Numerical Study of Mine Site Specific Multiseam Mining and Its Impact on Surface Subsidence and Chain Pillar Stress

This paper investigates various multiseam mining related parameters using mine site specific data and numerical simulations. Two important mining effects—subsidence and stress—are analysed for different possible mining layouts. A geological mine dataset has been used to generate a numerical model. The predicted surface subsidence magnitude and surface profile have been compared under different scenarios to assess potential options in multiseam mining strategies. The effects that seam separation distances, mining offset, panel layout and panel orientation each have on surface subsidence and chain pillar stress magnitude have been investigated. The numerical simulation shows that ascending or descending mining directions have little impact on controlling the surface subsidence in multiseam mining and predicted an almost identical maximum stress development at the chain pillars. Numerical simulations infer that the orientation of the top panels control the subsidence profile.     

厚覆盖层矿山地下开采地表塌陷机制分析

随着矿山开采深度的不断增加,厚覆盖层成为部分深部地下矿山的主要特点。以物探调查、变形监测以及理论分析为手段,对某典型厚覆盖层金属矿山地下开采初期地表塌陷的成因与机制进行了分析。结果表明,厚覆盖层中存在的大面积采空区为地表塌陷变形提供了空间,采空区顶板厚度较小为地面塌陷的发展提供了条件,采空区的存在是地表塌陷的主要原因。地表出现塌陷以后,塌陷范围以塌坑为中心继续向外扩展,受覆盖层内采空区走向,断层和岩层分界面等地质缺陷影响,塌坑向西、向南与向北三个方向上的扩展较向东快得多。降雨会增大塌坑向外扩展的速度,因为地表水的下渗加快了塌坑周围岩土体向塌坑方向的移动和下沉。     

Subsidence prediction method of solid backfilling mining with different filling ratios under thick unconsolidated layers

Solid backfill mining for coal pillar recovery in industrial squares has to ensure that the mine infrastructure, such as the shafts and substations, is not degraded or has its utility impaired by that mining. At the same time, it is important to recover as much coal as possible. As a result, it is necessary to predict mining subsidence during solid backfilling mining of coal pillars in industrial squares and to optimize the design of the working faces. At the Baishan coal mine in Anhiu province, China, there are thick layers of unconsolidated overburden above the coal seam so it is not appropriate to use the surface subsidence prediction method of equivalent mining height to predict subsidence during the mining of the coal pillars there. In order to find a reasonable coal pillar recovery scheme for the Baishan mine, a numerical simulation method is used to determine the relationships between the compression ratio of the backfilling material and the surface subsidence prediction parameters. Research was done to determine the appropriate parameters, and based on the final prediction parameters and taking the mandated protection standards for buildings and structures into account, surface subsidence is predicted and a backfill mining scheme for pillar recovery is proposed. The results show that of the six mining schemes considered, scheme 5 is the best scheme for coal pillar recovery in the industrial square at the Baishan mine. The research results are significant for similar mines with thick unconsolidated overburden anywhere in the world.     

概率积分法在大柳矿井11采区开采地面塌陷预测中的应用

根据大柳矿井11采区上覆岩层的实际情况,采用概率积分法对煤层开采后的地表变形情况进行了预测,绘制了地表下沉等值线图,分析了地表沉陷对周围环境的影响程度和范围,并提出了防治措施,为区内开展类似研究工作和大柳矿井未来生产沉陷的防治提供了参考依据。     

采动影响下煤层覆岩渗透性变化规律及垂向分带特征

以孟加拉国Barapukuria煤矿X工作面为试验区,采用井下钻孔分段压水原位测试及相关理论计算方法,研究了工作面回采前后覆岩渗透性变化规律及垂向分带特征。研究结果表明,工作面回采前后,覆岩渗透性变化显著,采后覆岩渗透性具有明显的垂向分带特征。自覆岩导水裂缝带顶部至底部,渗透性呈阶梯状逐渐增大,可细分为弱渗透带、中渗透带和强渗透带。研究结果对煤矿区水文地质参数识别与涌水量预测工作具有指导意义。      

大藤峡水库对广西盘龙铅锌矿矿坑涌水量影响预测

矿井突水是矿山开采过程中最具威胁的自然灾害之一,其中以岩溶水突水最为常见.大藤峡水利枢纽蓄水后,抬高了盘龙铅锌矿附近黔江的地表水位.矿山继续向深部开采,矿坑涌水危险进一步增加.文章基于Visual Mod Flow地下水流数值模拟软件,建立盘龙铅锌矿大岭矿段的数值模型,采用矿坑涌水量实测值以及多种矿坑涌水量计算方法对数...     

