地学领域的空间构模方法的现状进行分析,结合地质体工程特点,提出一种三维地学空间构模方法--似三棱柱(STP)法.该方法以似三棱柱体作为三维地质体建模的基本体元,并采用5类基本元素和6组拓扑关系对似三棱柱体的数据结构进行描述.它能有效地表达各种三维地质现象,也可以更好地与传统的多层TIN模型结合,维护好空间实体的拓扑关系.基于本文的建模方法开发了一个适合地质领域的三维GIS初步原型,并用实际钻孔数据进行了验证.     

Foliation fields and 3D cartography in geology: Principles of a method based on potential interpolation

A modeling method that takes into account known points on a geological interface and plane orientation data such as stratification or foliation planes is described and tested. The orientations data do not necessarily belong to one of the interfaces but are assumed to sample the main anisotropy of a geological formation as in current geological situations. The problem is to determine the surfaces which pass through the known points on interfaces and which are compatible with the orientation data. The method is based on the interpolation of a scalar field defined in the space the gradient in which is orthogonal to the orientations, given that some points have the same but unknown scalar value (points of the same interface), and that scalar gradient is known on the other points (foliations). The modeled interfaces are represented as isovalues of the interpolated field. Preliminary two-dimensional tests carried-out with different covariance models demonstrate the validity of the method, which is easily transposable in three dimensions.     

模糊数学评判山东省枣庄地质灾害现状与发展趋势

枣庄市是山东省地质环境脆弱、地质灾害多发地区之一,近十几年来,采空塌陷、岩溶塌陷、崩塌、地裂缝等灾害频繁发生,人们的生存环境进一步恶化,成为经济社会进一步发展的主要制约因素之一。论文根据多年的研究成果,通过选取评判指标建立模糊数学评判模型对枣庄市地质灾害现状及发展趋势进行评判,并以地质灾害发育涉及的区域按照地质灾害类型及主要地质灾害发育程度进行评判分区。评判指标选取基本符合枣庄地质灾害现状实际,所建立的评判模型能够反映枣庄市地质灾害现状及发展趋势。     

The southeastern border of the Upper Rhine Graben: a 3D geological model and its importance for tectonics and groundwater flow

A 3D geological model of the area east of Basel on the southeastern border of the Upper Rhine Graben, consisting of 47 faults and six stratigraphic horizons relevant for groundwater flow, was developed using borehole data, geological maps, geological cross sections, and outcrop data. This model provides new insight into the discussions about the kinematics of the area between the southeastern border of the Upper Rhine Graben and the Tabular Jura east of Basel. A 3D analysis showed that both thin-skinned and thick-skinned tectonic elements occur in the modeled area and that the Anticline and a series of narrow graben structures developed simultaneously during an extensional stress-field varying from E–W to SSE–NNW, which lasted from the Middle Eocene to Late Oligocene. In a new approach the faults and horizons of the 3D geological model were transferred into discrete elements with distributed hydrogeological properties in order to simulate the 3D groundwater flow regime within the modeled aquifers. A three-layer approach with a horizontal regularly spaced grid combined with an irregular property distribution of transmissivity in depth permitted the piezometric head of the steady-state model to be automatically calibrated to corresponding measurements using more than 200 piezometers. Groundwater modeling results demonstrated that large-scale industrial pumping affected the groundwater flow field in the Upper Muschelkalk aquifer at distances of up to 2 km to the south. The results of this research will act as the basis for further model developments, including salt dissolution and solute transport in the area, and may ultimately help to provide predictions for widespread land subsidence risks.     

