龙门山南段(芦山段)旅游资源遥感调查与评价

芦山县地处龙门山南段,是成都平原向龙门山山地过渡的地带,特殊的地质、地貌条件和人类活动造就了区内山体、峡谷、岩溶、瀑布、湖泊、河流、森林和花卉等一大批自然景观,同时孕育了大批极具旅游价值的人文景观。这些旅游景观多以点状方式散布在全县范围内,人们对于全县的旅游资源,尤其是自然景观的分布范围和规模没有一个全面的认识,为此必须对芦山县的旅游资源进行大范围的调查。但是逐一调查每个景观难度较大,也难以从宏观和微观两个层次上去把握资源的分布和特征,本文利用ETM遥感图像,按照先解译自然景观,再结合其他资料间接判定人文景观的方法,实现了对区内旅游资源的调查和评价。     

Coloured Roads on Ordnance Survey First Edition 1 : 2500 Plans and One-Inch Maps 1897–1935, and the Rights Of Way Disclaimer

Abstract

In 1892 a government committee of inquiry into the Ordnance Survey suggested that the Survey should make a distinction between public and private second class roads at the one-inch scale. This study is confined to England and Wales and looks at the nineteenth-century practice of colouring roads on the large-scale plans, and compares the representation of coloured rural roads on early Ordnance Survey one-inch maps with near contemporary highway records of the county of Huntingdonshire, sixteen rural district councils in six counties and an estate in Suffolk. The results show that all but four of the coloured roads on the one-inch maps in these areas are recorded as publicly maintainable highways.     

Reviews

Abstract

Vegetation and rural land use show some of the greatest variety both in what and in how they are depicted on topographic maps. This paper discusses the various approaches that have been adopted to the selection of information to be shown on non-specialist maps. It also looks at the different ways in which vegetation and rural land use are depicted on a range of published map.     

Arno Peters—The Man,The Map,The Message

Abstract

At the present time, relatively few cartographic staff are directly involved in automation, and we are still in the phase mainly of research and development. Nevertheless, the educational implications of automation are considerable, as major changes in the systems of map production are bound to affect the content and requirements of educational programmes.     

Application of remote sensing for investigating mining geological hazards

Abstract

To investigate geological mining hazards using digital techniques such as high-resolution remote sensing, a semi-automatically geological mining hazards extraction method is proposed based on the case of the Shijiaying coal mine, located in Fangshan District, Beijing, China. In the method, the vegetation is first removed using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) on the GeoEye-1 data. Then, geological mining hazards interpretation features are determined after color enhancement using principal component analysis (PCA) transformation. Bitmaps mainly covered by geological mining hazards are isolated by masking operation in the environment for visualizing images software. Next, each bitmap is classified into a two-valued imagery using support vector machine algorithm. In the two-valued imagery, 1 denotes the geological mining hazards, while 0 denotes none. Afterwards, the two-valued imagery is converted into a vector graph by corresponding functions in the ArcGIS software and no geological mining hazards regions in the vector graph are deleted manually. Finally, the correlation between factors (such as mining activity, lithology, geological structure, and slope) and geological mining hazards is analyzed using a logistic regression and a hazardous-area forecasting model is built. The results of field verification show that the accuracy of the geological mining hazards extraction method is 98.1% and the results of the hazardous-area forecasting indicate that the logistic regression is an effective model in assessing geological hazard risks and that mining activity is the main contributing factor to the hazards, while geological structure, slope, lithology, roughness of the surface, and aspect are the secondary.     

Population Enumeration on a Grid Square Basis: The Census of Scotland,a Test Case

Abstract

After examination of the existing Census organisation, the problems of making full use of the data are investigated, in particular the disparity of units on the ground, changes over time, and variations in the nature of the published information. Proposals are made and explained for the adoption of a grid square enumeration system, which in this case is tested by application to an urban and a rural area. The problem of conflict between grid square and local authority boundary is examined. The more general usefulness of a grid square enumeration system is demonstrated in relation to comparability of data, mechanisation of processing and graphic output, and the data bank concept. Further testing by means of a sample census is being currently undertaken.     

