基于Google Earth Engine与机器学习的省级尺度零散分布草地生物量估算

大区域草地地上生物量估算对草地资源利用管理及全球碳循环研究具有重要意义。为高效快速地估算大区域零散分布草地地上生物量,本文选取安徽省为研究区,在谷歌地球云引擎（Google Earth Engine）平台的支撑下,通过机器学习方法建立Landsat 8 OLI及其他辅助数据与地面实测草地地上生物量之间的联系,开展了草地零散分布地区省级尺度草地地上生物量高分辨率估算,并与传统的基于归一化植被指数（NDVI）回归模型进行了比较。研究结果表明,综合利用光谱与地形因子的机器学习方法,估算零散化分布草地地上生物量的精度可以达到65%以上,其中分类回归树（CART）模型R²=0.57,预测精度为68.60%,支持向量机（SVM）模型R²=0.59,预测精度为75.74%,而使用NDVI的回归分析产生的误差较大,R²=0.37,预测精度为57.51%,因此机器学习方法相对于传统基于NDVI的回归分析具有明显优势。另外,谷歌地球云引擎平台数据来源广泛、获取方便,可以高效地实现海量影像数据的预处理及计算分析,大大提升了工作效率,与地面调查数据的结合可实现更大区域乃至全国尺度上的零散分布草地地上生物量高分辨率遥感估算。     

Agricultural cropland extent and areas of South Asia derived using Landsat satellite 30-m time-series big-data using random forest machine learning algorithms on the Google Earth Engine cloud

ABSTRACT

The South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bhutan) has a staggering 900 million people (~43% of the population) who face food insecurity or severe food insecurity as per United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). The existing coarse-resolution (≥250-m) cropland maps lack precision in geo-location of individual farms and have low map accuracies. This also results in uncertainties in cropland areas calculated from such products. Thereby, the overarching goal of this study was to develop a high spatial resolution (30-m or better) baseline cropland extent product of South Asia for the year 2015 using Landsat satellite time-series big-data and machine learning algorithms (MLAs) on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud computing platform. To eliminate the impact of clouds, 10 time-composited Landsat bands (blue, green, red, NIR, SWIR1, SWIR2, Thermal, EVI, NDVI, NDWI) were derived for each of the three time-periods over 12 months (monsoon: Days of the Year (DOY) 151–300; winter: DOY 301–365 plus 1–60; and summer: DOY 61–150), taking the every 8-day data from Landsat-8 and 7 for the years 2013–2015, for a total of 30-bands plus global digital elevation model (GDEM) derived slope band. This 31-band mega-file big data-cube was composed for each of the five agro-ecological zones (AEZ’s) of South Asia and formed a baseline data for image classification and analysis. Knowledge-base for the Random Forest (RF) MLAs were developed using spatially well spread-out reference training data (N = 2179) in five AEZs. The classification was performed on GEE for each of the five AEZs using well-established knowledge-base and RF MLAs on the cloud. Map accuracies were measured using independent validation data (N = 1185). The survey showed that the South Asia cropland product had a producer’s accuracy of 89.9% (errors of omissions of 10.1%), user’s accuracy of 95.3% (errors of commission of 4.7%) and an overall accuracy of 88.7%. The National and sub-national (districts) areas computed from this cropland extent product explained 80-96% variability when compared with the National statistics of the South Asian Countries. The full-resolution imagery can be viewed at full-resolution, by zooming-in to any location in South Asia or the world, at www.croplands.org and the cropland products of South Asia downloaded from The Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC) of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS): https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/gfsad30saafgircev001/.     

Performance of GNSS-R GLORI data for biomass estimation over the Landes forest

The Above-Ground Biomass (AGB) is a key parameter used for the modeling of the carbon cycle. The aim of this study is to make an experimental assessment of the sensitivity of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) reflected signals to forest AGB. This is based on the analysis of the data recorded during several GLORI airborne campaigns in June and July 2015, over the Landes Forest (France). Ground truth measurements of tree height, density and diameter at breast height (DBH), as well as AGB, were carried out for 100 maritime pine forest plots of various ages. The GNSS-R data were used to obtain the right-left (Γ_RL) and right-right (Γ_RR) reflectivity observables, which are geo-referenced in accordance with the known positions of relevant GPS satellites and the airborne receiver. The correlations between forest AGB and the GNSS-R observables yield the highest sensitivity at high elevation angles (70°-90°). In this case, for (Γ_RL) and the reflectivity polarization ratio (PR = Γ_RL/Γ_RR) estimated with a coherent integration time Tc = 20 ms, the coefficients of determination R² are equal to 0.67 and 0.51, with a sensitivity of −0.051 dB/[10⁶g (Mg) ha⁻¹], and −0.053 dB/[Mg ha⁻¹], respectively. The relationships between AGB and the observables are confirmed through the use of a 5-fold cross validation approach, with several different coherent integration times.     