The use of 3-D mapping in geological research and risks analysis: evaluation of a water supply project in the Kathmandu-Melamchi Area

Using 2-D and 3-D multi satellite data (SPOT and LANDSAT TM) in a GIS allows us to produce 3-D digital elevation maps (DEM) through the techniques of remote sensing (RS) analysis and computer aided mapping. In the field of geotechnical research, since 1992, some works have been made in cooperation with ICIMOD-MENRIS, the department of Mines and Geology in Nepal, and the bilateral cooperation from both France and Germany. The use of 2-D and 3-D digital maps to geological and geotechnical research and risks analysis, concerns here the evaluation of the new water supply project Kathmandu-Melamchi proposed by WHO-UNDP and the World Bank. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

雄安新区工程地质勘查数据集成与三维地质结构模型构建

雄安新区位于太行山以东平原区,100 m以浅地层以冲洪积冲湖积砂层和黏土层为主,工程地质条件良好。中国地质调查局组织实施了工程地质勘查工作,获取了百余个钻孔的地层、标贯、测试等地质数据,形成了雄安新区工程地质勘查技术方法体系,建立了工程地质钻孔数据库及三维模型,为雄安新区规划建设提供了有力支撑。本文从工程地质钻探数据获取、数据集成方法、地质资料处理技术等方面进行了整理和归纳,利用三维可视化软件建立工程地质三维结构模型。以雄安新区工程地质勘查数据集应用的实例,为城市地质调查和数据集处理及应用提供参考。     

Crustal memory and basin evolution in the Central European Basin System—new insights from a 3D structural model

The Central European Basin System (CEBS) is composed of a series of subbasins, the largest of which are (1) the Norwegian–Danish Basin (2), the North German Basin extending westward into the southern North Sea and (3) the Polish Basin. A 3D structural model of the CEBS is presented, which integrates the thickness of the crust below the Permian and five layers representing the Permian–Cenozoic sediments. Structural interpretations derived from the 3D model and from backstripping are discussed with respect to published seismic data. The analysis of structural relationships across the CEBS suggests that basin evolution was controlled to a large degree by the presence of major zones of crustal weakness. The NW–SE-striking Tornquist Zone, the Ringkøbing-Fyn High (RFH) and the Elbe Fault System (EFS) provided the borders for the large Permo–Mesozoic basins, which developed along axes parallel to these fault systems. The Tornquist Zone, as the most prominent of these zones, limited the area affected by Permian–Cenozoic subsidence to the north. Movements along the Tornquist Zone, the margins of the Ringkøbing-Fyn High and the Elbe Fault System could have influenced basin initiation. Thermal destabilization of the crust between the major NW–SE-striking fault systems, however, was a second factor controlling the initiation and subsidence in the Permo–Mesozoic basins. In the Triassic, a change of the regional stress field caused the formation of large grabens (Central Graben, Horn Graben, Glückstadt Graben) perpendicular to the Tornquist Zone, the Ringkøbing-Fyn High and the Elbe Fault System. The resulting subsidence pattern can be explained by a superposition of declining thermal subsidence and regional extension. This led to a dissection of the Ringkøbing-Fyn High, resulting in offsets of the older NW–SE elements by the younger N–S elements. In the Late Cretaceous, the NW–SE elements were reactivated during compression, the direction of which was such that it did not favour inversion of N–S elements. A distinct change in subsidence controlling factors led to a shift of the main depocentre to the central North Sea in the Cenozoic. In this last phase, N–S-striking structures in the North Sea and NW–SE-striking structures in The Netherlands are reactivated as subsidence areas which are in line with the direction of present maximum compression. The Moho topography below the CEBS varies over a wide range. Below the N–S-trending Cenozoic depocentre in the North Sea, the crust is only 20 km thick compared to about 30 km below the largest part of the CEBS. The crust is up to 40 km thick below the Ringkøbing-Fyn High and up to 45 km along the Teisseyre–Tornquist Zone. Crustal thickness gradients are present across the Tornquist Zone and across the borders of the Ringkøbing-Fyn High but not across the Elbe Fault System. The N–S-striking structural elements are generally underlain by a thinner crust than the other parts of the CEBS.The main fault systems in the Permian to Cenozoic sediment fill of the CEBS are located above zones in the deeper crust across which a change in geophysical properties as P-wave velocities or gravimetric response is observed. This indicates that these structures served as templates in the crustal memory and that the prerift configuration of the continental crust is a major controlling factor for the subsequent basin evolution.