我国大型岩土工程施工安全风险管理研究进展

在我国,以城市轨道交通、高速公路网建设、高速铁路网建设、重大水利工程建设等为代表的大型岩土工程具有尺度大、施工周期长、操作复杂和工程安全状况堪忧的特点。不同类型的安全事故持续不断,造成的经济损失和人员伤亡居高不下。概括总结了2010－2017年间我国大型岩土工程施工安全风险管理研究方面的主要进展,包括：（1）大型岩土工程施工安全风险管理重大科技项目、成果奖励、规范;（2）大型岩土工程施工安全风险分析与评估方法方面研究进展;（3）大型岩土工程施工安全风险监控与预警方面研究进展;（4）大型岩土工程施工安全风险管理信息化技术与平台方面研究进展;（5）大型岩土工程施工安全风险智能化分析与控制方面研究进展。基于我国大型岩土工程施工安全风险管理研究方面主要进展的分析,提出了我国大型岩土工程施工安全风险管理方面面临的新挑战：（1）定量化风险评估理论和技术的应用推广;（2）风险决策理论;（3）推行全过程安全风险管理计划;（4）构建岩土工程安全事故案例共享平台;（5）基于大数据挖掘技术的岩土工程参数分析与控制;（6）智慧岩土工程研究和建设。     

The Swedish Geotechnical Society’s methodology for risk management: a tool for engineers in their everyday work

The Swedish Geotechnical Society has adopted a general methodology for risk management in geotechnical engineering projects to reduce the costs related to negative outcomes of geotechnical risks. This technical note highlights the main features of the methodology and strives to inspire the international geotechnical community to apply sensible risk management methods. In the authors’ opinion, a successful geotechnical risk management needs to be structured, be tailored to the project, and permeate the engineers’ everyday work. Then, sufficient quality can be achieved in the project with larger probability.     

岩土工程安全监测的应用与体会

本文通过实际工程实例的总结分析，探讨了岩土工程安全监测在高层建筑施工中的应用与体会，与众共议。     

编制岩土工程勘察纲要若干问题探讨

本文论述了岩土工程勘察评价中勘察纲要的重要性、岩土工程勘察阶段和工程类型,重点阐述了编写勘察纲要应注意的问题,这对指导岩土工程勘察具有实际意义。     

Structural optimization in geotechnical engineering: basics and application

Structural optimization methods are used for a wide range of engineering problems. In geotechnical engineering however, only limited experience exists with these methods. The difficulties in applying such methods to geotechnical problems are discussed in this paper, and the adaption of the commonly known SIMP-method to geotechnical problems is introduced for a special case. An application example is used to present the potential of topology optimization methods, and the application to geotechnical engineering is evaluated.     

岩土工程勘察、设计与施工一体化模式探讨研究

建筑工程勘察、设计和施工一体化模式,逐渐成为国内大型勘察设计企业新的核心竞争力,亦是国际国内经济一体化和市场经济发展的必然趋势。本文结合目前国内主要从事岩土工程的勘察、设计或施工企业对项目的运作情况,提出了岩土工程勘察、设计和施工一体化运作模式。通过对目前国内岩土工程勘察、设计和施工独立运作模式和一体化模式的对比研究和分析,结合典型的工程实例,总结和分析了采用一体化或近似一体化模式运作项目的优劣和经验。针对目前国内大型勘察设计企业实施岩土工程勘察、设计和施工一体化模式的困难进行了探讨并提出相关建议,供相关部门或同行参考。     

南水北调中线西四环暗涵工程暗挖施工对环境的影响研究

以南水北调中线北京段西四环暗涵工程为研究背景,通过详细分析在复杂工程环境下进行浅埋暗挖施工对既有工程环境产生的严重影响及关键控制因素,得到有效控制暗挖施工对既有环境影响的措施,如初期支护方案的勘测设计方法、施工控制监测措施、监测控制效果分析检验等。实践证明,既使是在复杂的工程环境下,地下岩土工程开挖影响也可以得到有效控制。     

