Extracting damages caused by the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake from SAR remote sensing data

Bad weather conditions usually limit the acquisition of optical remote sensing images, while all day and all weather synthetic aperture radar (SAR) shows the ability of providing timely remote sensing data for emergency response and rescue works after earthquake. Because SAR is sensitive to the surface changes caused by earthquake, the modified electromagnetic behaviour by geological disasters and the collapse of buildings can be recorded in SAR images as backscattering intensity changes. Absolute radiometric calibration was performed to SAR products to derive backscattering coefficient sigma nought from image digital number (DN). Based on change detection methods, Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data and TerraSAR-X data acquired for the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake were used to extract earthquake damage information. This study revealed that landslides showed stronger backscattering and barrier lakes showed lower backscattering in post-earthquake 10 m ALOS PALSAR images comparing to pre-earthquake, and collapsed buildings showed lower backscattering compared to un-collapsed buildings in 1 m TerraSAR-X image. Results showed that SAR data with different spatial resolutions are useful for different earthquake damage information extraction: medium spatial resolution SAR data, e.g. 10 m ALOS PALSAR data, were efficient for secondary geological disaster extraction; high-resolution SAR data, e.g. 1 m TerraSAR-X data, with the help of ancillary GIS data or high-resolution optical data, could be used to extract building collapse information in urban areas. This study indicates that SAR remote sensing data can provide earthquake damage information at early emergency stage and assist the field surveying, further damage assessment and post-earthquake reconstruction.     

云南宣威-曲靖段高速公路遥感选线应用研究

在国家高速公路G56杭州至瑞丽公路宣威-曲靖段前期选线研究中,以日本ALOS卫星遥感图像为主要信息源,对其进行遥感数据处理。依据遥感解译结果,结合野外调查验证资料,对宣威-曲靖段进行了工程地质区划分与评价,确定地质灾害较易发区：滑坡区、地表岩溶塌陷区、隐伏岩溶区、煤矿采空塌陷区;依据公路工程评价因素,将工程区划分为4个工程地质区、9个工程地质亚区。通过对线路走廊带及主要工点工程地质条件的评价,对工程设计推荐线与三段局部比较线（C、D、E）方案进行优选,最终确定了在推存线方案中可考虑采用C、E局部方案的理想线路。     

Application of geomorphologic knowledge for erosion hazard mapping

An erosion hazard map was elaborated using geomorphologic and lithological information; this was the base to characterize the erodibility of the territory. The aim of the proposed methodology is to define the areas where more detailed studies are necessary (e.g., to estimate rates of soil erosion, mitigation measurements, land use) to prevent future problems. Field work and remote sensing data (study of historical aerial photographs and satellite images) were used to understand the geomorphologic evolution and the current processes taking place in an area; this information was used to group the units according to its lithology, dynamic and slope inclination. The map was processed using the geographical information system and categorized in zones of very high, high, moderate, low and null fluvial erosion hazards. The map covers the Metropolitan Area of San Salvador, which is experiencing serious problems of mass wasting processes, collapse and settlements of foundations. Most affected areas belong to the Tierra Blanca Joven tephras which are unsaturated and cover most of the surface; nowadays, the urban projects and infrastructure resting in this material are suffering from extensive damage. The geotechnical information on the tephras shows a decrease in strength and collapsible behavior when saturated. Due to this, the use of Quickdraw tensiometers (suction) and TMS3 (soil moisture content) is proposed for monitoring. The methodology of erosion hazard mapping correlates well with mass wasting reported in the studied area, and for this reason, it could be a good way to protect the natural resources and improve the land use.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987114000279

Post-disaster very high resolution(VHR) satellite data are potential sources to provide detailed information on damage and geological changes for a large area in a short time.In this paper,we studied landslides triggered by the M_w 6.9 earthquake in Sikkim,India which occurred on 18 September 2011 using VHR data from Cartosat-1,GeoEye-1,QuickBird-2 and WorldView-2 satellites.Since the earthquake-affected area is located in mostly inaccessible Himalayan terrain,VHR data from these satellites provided a unique opportunity for quick and synoptic assessment of the damage.Using visual change analysis technique through comparison of pre- and post-earthquake images,we assessed the damage caused by the event.A total of 123 images acquired from eight satellites,covering an area of4105 km2 were analysed and 1196 new landslides triggered by the earthquake were mapped.Road blockages and severely affected villages were also identified.Geological assessment of the terrain highlighted linear disposition of landslides along existing fault scarps,suggesting a reactivation of fault.The landslide inventory map prepared from VHR images also showed a good correlation with the earthquake shake map.Results showed that several parts of north Sikkim,particularly Mangan and Chungthang,which are close to the epicentre,were severely affected by the earthquake,and that the event-based landslide inventory map can be used in future earthquake-triggered landslide susceptibility assessment studies.     