Maps as Knowledge Aggregators: from Renaissance Italy Fra Mauro to Web Search Engines

Abstract

For many years geological students have been graduating from universities with little knowledge of how to use the cartographic language of line, letter, symbol and tone by which the distribution and spatial arrangement of earth science data can be best expressed. The author discusses the development of the teaching of geological cartography in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Leeds. Details of this innovation are set against the background of data obtained from a recent questionnaire on the practice of cartography as a discipline in departments of geology in British universities.     

The Use of Remotely Sensed Imagery as A Pedagogic Tool for Natural Hazards Education

Abstract

Remotely sensed imagery from space-borne platforms is a valuable tool for illustrating the spatial scale and temporal changes associated with a variety of natural hazards. Imagery in numerous formats is freely available from US government websites. This article illustrates the use of such imagery as a pedagogic tool in a university-level Natural Hazards class. Illustrated examples include such hazards as volcanic eruptions, forest fires, dust storms, and hurricanes.     

Regional Structural Analysis by Remote Sensing for Mineral Exploration,Paraiba State,Northeast Brazil

Abstract

Photogeological techniques were used to analyze Landsat‐TM images of the Paraiba State, which resulted in the identification of the following structures: lineaments of regional extent, short en echelon lineaments, intricate ramification of the wrench system, and infrastructures among major lineaments and circular or ring structures. This lineament map was correlated to existing geological maps, to areas of known hydrothermal mineralization (Cu, Au, Mo, Ni, W and Ti), and the lineament map was verified in the field reconnaissance. Due to lack of systematic studies of the geology and natural resources of the region the mineral exploration is still in rudimentary stages. The objective of this research is to emphasize the detection and analysis of lineaments, their patterns, and geometry and their relations with the occurrence of mineral resources and its exploration in areas as yet explored. A large number of mineral‐bearing pegmatites of the region are controlled by major lineaments and associated minor lineaments. It is believed that the structures of interest in search for mineral deposits are warping part of the minor shear zones, the intersections of short and regional lineaments, and the circular features.     

地质灾害信息系统及群测群防体系基础地理信息数据库建设

地质灾害是造成生命财产损失的主要自然灾害之一。本文探索了综合运用多种地理信息技术手段开展地质灾害风险评估、预防、监测、预警、排查和救援的方法、步骤,对地质灾害信息系统及群测群防体系基础地理信息数据库建设的技术体系进行了探讨,从而实现了地质灾害防治工作的快速、准确和高效反应。     

应用遥感图像进行宝成铁路沿线地质灾害的分析

本文通过对4400多张不同时期航片和5幅卫片(部分用计算机和光学图像处理等技术进行了 信息增强提取)的解译, 结合前人资料和地面调查验证, 对宝成铁路(宝鸡-绵阳段)沿线约 5000km²范围的灾害地质现象和环境地质因素进行了分析, 论述了地质灾害的分布发育规律及与地 质环境的相互关系, 提出了铁路沿线地质灾害的防治对策和建议。     

村镇民俗旅游景观三维可视化研究

介绍了Skyline软件的性能,并以某示范点为例,对SkylineTerrasuit中的TerraExplorerPro在村镇民俗旅游景观三维可视化中的应用进行了研究,着重讨论了示范点三维场景建立的问题,最后通过SkylineGlobeAPI（SGAPI）,对Terrasuit软件进行扩展,实现村镇民俗旅游景观的虚拟展示。     

遥感技术在海南岛环境与资源调查中的应用

应用航空航天遥感技术对海南岛地质灾害、重点地区矿产资源、旅游资源进行了综合调查,系统分析了地质灾害形成条件与发展趋势,编制了海南岛地质灾害综合区划图;研究了重点地区金属矿、砂石矿分布规律,预测了成矿有利地段和找矿靶区;系统分析了岛内旅游资源分布现状与开发建设中存在的问题,编制了全省旅游规划卫星影像图,其成果为海南省资源开发与环境治理提供了重要基础资料。     

A digital earth platform for sustainability

ABSTRACT

Based on the experience of the International Society for Digital Earth (ISDE), this paper describes some challenges foreseen in order to develop a Digital Earth platform that can support the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. The use of ready-to-use derived geospatial information is essential. Future Earth’s methodology of ‘co-design’ aims to bring together natural, social scientists and decision makers to plan and carry out research for sustainability. Sustainability implies transdisciplinary research, but in order for scientists of different disciplines to work together, they will need to be able to share, access and use common data. This is by far not simple! While the good will to share data might exist, the associated technological, ethical and privacy issues are difficult to solve. An adequate e-infrastructure will be required. ISDE could consider to use the SDGs is the basis to develop the desired Digital Earth platform. This paper, by no means, covers everything for a Digital Earth platform, it aims to trigger research discussions and to have a good view about a starting point.     