Multitemporal settlement and population mapping from Landsat using Google Earth Engine

As countries become increasingly urbanized, understanding how urban areas are changing within the landscape becomes increasingly important. Urbanized areas are often the strongest indicators of human interaction with the environment, and understanding how urban areas develop through remotely sensed data allows for more sustainable practices. The Google Earth Engine (GEE) leverages cloud computing services to provide analysis capabilities on over 40 years of Landsat data. As a remote sensing platform, its ability to analyze global data rapidly lends itself to being an invaluable tool for studying the growth of urban areas. Here we present (i) An approach for the automated extraction of urban areas from Landsat imagery using GEE, validated using higher resolution images, (ii) a novel method of validation of the extracted urban extents using changes in the statistical performance of a high resolution population mapping method. Temporally distinct urban extractions were classified from the GEE catalog of Landsat 5 and 7 data over the Indonesian island of Java by using a Normalized Difference Spectral Vector (NDSV) method. Statistical evaluation of all of the tests was performed, and the value of population mapping methods in validating these urban extents was also examined. Results showed that the automated classification from GEE produced accurate urban extent maps, and that the integration of GEE-derived urban extents also improved the quality of the population mapping outputs.     

遥感云计算平台发展及地球科学应用

人类已有半个多世纪的全球历史遥感数据积累,这些不断涌现的海量遥感数据形成的遥感大数据为地球科学研究提供了丰富的数据支持;对遥感大数据快速处理、分析和挖掘是一个新的挑战.遥感云计算平台的出现为遥感大数据挖掘提供了前所未有的机遇,并彻底改变了传统遥感数据处理和分析的模式,使得全球尺度的长时间序列快速分析和应用成为可能.本文...     

基于Google Earth的天然气加气站管理系统的设计与实现

Google Earth(GE)作为一款数据开放式的卫星影像浏览软件,已被应用到消防、农业发展、公共安全等重要领域中,并发挥关键性作用。文中提出一套基于Google Earth组件的开发方法,通过面向对象的程序开发技术,设计并实现天然气加气站信息管理系统,且具备一定的空间分析能力。以昆明市主城区内天然气加气站信息为例,验证本系统的可行性和稳定性,证明Google Earth平台的功能实用性。     

基于WKML库的Google Earth二次开发及其在测绘中的应用

Goolge Earth具有很强大的显示、查询和分析功能,而直接使用KML对Google Earth进行二次开发,通常难以实现数据的批量化处理。因此,介绍一种简单的方法对Google Earth进行二次开发,并将这种方法引入到测绘领域中,以实现测量数据的可视化、查询与分析。     

基于VC++的Google Earth KML地标文件的自动生成及应用

利用谷歌地球实现测量控制点可视化管理的一种方法：首先将BJ-54坐标转换为Google Earth支持的WGS-84坐标,然后用KML语言和VC＋＋批量生成控制点地标并将其导入Google Earth中。与传统的利用点之记的方法相比,这种方法更加简单方便,精度高,寻找测量控制点更加迅速;与手工单个标注的方法相比,批量标注的方法效率更高,更适合用于对整个测区控制点的标注和管理。     

基于云计算的智慧唐山时空信息平台数据库构建

随着云计算技术的不断发展,大数据与信息化时代的优势越来越突出,应用越来越广泛。时空信息平台作为智慧城市建设的重要内容,管理海量基础地理信息数据,是智慧城市建设的基础。因此,海量数据的管理成为时空信息平台设计的关键。以智慧唐山建设为例,结合云计算技术,探讨时空信息平台数据库的构建,针对云平台基础地理信息数据体系、云平台数据库体系架构以及云平台数据库管理系统等方面进行设计,明确基于云计算时空信息平台数据库建设内容,探讨适用于智慧城市建设的时空信息云平台解决方案。     