SAR遥感数据用于岩性识别与分类的研究

利用新疆北部山区雷达遥感数据,通过遥感数字图像处理与增强,生成雷达遥感假彩色合成影像应用于岩性判释。对不同岩性岩石,利用极化雷达提供的地表岩石的多种散射信息作为输入进行计算机神经网络分类,岩性识别分类的总精度为62.6%。与常规雷达数据分类对比,分类精度与岩石识别正确率均有显著提高。     

LiDAR技术在活动构造研究中的应用

沿断裂带的大比例尺地貌填图是活动构造研究的重要基础。传统方法一般通过遥感、航片解译以及典型地点的实地测量进行详细填图。因此传统方法一般只能获得二维变形特征,或者局部的三维变形。激光雷达测量(Light Detection And Ranging-LiDAR)技术优势为对地貌的高精度、全方位、三维直接测量,可以为活动构造研究提供沿整条断裂带的高精度地貌高程基础数据。基于LiDAR数据的量化分析是未来活动构造研究的趋势。目前,美国、欧洲、日本以及我国台湾地区等均已经开展沿主要活动断裂带的大规模机载LiDAR测量。与传统方法相比,LiDAR技术在森林覆盖区和城区的活动断裂填图中具有巨大的优势,在沿断裂位错测量上也更精准,更有效。并且震前与震后LiDAR数据对比也是研究同震变形特征、探索断裂发震模式的重要手段。本文综述LiDAR技术在活动构造研究中的主要应用,介绍LiDAR技术在活动构造研究中的优势与前景。分析表明,激光雷达技术在活动构造研究中的应用势在必行,沿国内主要活动断裂带的机载LiDAR测量将成为未来国内活动断裂研究基础数据获取的重要手段。     

无人机遥感系统在国土资源执法监察中的应用研究

无人机遥感系统是一种新型的高分辨率影像数据快速获取方式,具有高效快速、精细准确、作业成本低等特点。本文介绍了无人机遥感系统的组成、特点,设计了无人机遥感系统在国土资源执法监察中应用的技术流程,并以芜湖县湾沚镇为航摄区域进行实例验证分析。通过遥感影像的几何校正、空三加密、图像拼接和数据精度分析等数据预处理,套合比对2011年度的卫星影像数据和第二次土地调查的土地利用现状数据库,对国土资源执法监察区域的土地利用变化情况进行了初步评价,取得了较好的效果。     

现代遥感技术在秦始皇陵考古研究中的应用

秦始皇陵考古研究已取得大量成果,但对是否存在西墓道、阻排水渠位置及阻水效果等问题还不清楚。应用现代遥感技术在秦始皇陵区对文物遗存进行探测,对航空全色遥感图像和航空高光谱遥感图像进行数据处理、解释,提取文物遗存信息,发现了封土堆热异常,证实了阻排水渠的存在及其阻水效果,确认了西墓道的存在。与地球物理和地球化学的研究结果进行比较,得到的结论完全一致,证实了遥感方法的准确性和有效性。     

Application of remote sensing technique to mapping of the map series of karst geology in China and Southeast Asia

Based on the mapping program of the map series of karst geology in China and Southeast Asia, the paper summarizes the application of remote sensing technique and the process of acquiring information from remote sensing images. Generally, remote sensing technique serves as an effective method to recognize information about karst topography, rocky desertification and karst collapse. Interpretation of remote sensing images, in combination with field verification and cartographic generalization, provides basic data for updating the program database and compiling synthetic maps. In interpreting remote sensing images, automatic extraction can make it more efficient and visual interpretation can improve its accuracy.     

基于光学遥感技术的高山极高山区高位地质灾害链式特征分析

金沙江上游地形切割强烈、山高谷深,为典型的高山峡谷区,受金沙江断裂带的影响,斜坡完整性差、岩体支离破碎,极易发生山体滑坡。根据遥感影像上滑坡地质灾害隐患的色调、平面形态、变形标志、微地貌等特征,建立了遥感解译标志,在金沙江流域直门达—石鼓段共识别出滑坡地质灾害隐患点87处,其中大型40处、特大型47处,结合区域地理、地质环境特征,分析了其基本特征和空间分布规律。研究区堵江滑坡地质灾害隐患具有明显的链式特征,大致可划为滑坡-堵江灾害链、崩塌-滑坡-堵江灾害链、滑坡-泥石流-堵江灾害链等3种类型,分别以色拉滑坡、汪布顶滑坡、探戈滑坡为例,基于光学遥感技术对其变形特征、链式特征进行了详细分析。从地理位置上看,金沙江断裂带明显控制了金沙江干流直门达—石鼓段的平面展布,新构造运动在断裂带各段活动周期、强度存在差异性,中段和南段活动性较强、应变积累更快,地震作用可能相对频繁,为巴塘以南的金沙江两岸有利斜坡区发生堵江滑坡提供了有利的区域地质环境背景。     