开采引起的含水层失水对地表下沉的影响

为了改善矿区开采沉陷预计精度,解释华东矿区地表下沉系数大于1的原因,减小采动损害,本文基于现场钻孔水位动态观测结果,获得了覆岩破坏与含水层水位变化的3种对应关系。根据含水层失水后固相颗粒有效应力增加引起岩土体孔隙比的变化,建立了含水层失水固结沉降机理,利用叠加原理,导出了地下开采与含水层失水共同引起的地面沉降计算方法。研究实例表明,失水下沉占煤层开采下沉的25%。      

Sinkhole subsidence due to mining

This paper reviews the modes of formation of sinkhole subsidence associated with mining activities, drawing on examples in India. Sinkhole (pot-hole) subsidence is an abrupt local depression at the surface which can be hazardous to life and property due to its tendency to occur without warning. Shallow extraction, weak overburden and geological discontinuities are the main factors which cause them. Sinkholes occur due to the failure of a mine roof which migrates through the overlying strata until the failure zone intercepts the unconsolidated overburden. Alternatively they may occur by the creation of cavities in the overburden following the inflow of sand and soil from the overlying weathered and friable strata through faults. Overburden cavities eventually cave in and sinkholes appear at the surface. Sinkholing phenomena can be controlled to some extent by proper design of mining supports and construction of walls to create a barrier around an area prone to sinkholes in bord and pillar workings. Backfilling and grouting can be used to stabilize abandoned underground workings.     

Grout injection into bed separation to control surface subsidence during longwall mining under villages: case study of Liudian coal mine,China

Surface subsidence can cause many environmental problems and hazards (including loss of land area and damage to buildings), and such hazards are particularly serious in coal mining districts. Injecting grout into the bed separation in the overburden has been proposed as an effective control measure against surface subsidence during longwall mining. However, no field trials of this technique have been implemented in mines under villages in China, and thus, its ability to control subsidence in such areas has yet to be demonstrated. In this study, field trials using this technique were carried out during longwall mining under villages in the Liudian coal mine, China. The maximum surface subsidence observed after the extraction was only 0.298 m, which accounts for 10 % of the mining height and is 79 % less than the predicted subsidence. Moreover, no damage occurred to the village buildings either during or after extraction and these buildings remain stable. Thus, this study represents the first successful attempt to control surface subsidence under villages in China using grout injection during longwall mining.     

深部条带开采覆岩“三带”探测及量化评判

为研究深部条带开采覆岩裂隙发育高度这一采空塌陷区治理中的关键技术问题，综合运用工程地质钻探、钻孔电视与煤田测井3种方法对济宁煤田某煤矿覆岩采动裂隙进行探测与分析。结果表明:缓倾斜（煤层平均倾角6°）、深埋（平均埋深538 m）、采留比1:2（采50 m留100 m）的条带式采动下，覆岩“三带”特征显著，空间整体呈“波浪式”破坏形态，地下采空区无明显空洞；垮落带发育高度为8.45 m，为采高的3.0倍，断裂带发育高度为57.55 m，为采高的20.6倍；覆岩“三带”发育高度判别的8个量化指标中，钻孔电视法比工程地质钻探法、煤田测井法精确度高。探测结果较为准确可靠，为深部条带采空塌陷区治理方案的选择提供依据。      

浅埋煤层开采隔水层位移规律相似模拟研究

以陕北榆树湾井田为地质原型,采用柔性隔水层物理相似模拟试验,初步得出了该井田顶板岩层及粘土隔水层在开采影响下的破坏规律,发现顶板基岩关键层仍然是隔水层稳定性控制的关键,指出隔水层下沉梯度T_S为控制隔水层导水裂隙出现的指标。      