分布式云计算的青岛市地理信息公共平台

针对当前数字城市地理信息公共服务平台单独建设、分散部署,存在运行效率较低及宕机风险等问题,该文提出了基于分布式云计算的集约化地理信息公共服务平台建设框架。以青岛市为例,通过整合现有市级地理信息公共服务平台软硬件资源,对软硬件及网络进行规划设计,形成物理分散、逻辑统一的分布式云计算环境,实现地理信息公共服务平台的高性能、高可靠性、高扩展性的提升,为智慧城市时空信息云平台提供集约化云环境。     

A geospatial hybrid cloud platform based on multi-sourced computing and model resources for geosciences

Cloud computing has been considered as the next-generation computing platform with the potential to address the data and computing challenges in geosciences. However, only a limited number of geoscientists have been adapting this platform for their scientific research mainly due to two barriers: 1) selecting an appropriate cloud platform for a specific application could be challenging, as various cloud services are available and 2) existing general cloud platforms are not designed to support geoscience applications, algorithms and models. To tackle such barriers, this research aims to design a hybrid cloud computing (HCC) platform that can utilize and integrate the computing resources across different organizations to build a unified geospatial cloud computing platform. This platform can manage different types of underlying cloud infrastructure (e.g., private or public clouds), and enables geoscientists to test and leverage the cloud capabilities through a web interface. Additionally, the platform also provides different geospatial cloud services, such as workflow as a service, on the top of common cloud services (e.g., infrastructure as a service) provided by general cloud platforms. Therefore, geoscientists can easily create a model workflow by recruiting the needed models for a geospatial application or task on the fly. A HCC prototype is developed and dust storm simulation is used to demonstrate the capability and feasibility of such platform in facilitating geosciences by leveraging across-organization computing and model resources.     

Sentinel-2密集时间序列数据和Google Earth Engine的潮间带湿地快速自动分类

潮间带湿地是滨海湿地的重要组成部分,具有维持生物多样性、促进碳汇等重要生态功能.及时、准确地掌握潮间带湿地现状是实现潮间带湿地可持续管理目标的基础.先前的潮间带湿地分类研究依赖于训练样本、人工设定阈值或后处理等,本研究基于GEE (Google Earth Engine)平台开发一种自动、快速、高精度的潮间带湿地分类方...     

云计算技术下的滑坡监测云平台设计 ——以陕西泾阳为例

研究分析了基于云计算技术的灾害监测云服务平台的体系架构和关键技术,并结合滑坡灾害监测和数据处理的相关理论,以陕西泾阳的滑坡为例,设计了滑坡灾害监测云服务平台的软件体系结构并细化了核心层的功能模块,也预留了开发应用程序的接口。此外,本文还分析了滑坡灾害监测云平台的优点及不足,为今后设计和实现其他地质灾害监测云服务平台提供了一定的研究和参考价值。     

基于云计算的新型高鲜度电子地图平台构建

在电子科技发展迅猛的新时代,电子地图可为车载导航、手机、PAD、互联网等使用者提供基于位置的各种服务。针对现有电子地图生产平台更新频率低、处理速度慢、现势性差等问题,本文利用大数据挖掘、云计算及人工智能等新技术,通过自动识别成图及自动化编辑能力,对电子地图的在线快速更新技术,以及从采集、编辑到出品的一体化流程进行了研究。并以此建立了基于云计算的新型高鲜度电子地图平台,实现了电子地图道路信息与兴趣点的在线增量更新,大幅度提升了电子地图的生产能力、准确率及效率。     

Google Earth在水利水电测绘中的应用

分析了Google Earth软件的强大功能,并详细介绍了Google Earth软件在水利水电测绘中的各种实际应用,包括水利工程断面测绘、地形图测绘、控制网优化设计、非涉密控制点成果资料管理及其他应用等,供广大水利水电测绘工作者参考。     

Google Earth支持下校园真实感三维建模方法及应用

以Google Earth为平台,结合SketchUp的建筑物真实感三维建模功能,以西南交通大学校园为例建立校园真实感三维模型,并对其应用进行分析。该方法实现地形数据与建筑物三维模型的精确叠加,解决建模过程中的数据获取和融合问题,为虚拟环境的构建提供具有参考价值的解决方案。     