市政道路工程勘察资料的时效性分析和探讨

城市化的发展,使市政道路改造工程越来越多,如何科学有效地利用拟建期的勘察资料,节约勘察成本,成为工程勘察关注的焦点。通过对场地地形地貌和地质构造、地层和水文地质条件、岩土物理力学性质、场地稳定性评价和地震效应、岩土工程重点分析评价等岩土工程要素进行分析,对比前后各要素,探讨勘察资料的时效性,进而确定勘察点布置和深度,以及取土（水）样和原位测试工作量。最后以具体工程为例,探讨勘察要点,指出利用拟建期的勘察资料应主要考虑4.0m以内的地层变化,重点勘察路基破损的路段。     

Flood risk management,an approach to managing cross-border hazards

River flooding is a serious hazard in the UK with interest driven by recent widespread events. This paper reviews different approaches to flood risk management and the borders (physical, conceptual and organisational) that are involved. The paper showcases a multi-method approach to negotiating flood risk management interventions. We address three fundamental issues around flood risk management: differences and similarities between a variety of approaches; how different approaches work across borders between professionals, lay people, organisations and between different planning regimes; and, whether the science evidence base is adequate to support different types of flood risk management. We explore these issues through a case study on the River Tweed using Q methodology, community mapping and focus groups, participatory GIS, and interviews, which enabled co-production of knowledge around possible interventions to manage flooding. Our research demonstrated that excellent networks of practice exist to make decisions about flood risk management in the Scottish–English borders. Physical and organisational borders were continually traversed in practice. There was an overwhelming desire from professional flood managers and local communities for an alternative to simply structural methods of flood management. People were keen to make use of the ability of catchments to store water, even if land needed to be sacrificed to do so. There was no difference in the desire to embrace natural flood management approaches between people with different roles in flood management, expertise, training or based in different locations. Thus conceptual borders were also crossed effectively in practice.     

岩土预应力锚固结构服役寿命研究

岩土预应力锚固技术在交通、水利和建筑工程中得到了广泛应用,但工程实践表明,预应力索（杆）体由于使用环境和条件的特殊性,如长期埋置于潮湿的环境中和承受张拉作用力,存在着失效破坏现象。在相关研究的基础上,通过对比分析影响预应力锚固结构服役寿命的主要因素,确定杆体材料应力腐蚀是决定正常使用条件下预应力锚固结构服役寿命的根本因素。在利用流变力学理论和实际监测数据建立预应力长期变化模型、依据室内快速腐蚀试验和现场腐蚀监测数据建立杆体材料应力腐蚀发展模型基础上,以杆体材料变化的极限承载能力为判据,提出岩土预应力锚固结构服役寿命预测方法,可为岩土预应力锚固结构失效风险预防和处置提供指导作用。将研究成果应用于工程实践,预测了实际工程的服役寿命。     

牢记先生教导,实践第一,积极促进工程地质与岩土工程殊途同归

本文以谷德振先生亲自领导和指导的武汉长江大桥岩基勘查和基础工程设计和施工作为范例,具体、生动地展现谷先生学术思想中最重要、放在首位的就是重视实践。这一学术思想归结起来就是重视工程前期的工程地质调查和勘探工作,到工程设计特别是施工中去进一步验证和修正,与岩土工程紧密结合,以确保安全、经济地完成某一项以地质灾害治理为目的地地质工程和/或专项土木工程。     

深圳轨道交通建设中的若干岩土工程问题

通过深圳轨道交通建设多年的具体实践,对该地区轨道交通（地铁）建设中涉及到的勘察、基坑支护、盾构施工等方面的岩土工程问题进行了总结,包括有关技术要点、适用工法、解决方案、经验教训和大量具体事例。     

尾矿库排渗工程技术方法

为消除或减少尾矿库的安全风险,重要措施就是降低尾矿库坝体内的浸润线,而排渗工程技术方法是其主要手段。本文结合部分岩土工程技术在尾矿库排渗工程中的运用,并通过多项工程实践,系统讨论与总结尾矿库排渗工程技术方法中的盲沟排渗法、水平孔排渗法、辐射井排渗法、井点管抽水法、其它联合排渗措施的原理特点、施工方法与质量控制要点。     