余震作用下堰塞坝体破坏及溃决过程大型振动台试验研究

山区特大地震往往导致大量堰塞湖,例如2008年汶川地震形成了至少257个堰塞湖,并且主震后发生了大量余震,这些余震可能会影响堰塞坝体的安全状态。通过大型振动台模型试验,研究了余震及库水耦合作用下堰塞坝体的破坏及溃决机理和过程。共进行了两组不同材料的振动台模型试验,分别模拟含黏粒较多且颗粒较小（坝体Ⅰ）和基本不含黏粒且颗粒较大（坝体Ⅱ）的两种坝体。在不同水位条件下进行振动台试验。研究成果表明:（1）地震和库水耦合作用下堰塞坝体的主要溃决方式是漫顶溢流,主要溃决过程为地震力使松散的堰塞坝体发生沉陷,库水渗入使沉陷加剧,最终水位上升漫过坝顶发生溢流冲蚀破坏。（2）地震一般不会直接引起堰塞坝体的破坏。地震力对坝体稳定性的主要影响是使坝体发生沉陷变形。在地震和库水耦合作用下,坝体沉陷比单一因素作用下更为剧烈,因此地震作用会使漫顶溢流提前发生。（3）地震和库水耦合作用下坝体Ⅰ沉陷量大于坝体Ⅱ,说明现实中由大粒径岩土体组成的堰塞坝体具有更好的稳定性。     

The formation of sinkholes in karst mining areas in China and some methods of prevention

 Mining of coal, lead and zinc, gold, and iron ore deposits in karst areas has been closely associated with sinkholes in China. Surface collapse causes an increase in mine water drainage and the possibility of major water inflow from karst aquifers, which threatens the environment in mining areas and endangers mine safety. The origin of such sinkholes is analyzed quantitatively in this paper and a combination of factors including soil weight, buoyancy, suffosion process and vacuum suction can contribute to surface subsidence. The key measures to prevent sinkholes in mining areas are to control the amount of mine drainage, reduce water-level fluctuation, seal off karst conduits and subsurface cavities in the overlying soil, prevent water inflow, and to increase gas pressure in the karst conduits. Received: 2 May 1996 · Accepted: 29 July 1996     

采动覆岩分布式光纤感测模型试验及沉降预测方法研究

煤层采动覆岩沉降提前于地表,可作为地表稳定性的预警指标。针对煤层开采引起的覆岩沉降预测问题,采用分布式光纤感测技术,通过制作大柳塔煤矿采动覆岩相似材料试验模型,研究了煤层开采引起的覆岩变形特征,基于灰色理论和Knothe时间函数,建立了基于实测应变的采动覆岩沉降预测模型,探讨了预测精度,并取得了如下研究成果：有关分布式光纤感测技术的覆岩应变分布,准确反映了垮落带和导水裂缝带的发育特征,基于GM(1, 1)模型和新陈代谢模型的覆岩沉降预测精度较好但限于短期预测;当相对残差最大值与相对残差和均取最小值时,Knothe时间函数中获得较为准确的参数c值和τ值并提高了预测精度,建立了大柳塔煤层覆岩动态沉降预测模型的表达式,其预测模型适用于覆岩沉降的前期阶段和后期阶段。     

淮南采煤沉陷区积水来源的氢氧稳定同位素证据

淮南是我国东部重要的能源基地,由于长期地下采煤,地表形成大面积的采煤沉陷区并积水,造成严重地质灾害。针对于此,部分学者提出利用采煤沉陷区建立"平原水库"解决周边地区干旱年份农田缺水问题的设想。然而,一方面,由于煤层上覆几百米厚的新生代沉积,采煤塌陷形成的沉陷裂隙是否沟通了不同含水层之间的水力联系,并因此改变了这个地区的地下水系统,成为区域水资源评价需要了解的一个重要科学问题;另一方面,建立"平原水库"需要有稳定的补给水源,采煤形成的沉陷裂隙如果沟通了地下不同深度含水层的水力联系,是否使地下水成为塌陷区除降雨外的重要补给来源,这就成为评价"平原水库"水资源潜力的重要参考依据。氢氧稳定同位素是示踪天然水体水来源的重要手段,笔者在淮南矿区采集了旱季和雨季的浅层地下水、河水、雨水、沉陷区的积水等不同水体的水样23件,分析了其氢氧稳定同位素组成并与深层地下水进行对比。结果表明:雨季和旱季,该地区采煤沉陷区积水的氢氧稳定同位素组成都非常接近大气降水的氢氧稳定同位素组成,而与深层地下水的氢氧稳定同位素组成相差较大,说明采煤沉陷区的积水来源主要是大气降水补给。采煤沉陷区的沉陷裂隙贯穿了整个新生代地层,使地表水发生下渗与在深部与深层地下水发生不同程度的混合,而深层地下水尚不是"平原水库"的稳定补给源。     

