中国遥感技术在考古中的应用与发展

遥感技术的日新月异以及考古学的新目标、新需要不断出现, 利用遥感技术进行田野考古研究的工作已经取得长足进展。回顾了遥感考古的历史, 介绍了遥感技术在大遗址探测中的优势与作用, 以当前遥感考古与虚拟考古研究为例, 对遥感考古发展中面临的问题进行了概述。     

Multi-frequency satellite radar imaging of cultural heritage: the case studies of the Yumen Frontier Pass and Niya ruins in the Western Regions of the Silk Road Corridor

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) remote sensing is increasingly favoured in archaeological applications. However, the effectiveness of this technology for archaeological prospection has so far not been fully assessed. In this study, an integrated single-date and multi-temporal SAR data-processing chain was proposed to sharpen archaeological signs and hence their detection and monitoring. In total, 14 scenes of X-band Cosmo-SkyMed, C-band Sentinel-1 and L-band PALSAR data covering the Western Regions of the Silk Road Corridor in China were employed for two important archaeological sites including the Yumen Frontier Pass with emerging archaeological traces and Niya ruins with subsurface remains. The results pointed out that single-date satellite radar data were useful for the identification of subsurface traces buried under desert in the landscape-scale, whereas for the identification of emerging monuments, Sentinel-1 was limited by its lower spatial resolution compared to TerraSAR and PALSAR data. Multi-date products, such as interferometric coherence, the averaged radar signatures and RGB multi-temporal composites, were effective to sharpen archaeological traces as well as for change detection in Yumen Frontier Pass. This study presents a pilot assessment of satellite SAR data for the analysis and monitoring of archaeological features in the predominantly arid-sandy environmental characteristic of investigated sites.     

基于GIS的巢湖流域考古信息系统研究与建设

基于地理信息系统(GIS)技术建立"巢湖流域的考古地理信息系统",为考古发掘、研究以及文化遗产保护提供了一种数字化的手段与方法。建立了考古信息系统的属性数据库和空间数据库,并详细地介绍了数据的采集与处理、空间查询与检索、空间模拟与分析、知识获取与空间决策支持等主要功能及其研究与实现的途径。     

Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs), GIS,and Remote Sensing: The West Virginia University Example

Abstract

Remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) scientists and educators in general are utilizing global web sources for information of the latest developments in the use of satellite and GIS approaches, as well as to understand more fully environmental and natural resources processes in various geographic settings. West Virginia University (WVU) has embarked on a pioneering approach (as only the second university worldwide) to archive graduate theses and dissertations in electronic format with worldwide web access. This study illustrates the type of remote sensing and GIS research available through WVU's worldwide web ETD archive, and its potential uses by educators at a variety of levels of the education system for understanding remote sensing and GIS methodologies, as well as environmental and natural resource processes. Keywords: Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, West Virginia University, Electronic Thesis and Dissertation (ETD).     

长城资源三维地理信息系统的构建与应用——以吐鲁番长城资源管理系统为例

按照国家关于文物信息化的有关要求,以及测绘、地理信息相关规范标准,通过采购硬件设备与基础软硬件,搭建文物信息基础运行环境,同时通过遥感影像数据采购、无人机航摄、数据资料整理等方式建立长城资源综合数据库,构建二三维一体化长城资源"一张图"模式.在此基础上,搭建二三维一体化GIS平台,为长城资源三维地理信息应用系统提供数据管理、处理、应用平台接口.并基于基础GIS开发平台,搭建面向吐鲁番长城资源管理的三维地理信息管理平台和面向社会公众的长城资源信息发布系统,为长城资源管理者与社会公众提供信息化管理与宣传展示平台.本文对吐鲁番境内62处军事设施遗址、13条古道、5处重要城址等开展的三维地理信息管理系统建设,为后期研究、保护、展示、考古资源管理及公众教育奠定了坚实的基础.     