Cartography — an introduction

Abstract

The internet provides almost unlimited opportunities for accessing information and on-line services. The government of Canada is restructuring its services to take advantage of this medium. While web-based distribution of visual maps has been a reality for several years, production of maps for people with special needs poses new challenges, as additional accessibility requirements have to be met. This paper shares the Canadian experience of developing accessible tactile and audio-tactile maps for blind and partially sighted people. 'Government On-Line' involves partnerships between government departments to develop a portal specifically tailored to providing information and services for people with disabilities, their families, care givers and service providers. The Mapping for Visually Impaired Web site is an integral part of this broader initiative providing tactile maps for education, mobility training, transportation and tourism. Additionally a Web-4-All project will facilitate learning about Canada's geography and improve mobility options for blind and partially sighted people.     

Using a Combination of Digital Aerial Photography and Satellite Remote Sensing to Assist Contemporary Restructuring in an Urban Area of South Africa

Abstract

The transition and restructuring process of urban South Africa are currently in the phase of identifying land development objectives. These objectives aim to integrate previously segregated areas through integrated development plans. This research aims firstly to identify and describe the historical development of the spatial form and structure of the secondary city and capital of the Northern Province, Pietersburg and its dispersed peripheral towns. Supervised classification of SPOT HRV multispectral imagery is used to support the theoretical explanation. Images from an airborne digital Kodak DCS 420 camera are used to provide training sites in the pre‐classification stages, and also provide field data to the process of post‐classification accuracy assessment. Secondly, SPOT HRV imagery is applied to identify the stark contrast in urban development between the city of Pietersburg and its surrounding former homeland towns. Both built and natural environmental aspects are investigated. In conclusion benefits and problems of assessing urban morphology and development in a developing country by means of a combination of satellite imagery and digital aerial photography are discussed.     

THE GEODETIC EVIDENCE CONCERNING WEGENER'S HYPOTHESIS

Abstract

Twenty years ago there seemed to be many good reasons for supposing that Wegener's hypothesis of Continental Drift was untenable. There seemed to be unsurmountable objections to it from a point of view of a mechanism capable of causing tectonic movements of such magnitude; there was disagreement over the correspondence of the orogenic belts in the areas of the earth which are supposed formerly to have been united, as well as over other major geological factors; there was the gravest discordance between the known palaeontological facts and those demanded by the theory; after examination of the geodetic evidence, at least one distinguished geodesist pronounced that it was insufficient. General opinion to-day has perhaps changed and there now appears to be a marked tendency to recognise the cogency of some of Wegener's general arguments and to pay greater attention to the possibilities which he propounded, because it is becoming increasingly clear that the question of the arrangement and of the stability of the primary structural units of the Earth's surface, during geological time, is one of the fundamental problems of geology, as well as of all the allied subjects of geophysics, geomorphology, geodesy, palaeoclimatology and palaeontology. This is the writer's opinion, for what it is worth, after studying the considerable literature on this important and fascinating subject which has accumulated in the course of the past 30 years, during part of a recent leave spent in “browsing” round the Schools and libraries of Cambridge University.     

A Synopsis of Nigeria’s Indigenous Cartographic Heritage

Abstract

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Over the ages, Nigerians have had various indigenous ways of spatial representation, otherwise known as ‘alternative cartographies’. Paradoxically, however, the indigenous cartographic heritage of the Nigerian people has altogether remained unsung despite its immense contributions to societal development. This paper, therefore, is a modest attempt aimed at bringing the forgotten issue of Nigeria’s cartographic legacy to the limelight. The paper takes a bird’s-eye look at Nigeria’s homegrown cartographic heritage. The various local means of representing and communicating geospatial information are discussed. The paper equally highlights the invaluable benefits of indigenous cartographic heritage as well as how to preserve such heritage.     

NUMBER ONE HUNDRED

Abstract

Readers will notice that this issue of the Review is numbered 100 and, as it has always been published quarterly, this means that it has now been in existence for 25 years and so celebrates its silver jubilee.