陕北生态脆弱区保水采煤地质条件分区类型研究

生态脆弱区如何实施水资源保护性采煤是一项重大的研究课题,开展相关水文地质工程地质条件勘探测试,进行地质条件分区的研究,是实施保水采煤的重要基础和前提。以陕北典型矿井为例,在勘探测试的基础上,进采前、采后现场压水试验及室内模拟开采覆岩变形破坏过程渗透性变化试验测试等,结果表明煤层采动对上覆岩土体渗透性有不同程度影响。基岩中粉砂岩、泥岩开采前渗透性较小,可作为弱隔水层;煤层开采后,整体移动带内基岩的渗透性出现不同程度的增大,渗透系数提高了约1个数量级,而红黏土渗透性变异不明显,表明红黏土为采后的关键隔水层。按照采动后潜水漏失量、补给量和水位变化关系,将生态脆弱区保水采煤条件划分为不失水区、轻微失水区、一般失水区和严重失水区4种类型,依据水均衡原理推导出4种类型的条件分区确定公式,并给出了应用实例。     

钻井水溶采矿地面沉降的分析

以某矿山为例，对钻井水溶采矿防止地面沉降进行了分析，确定水溶采矿的合理井位和跨距，有利于矿山开采方案的制订及保护矿产资源，实施绿色矿产开发。     

废弃采空区裂隙带高度预测模型及应用

煤炭开采引起覆岩破断及地表下沉,覆岩及地表运移规律可反映裂隙带高度的动态演化过程。因地表下沉滞后于煤炭开采,对于废弃采空区,长期压实作用导致裂隙带高度较采动期间有所降低。基于地表点下沉速度的阶段特征将裂隙带高度的演化过程分为2个阶段,第1阶段裂隙带发育对应岩层破断逐步向上传递的过程,第2阶段裂隙带高度降低对应离层及裂隙闭合、断裂岩层受压后变形回弹及破碎岩体自然压实的过程。着眼于压实作用对裂隙带高度的影响,根据煤层采厚、垮落带和裂隙带岩层变形量及地表下沉值之间的定量关系,建立了第2阶段裂隙带高度预测模型,并结合太平煤矿实测结果进行验证,采用控制变量法分析了单一因素影响下废弃采空区裂隙带高度的演化特征。结果表明：废弃采空区裂隙带高度受控于垮落带块体强度、垮落带初始碎胀系数、采动期间裂隙带高度最大值及对应的垮落带高度、煤层埋深、地表最终下沉量等因素,太平煤矿采后15 a的裂隙带高度实测值11.36～13.00 m与理论预测值12.75 m吻合度较高,模型的可靠性得到验证。最后,应用此预测模型对武安煤矿（关停矿井）2002－2003年采空区裂隙带高度开展理论计算,结合地空瞬变电磁探测确定了地面瓦斯抽采钻孔理想的终孔位置并成功开展了地面钻孔瓦斯抽采试验。     

三河煤矿采空区地面塌陷地质灾害调查钻探技术

针对河北三河煤矿采空塌陷区内地层破碎、岩石软硬不均、钻进泥浆漏失严重、钻进效率低、岩心采取难等问题,采取了一系列钻探技术方法,在确保岩心钻探工程质量的前提下提高了钻进效率。为初步查明三河煤矿开采区地面塌陷范围、发育特征、危害程度等,提供了准确、翔实的地质资料;为开发利用煤矿采空塌陷区及下步勘查和城乡规划提供了依据。 关键词：煤矿采空塌陷区;岩心钻探;钻探工程质量     

巨厚松散层下煤层开采的抗渗透性破坏和煤柱安全性研究——以口孜东矿为例

随着深部煤炭资源的枯竭,浅部煤层上巨厚松散层水体成为淮南矿区不可忽视的安全隐患,预留煤柱的安全性评价显得尤为重要.本文以口孜东井田为例,通过全面系统地收集整理口孜东矿近年来井上、下补充探查、矿井水动态长期观测、井下采掘工程揭露的地质和水文地质资料,通过数值模拟和理论分析方法得出以下几点认识.(1)以矿区经典块段的钻孔柱...