利用航空遥感图像进行河道自动提取的方法研究

从航空遥感图像中综合利用河道的光谱特性和形态特性提取河道的方法。可以通过其光谱特性来大致确定河道,再依据河道的形态特性(长和宽),分为X和Y两个方向分别判断其形态,得到河道的信息。通过对上海市七宝地区航空遥感图像中河道的提取的实例,表明这是一种完全可行的河道提取方法。     

利用高分辨率影像建立三维虚拟校园——以"数字成都理工大学"为例

以数字化校园工程———“数字成都理工大学”为例,探讨利用航空影像和数字摄影测量技术,获取基础空间地理信息的方法及途径。并采用三维建模软件Cyber C ity对建筑物进行三维建模。而对于复杂地物,采用三维地理信息系统IMAGIS软件建立单个模型,从而实现了成都理工大学校区的三维可视化虚拟重建和漫游。实践证明,利用数字摄影测量技术和遥感影像,能够有效地获取大范围区域地表地物的三维信息,并快速地建立地面模型和三维景观。     

基于高分二号卫星数据的煤矿区地质灾害信息提取研究

随着遥感数据获取技术和能力的全面提高,遥感数据呈现出明显的大数据特征。发展适应于遥感大数据的智能分析和信息挖掘技术,成为当前遥感技术研究的前沿。高分二号（GF-2）卫星数据是我国首颗自主研发的亚米级高分辨率卫星数据,具有观测幅宽、重访周期短、高辐射精度、高定位精度等优势,为未来我国地质灾害的长期、动态地监测和研究提供了高精度、稳定可靠的数据源。本文选取安徽谢桥煤矿2015年1月8日的GF-2卫星影像为研究数据,在对煤矿区主要地质灾害遥感地学分析的基础上,采用面向对象的影像分析方法对研究区由采煤活动所诱发的地质灾害信息进行自动提取。结果表明：利用GF-2卫星数据能够有效地识别地质灾害体的位置、范围、形态等空间分布特征;面向对象的自动提取方法对于煤矿区大面积的积水塌陷盆地、小规模的塌陷坑和线性的地裂缝都有很高的提取精度,识别精度达90% 以上;基于逐层剔除的思路构建的提取规则,为GF-2数据在地质灾害调查和大数据分析中的应用提供了很好的技术支持,也为其它地物目标的提取提供了参考,但在特征的选择和阈值的设定上需要具体分析。     

The vegetation damage assessment of the Wenchuan earthquake of May 2008 using remote sensing and GIS

The methodology for assessing the vegetation damaged by the Wenchuan earthquake by using the technologies of remote sensing and GIS was discussed in Dujiangyan city of Sichuan Province, China. The model of extracting vegetation from CBERS images was formulated using the differentiation knowledge of vegetation and non-vegetation discovered by image analysis and geographic analysis. The damage degree index (DDI) of the vegetation was defined here, which was the difference of the normalized difference vegetation index before the earthquake and that after earthquake. The China-Brazil Earth Resource Satellite (CBERS)-02’s images acquired, respectively, on 6 May and 27 June 2008, the model of extracting vegetation, and DDI were used to obtain the information about the area and degree of the damage vegetation in the study. There was 87.94 square kilometers vegetation damaged by Wenchuan earthquake, which accounted for 7.9% of the total area in Dujiangyan city. The area percentage of the damage vegetation in each grade related strongly and positively to the elevation grade and slope grade and weakly related to the aspect type. The distribution characteristics of the damage vegetation were useful for making plan of restoring vegetation here.     