Examining the Phenological Cycle of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Using Satellite and in situ Spectroradiometer Measurements for the Detection of Buried Archaeological Remains

The detection of buried archaeological remains using satellite remote sensing is still an open question in archaeological research. This research investigates how the phenological stages of crops can be used support the detection of buried archaeological remains. Ground remote sensing data using the GER-1500 spectroradiometer were obtained from two sites. One site was the Neolithic settlements in central Greece and the other was in Alampra village in Cyprus. For the latter, an archaeological environment was simulated and ground spectroradiometric measurements were systematically acquired over the different phases of the phenological cycle of barley crops. The acquired in situ reflectance measurements have been converted to "in-band" reflectance values of the Landsat TM/ETM+ using the satellite relative spectral responses filters (RSR). Based on the proposed methodology, 97 Landsat MSS, TM, and ETM+ satellite images were acquired (covering a period from 1983 to 2011), for the Thessalian (Greek) site. It has been found that phenological-cycle observations can provide valuable information for identifying buried archaeological remains. Such observations may be used in cases where the spatial resolution of satellite imagery is not high and therefore cannot help support the detection of archaeological remains using standard interpretation techniques.     

Remote sensing heritage in a petabyte-scale: satellite data and heritage Earth Engine© applications

ABSTRACT

This paper aims to demonstrate results and considerations regarding the use of remote sensing big data for archaeological and Cultural Heritage management large scale applications. For this purpose, the Earth Engine© developed by Google© was exploited. Earth Engine© provides a robust and expandable cloud platform where several freely distributed remote sensing big data, such as Landsat, can be accessed, analysed and visualized. Two different applications are presented here as follows: the first one is based on the evaluation of multi-temporal Landsat series datasets for the detection of buried Neolithic tells (‘magoules’) in the area of Thessaly, in Greece using linear orthogonal equations. The second case exploits European scale multi-temporal DMSP-OLS Night-time Lights Time Series to visualize the impact of urban sprawl in the vicinity of UNESCO World Heritage sites and monuments. Both applications highlight the considerable opportunities that big data can offer to the fields of archaeology and Cultural Heritage, while the studies also demonstrate the great challenges that still are needed to be overcome in order to make the exploitation of big data process manageable and fruitful for future applications.     

Monitoring the source of trans-national dust storms in north east Asia

Abstract

The vast expanse of the Gobi desert across the Mongolian plateau experiences frequent dust storms. In this isolated region remote sensing techniques can provide an effective measurement of dust storms. Brightness temperature channels 4, 5 of AVHRR/NOAA satellite data, emissive bands of MODIS/TERRA satellite data and meteorological station measurement data were used and tested for dust and sandstorm mapping in the desert area of Mongolia and northern China. The differences between thermal bands in combination with geographic information system (GIS) layers were used for mapping in this study. The results show that dust and sand storm maps can be achieved from emissive bands for monitoring of dust and sandstorms. Most active dust storm sources can occur in truly remote areas where there is little or no human activity, although many sources are associated with areas where human impacts are well documented. Thus, on a regional scale dust mobilisation appears to be dominated by natural sources.     

Identification of Artificial Recharge Sites for Noyyal River Basin Using GIS and Remote Sensing

The water is a nature’s valuable gift to all life forms. Water quality and quantity plays a major role for the growth and development of community. Both natural and human factors influence the quality and quantity of water source. Depending upon the quality and quantity of groundwater it can be used for various purposes, such as drinking, agricultural and industrial. Due to revolution in industries and various anthropogenic sources in the past decades, groundwater has been polluted and depleted. Remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) has become one of the leading tools in the field of hydrogeological science, which helps in assessing, monitoring and conserving groundwater resources. GIS technology provides suitable alternatives for efficient management of large and complex databases. In recent years, the increasing use of satellite remote sensing data has made it easier to define the spatial distribution of different groundwater prospect classes on the basis of geomorphology and other associated parameters. Analysis of remotely sensed data along with Survey of India(SOI) topographical sheets and collateral information with necessary field checks helps in generating the base line information for artificial recharge. The artificial recharge sites were identified by integrating thematic maps of geology, geomorphology, slope, drainage density and lineament density of the study area. The study focuses on the development of remote sensing and GIS based analysis and methodology for identifying artificial recharge studies in Noyyal river basin.     