岩土工程中的设计地震动参数确定

与岩土工程相关的设计地震动参数的规定分散在各行业的工程设计规范之中,比较了主要技术规范中设计地震动参数规定之间的差别,讨论了在岩土工程的勘察与设计中确定地震动参数的方法和内容,分析和研究了确定设计地震动参数时不同规范之间需要协调的主要问题,指出了在目前岩土工程中的设计地震动参数确定方面的需要重点关注的参数选择的合理性,提出了具有地震工程专业基础（注册地震安评工程师）的注册土木工程师（岩土）确定具体设计地震动参数应更符合工程建设的实际需要的建议。     

再论岩土工程有限元方法的应用问题

岩土工程数值分析方法对于研究复杂的岩土介质与多变的施工措施是一种得力的方法,比传统的解析方法、室内试验方法、模拟试验方法、现场试验方法等具有无可替代的优越性。按岩土工程数值方法的历史发展、作用及发展方向,将其分为4个层次：作为一种高级计算器,直接为某个具体岩土工程的设计服务,对该岩土工程在各种极端设计工况下进行安全性、稳定性的计算分析;作为一种强大的、无与伦比的模拟分析器,对复杂工况条件下复杂岩土工程的各种不利因素的相互作用、相互影响、耦合效应等进行模拟分析;作为一种无成本、可重复的多功能试验机,探索具体岩土工程的稳定机制或某工程措施的加固机制;作为岩土工程数值方法的终极目标,对数值分析方法进行二次开发——研发智能化、快速化、简便化的新型数值分析工具。对这4个层次进行了讨论,并对每个层次进行举例说明。     

Reviewing urban revitalisation strategies in Rio de Janeiro: from urban project to urban management approaches

This paper describes key urban development strategies pursued during the last seven years by the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city in Brazil. It discloses internal processes, organisational restructuring of the municipality and institutional changes geared to increase effective urban management and resource mobilisation required to implement multiple sector programmes and key projects in several locations in the city like Favela Bairro and Rio Cidade Programmes, The Rio Strategic Plan, etc. It is argued that the formation of interdepartmental working groups for better horizontal articulation of policy making and implementation, the creation of the financial and accounting unit, the decentralisation of authority towards sub-municipality levels, and capacity strengthening of its personnel – among other things – have made a positive impact on the performance of local government. The paper further highlights a significant change towards policies of urban consolidation and revitalisation of declined areas of the city supported by heavy public investments and the effort towards broader civil society involvement in municipal projects. Municipal autonomy, problem-solving and result-oriented type of planning and management and organisational change are some of the lessons pinpointed by the paper for a city of that size and complexity.     

浅论岩土工程极限状态设计基本思想

论述了岩土工程极限状态设计的基本思想,包括极限状态的概念、土工参数设计值的确定过程和方法、构造物的重要度和场地地基复杂程度的划分、岩土工程类别、作用载荷组合、分项安全系数和极限状态设计等;给出了土工参数的实测值、导出值、标准值和设计值的确定原则或方法;指出在极限状态设计中,可通过增大设计作用效应或降低设计抗力的方法来进行岩土工程的可靠性设计.     

Web-based Data and Monitoring Platform for Complex Geotechnical Engineering Projects

Data management is the key of geotechnical risk management and disaster prevention providing right information at right time and right place. It supports regular construction cycles as well as handling of exceptional situations occurring probably during execution stages where the detailed knowledge of the actual state of construction is especially important. The web-based client–server software platform DoMaMoS was developed to cover all aspects in a new fashion. Main parts of the software are a graphical user interface, a SQL database and a controller application. Software development concerned user-friendly handling, geotechnical monitoring, security aspects, rapid access and adaptivity during a running project. Basic ideas and main features of the developed software are described and the practical application is shown.     

ROckfall risk MAnagement assessment: the RO.MA. approach

The analysis of risk for vehicles and drivers as a result of rockfall on a road is relevant to design management in geotechnical engineering. This process is very complex due to the large number of parameters involved. In this paper, we discuss risk analysis and management procedures for roads subject to rockfall phenomena. To this aims, we are proposing a quantitative method (the RO.MA. approach). We developed an abacus to define the threshold values of acceptable rockfall risk for a given road. Rockfall risk is calculated using an Event Tree approach and compared with the abacus thresholds to evaluate road safety and the need for additional protective measures to reduce the risk to an acceptable level. The approach was successfully applied at a test site located in Bard, Aosta Valley, north-western Italy.