IKONOS卫星影像在甘肃省红会煤矿区塌陷群识别中的应用

遥感技术在地质灾害的调查中有着广泛地应用,特别是高分辨率卫星影像。本文采用IKONOS高分辨率卫星影像,通过正射校正、影像融合后,获得高精度的遥感影像,作为解译地质灾害的遥感数据源,可以快速、准确地识别红会煤矿区的塌陷群,并能够清楚地识别塌陷及其细节特征,分析其影响因子、规模和危害程度,取得了良好的效果。     

The rainfall-induced Wulipo rockslide,China: a modified model for rockslide initiation

During the May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, rock masses in the earthquake region were shaken, and subsequently, a number of post-earthquake landslides and debris flows occurred, triggered by heavy rainstorms. This paper presents a study of the rainfall-induced mechanism that triggered the landslides. This study is based on pre- and post-landslide geomorphology and geological features identified from pre-landslide high-resolution satellite imagery and post-landslide aerial photographs of the Wulipo landslide. The remote sensing observations were verified by field investigations. The results indicate that the heavy storm that occurred in July 2013 was the main trigger for the landslide although existing tensions and weak rock interfaces were the main internal causes for reactivation of the landslide. The bedding in the rocks dips in the same direction as the topographic slope. A tensile trough developed at the scarp. Based on data from the Wulipo rockslide, a model is proposed for calculating the safety factor for rockslides that takes into account the hydrostatic pressure along the structural plane of the rockslide. The results show that the proposed method can effectively estimate the stability of a storm-induced rockslide in regions underlain by bedded rocks. Based on this estimate, it is concluded that the Wulipo rockslide is a reactivated old rockslide.     

High‐resolution remote sensing and GIS techniques for geobase data supporting archaeological surveys: A case study of ancient Doliche,southeast Turkey

The detection, surveying, and analysis of ancient settlement structures using remote sensing techniques offer a unique opportunity to quickly map the locations of archaeological objects in a relatively short time. High‐resolution images contribute information to the documentation and spatial relation of these objects, especially if Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Web‐based applications are used. The aim of this study was to assess the potential use of satellite data and aerial imagesacquired by a remote‐controlled balloon to generate geospatial data with a range of resolutions and information depths. The study area was Doliche, in the landscape of ancient Commagene (Turkey), where conventional flight campaigns are impossible or strongly restricted. Recently generated data sets (i.e., topographic maps, ortho‐images, terrain models) were combined with field observations to derive ancient and modern landscape patterns and their possible relation to an assumed “ancient procession road” between the village Doliche (Dülük) and the nearby sanctuary of theRoman divinity Iupiter Dolichenus. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Construction and application of coastal zone image map based on uncontrolled point technology

Using the tight connection of direct geolocation technique and large-scale digital aerial photography system, the authors carried out the high-precision aerial remote sensing survey in Binhai New Area of Tianjin and Caofeidian New Area of Tangshan, West Bohai Bay. The application of uncontrolled point technology gets rid of the dependence on the base station for aerial remote sensing, and also overcomes the shortcoming of the rarity of ground stations in the surrounding areas of the coastal zone. Utilizing the 0.3 m high-resolution true-color aerial photography images and high-precision positioning and orientation elements, the authors have successfully constructed the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Digital Orthophoto Map (DOM), which meet the requirements of 1:10 000 scale indexes in plane and altitude. These fill the gap in the basic geological information of high-precision aerial remote sensing in Binhai New Area and the intertidal belt of Caofeidian Coastal Zone. On the basis of high-resolution satellite data, remote sensing interpretation has been used for land type classification and coastline extraction, which provides detailed and reliable geographic information for the thematic maps of remote sensing geological interpretation, geological ecological environment and disasters. The results show that the application of tightly coupled airborne position and orientation system (POS) and uncontrolled technology shortens the mapping cycle of DEM and DOM, reduces a lot of ground measurement workload and saves manpower and material expenditure. The research can provide some new technical support and working ideas for geological survey in coastal zone working areas.     

基于无控技术的海岸带影像图构建与应用

运用直接地理定位技术和大幅面航空数字摄影系统的紧密捷联,开展渤海湾西部天津滨海新区和唐山曹妃甸新区的高精度航空遥感调查工作。无地面控制点技术的应用摆脱了航空遥感对基站的依赖,也克服了海岸带周边地区地面基站稀少的局限。利用获取的0.3 m高空间分辨率真彩色航摄影像和高精度定位定向元素,成功构建了平面与高程均符合1:10 000比例尺指标要求的数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)和数字正射影像图(digital orthophoto map,DOM),填补了天津滨海新区和唐山曹妃甸新区海岸带潮间带高精度航空遥感基础地质信息的空白,同时结合高分卫星数据,在土地类型分类、海岸线提取等方面开展了遥感解译应用,为进行遥感地质解译、地质生态环境与灾害等要素的专题图制作提供详实可靠的地理信息基础数据。研究结果显示,紧耦合机载定位定向系统(position and orientation system,POS)无控技术的运用缩短了DEM和DOM成图作业周期,减少了大量地面测量工作,节约了人力和物力支出,为海岸带工作区开展地质调查提供了新的技术支撑和工作思路。