Spotting historical monuments and sites from ‘SPOT’ image

Historical monuments and sites are mirrors of human beings’ past life and reflect their genius, perfection, sensitivity and changing attitude towards life and nature. Their protection and preservation should be a part of national policy of economic and physical development. But unmindful execution of public works schemes, expansion of urban areas are causing irreparable damage to this cultural heritage. Improper mapping and listing is other fallacy which intentionally or unintentionally leads the planners and developers to prepare development scheme without taking location and extent of historic monuments and sites into consideration. Here an attempt has been made to develop an interpretation key for mapping of historical monuments and sites by using SPOT satellite image of Delhi and comparison of image and acrial photograph for a small sample area.     

地震灾害损失评估数据库的设计与建立──以唐山地震为例

建立地震灾害损失评估数据库是以ＩＬＷＩＳ和ＰＣＡＲＣ／ＩＮＦＯＧＩＳ软件为工作平台。它能支持矢量格式的专题图件、栅格形成的遥感数据及关系表中的属性数据；它还可以实现矢量－栅格转换；而且数据库中的属性数据作为一个独立的关系表格存贮，并对应于其相关的空间单元。该数据库是以１９７６年唐山地震的航空遥感资料为基础，主要分３步进行。第一：建立地震区的基础地理数据库，包括：地理坐标、河流水系、县级行政区、公路、铁路和居民点；第二：应用航空遥感数据（航空影象）进行震区建筑物倒毁、生命线工程破坏及场地震害的分类分级，建立地震灾害数据库；第三：在ＧＩＳ支持下，生成高烈度区包络线，并进行地震灾害据失评估。     

西部遥感发展现状与前景展望

西部遥感经过20多年的发展,已经形成了航天、航空、地面探测以及与GIS相结合的较完善的遥感技术应用研究体系,是西部地区资源、环境、灾害调查与监测的重要技术支撑。本文首先回顾了西部遥感技术应用试验研究,总结了西部遥感在各领域的应用现状并择要列举了部分成果,最后结合西部大开发的需求,阐述了西部遥感今后发展前景与对策。     

徽州古村落开发与保护中的空间信息技术应用探究

徽州古村落在世界文化遗产联合申报和保护中需要新的理论方法和技术手段的支撑,以地理信息系统（GIS）、遥感（RS）、全球定位系统（GPS）为核心的空间信息技术正日益成为历史文化遗产保护管理中不可忽视的技术手段。本文分析了徽州古村落文化遗产保护目前面临的困境,研究了在徽州古村落历史文化遗产保护中应用空间信息技术理论实践,努力结合实践探讨空间信息技术应用的技术路线和方法。     

Synergistic Application of Optical and Radar Data for Archaeological Exploration in the Talakadu Region,Karnataka

Talakadu is a well known historic place situated on bank of the river Cauvery in Mysore district of Karnataka. The place is close to concave side of a prominent meander where large amount of sand has accumulated. It is believed that after construction of a reservoir upstream, sand was exposed to wind action burying the structures of Ganga dynasty and other later kingdoms. A number of buried sites have been identified by archaeological excavations conducted so far. Presently the area forms sand dunes with thick plantation cover. Analysis of RADAR data (fine beam RADARSAT and ENVISAT ASAR) led to identifying a hitherto unknown buried channel through the Old Talakadu town adjoining the excavated archaeological sites. The study suggests that RADAR penetration through the plantation canopy seems to have occurred as observed by comparing with corresponding optical data of LISS-IV. Below the canopy, sand and shrubs on top of the channel (topographically low area) are acting as smooth surface providing dark tone on radar imagery. During field validation GPS was extensively used to navigate through the forest canopy and locate the buried channel, excavated archaeological sites as well as other anomalous patterns. Synergistic application of optical (RESOURCESAT-1 LISS-IV and CARTOSAT-1 & 2) and radar (fine beam RADARSAT and ENVISAT ASAR) data led to identifying remote sensing based guides for archaeological exploration. Integration of known archaeological sites with the identified anomalous patterns was done in GIS environment. This study adds on to the knowledge base of the site and compliments already known information and suggested new areas for further archaeological exploration.     