时空遥感云计算平台PIE-Engine Studio的研究与应用

随着遥感大数据时代的到来,为快速处理和分析海量遥感数据,国内外涌现了众多遥感云计算平台,使得全球尺度、长时间序列遥感数据的快速分析和应用成为可能。本文在分析国内外遥感云计算平台现状的基础上,针对大数据时代国内缺少功能完备的遥感云计算平台,且国外遥感云计算平台对国产卫星数据支持不足等问题,基于容器云技术,构建了包含国产卫星数据且集数据、算力和技术于一体的时空遥感云计算平台PIE（Pixel Information Expert）-Engine Studio,实现了脚本驱动的遥感数据的按需获取以及海量数据的快速处理。采用Landsat 8数据,以生长季植被指数NDVI（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index）的计算为例,对比了本平台与GEE（Google Earth Engine）的数据处理能力。结果表明,由于计算资源的限制,本平台的计算和导出时间均比GEE稍长,但计算结果的空间分布一致,其中近68%的值均分布在（0.48,0.77）,且二者差值的95.33%集中在（-0.13,0.13）,结果较为可信。因此,本文构建的基于共享、开放的中国自主遥感云计算平台PIE-Engine Studio,可为地球科学领域的研究提供数据和算力支持,将有助于推进中国遥感云计算平台的发展进程,推动国产卫星数据在云计算平台上的应用。     

一种云计算系统的瓦片数据组织方法

针对云计算系统中文件数据存储效率较低的问题,文章以Hadoop云计算系统为研究对象,改进了Hadoop-pvfs分布式系统,以提高Hadoop底层文件系统的存储效率,同时使得数据的更新可以在文件的任何位置;并提出一种多层次、位置相关的瓦片数据组织方法。实验结果表明,上述方法相对于Hadoop瓦片服务器系统吞吐效率有较大提高,可以为建设高性能、海量存储的GIS数据库服务系统提供参考。     

Google Earth Engine平台下秦岭地区植被覆盖时空变化分析

秦岭地区植被覆盖动态变化对其生态环境有重要影响。本文利用Google Earth Engine云平台,选取1986—2019年Landsat TM/OLI地表反射率数据,结合像元二分模型估算秦岭地区植被覆盖度(FVC);通过年际变化斜率、变异系数、Hurst指数等评价指标,对FVC的时空变化、稳定性和持续性变化进行分析。此外,探究FVC与气温、降雨的耦合关系,并分析土地利用变化对FVC的影响。结果表明:34年间,秦岭地区FVC整体上呈现良好的状况,中高等及以上植被覆盖区达73.11%;FVC由1986年的62.86%增长到2019年的70.01%,植被活动在不断增强;FVC的变异系数均值为0.34,标准差为0.45,其稳定性与其空间分布呈高度自相关性;秦岭地区的植被覆盖变化受气候变化和人为因素的共同影响。     

Forest classification and impact of BIOMASS resolution on forest area and aboveground biomass estimation

The European Space Agency (ESA) is currently implementing the BIOMASS mission as 7th Earth Explorer satellite. BIOMASS will provide for the first time global forest aboveground biomass estimates based on P-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. This paper addresses an often overlooked element of the data processing chain required to ensure reliable and accurate forest biomass estimates: accurate identification of forest areas ahead of the inversion of radar data into forest biomass estimates.The use of the P-band data from BIOMASS itself for the classification into forest and non-forest land cover types is assessed in this paper. For airborne data in tropical, hemi-boreal and boreal forests we demonstrate that classification accuracies from 90 up to 97% can be achieved using radar backscatter and phase information. However, spaceborne data will have a lower resolution and higher noise level compared to airborne data and a higher probability of mixed pixels containing multiple land cover types. Therefore, airborne data was reduced to 50 m, 100 m and 200 m resolution. The analysis revealed that about 50–60% of the area within the resolution level must be covered by forest to classify a pixel with higher probability as forest compared to non-forest. This results in forest omission and commission leading to similar forest area estimation over all resolutions. However, the forest omission resulted in a biased underestimated biomass, which was not equaled by the forest commission. The results underline the necessity of a highly accurate pre-classification of SAR data for an accurate unbiased aboveground biomass estimation.