RS与GIS技术在库区地质灾害调查中的应用研究

本文以黄河班多一级水电站库区地质灾害调查为例,利用RS与GIS技术进行地质灾害信息提取与分析。在对卫星影像信息进行增强处理的基础上,通过GIS数据管理和空间分析功能对多源数据进行叠加分析,利用可视化工具—虚拟地理信息系统(VirtualGIS)构建研究区三维场景,多方位、多角度挖掘地质灾害信息。结果表明:采用RS与GIS技术可以快速、准确、高效地提取地质灾害信息和与之相关的地表信息,实现地质灾害调查与分析的目的。     

驱动山区农业产业遥感监测的GMG协同系统建设与应用

由于喀斯特山区地貌的支离破碎、地形的高低起伏及气候的多云与雾,难以通过常规遥感手段实现大范围农作物的快速监测,针对该情况,本文研发了内外业一体化的GMG协同系统。该系统利用GPS的精准定位、多媒体的丰富语义及GIS的数据处理优势,多向驱动贵州山区农业产业遥感监测。实践表明,该系统快速实现了省域监测中解译样本的多样性,有效弥补了局部区域内遥感监测的局限性,同时检验了解译数据的准确性。     

Imagery Scale and Type for Natural Hazards Analysis: Classroom Examples Using Forest Fires and Snow Avalanches

Abstract

The type of remotely sensed imagery best suited for natural hazards analysis is largely dependent on the geographic size and discreteness of the hazard in question. Some forms of imagery that are appropriate for analyses of spatially fixed, relatively fine‐scale hazards are inappropriate for use with geographically widespread and transient hazards, and vice versa. In this paper we utilize one study area, Waterton‐Glacier International Peace Park (Canada and USA), and two natural hazard types (snow avalanches and forest fires), to illustrate how these remote sensing principles can be presented to students of natural hazards. We also address the issue of familiarity, or lack thereof, that students have with different images from a variety of platforms.     

基于东亚飞蝗生育周期的遥感蝗灾监测新模式

当前 ,国际遥感蝗灾监测的技术路线一般是爆发蝗灾后受损面积、程度的监测与评价 ,研究灾害的有效预警与预测方法 ,对防灾减灾更具有现实意义。通过连续 2 0 0 1、2 0 0 2年连续实地对渤海湾夏蝗孵化期、生长期和成虫期等 7个阶段的野外观测 ,对蝗虫生境物理和生物依赖条件样方统计、光谱测试和遥感机理实验 ,提出了“飞蝗生育周期遥感三段监测”的论点 ,根据这个论点将遥感监测设计为 3个阶段 :(1 )孵化期水热条件遥感反演 ;(2 )生长期食量猛增遥感监测芦苇叶面积指数和植被盖度变化 ;(3)成虫期寻找新食源对芦苇盖度 (温度 )和地表水条件 ,进而对聚集条件和迁移方向的分析指导灭蝗。有效发挥了遥感连续动态观测的技术特点 ,为建立环渤海湾东亚飞蝗遥感监测体系提供了基本技术路线 ,介绍的思路与方法也可以对森林病虫害等大规模突发病虫灾害起到借鉴作用     

移动GIS在广州市文化遗产普查中的应用研究

采用移动GIS可以实现文化遗产信息管理的准确性、及时性、科学性,可以提高文化遗产保护及考古工作的科技含量与管理水平。本文介绍了基于GIS终端的文化遗产信息快速采集技术,通过统一的内、外业调研平台改变了以往内外业工作割裂的模式,外业现场采集的文化遗产空间信息和属性信息可以直接导入到最终的内业数据管理平台,减少了中间环节,达到提高文化遗产信息采集作业效率和采集数据快速入库的目的。     

基于多时相DOM的线性文化遗产自动化监测

提出一种将遥感技术应用到线性文化遗产的自动化监测方法,即基于多时相数字正射影像图（digital orthophoto map,DOM）,运用多波段差值法以及面向对象分类监测方法,对线性文化遗产（以苏州宝带桥段遗产保护区为例）进行了自动化监测研究。实验结果表明,两种方法均可用于线性文化遗产自动化监测,但面向对象的分类监测法对连续的、大面积的地物变化更有效,多波段差值法对离散的地物变化更加敏感。该研究为我国线性文化遗产自动化监测与保护提供了思路,具有一定的推广价值。