Designing and implementing a GIS in an international context

International collaborations between private companies, national research laboratories, and universities in the field of GIS have opened up new ways of exchanging knowledge and experiences between different countries. However, when a collaboration involves the actual design and implementation of an operational GIS, rather than simply theoretical or applied research, or the development of specific applications, many problems can arise, sometimes leading either to the partial success or to the complete failure of a project. Some of these problems are frequently encountered in all kinds of international collaborations: problems arising from different cultural mentalities, difficulties establishing a single common leadership, difficulties with communication and information exchange, and so on. Problems relating to the specific nature of GIS are also present, for example the absence of digital geographic data format standards, the absence of metadata standards, the omission of GIS or IS design methods, etc. This paper focuses on a joint Sino-Belgian project for the design and implementation of an urban geographical information system (UGIS) integrating remote sensing techniques in Hangzhou city, China and examines the general, specific, and international aspects of the problems encountered in an international collaboration.     

基于协调过程的地图政区自动着色

地图制图中行政区划通常用颜色来区分,本文以Heawood定理及其证明过程为基础,提出一个基于协调某些已着色区域,用限定色数对政区进行自动着色的方法。它在只要求区分相邻色块的情况下,用最多5种颜色就可完成着色过程。并且在此方法中,根据制图中图面颜色平衡的要求,引进颜色的权重及相应的着色步骤。通过分析地图行政单元的区划特点以及制图中表示行政单元的要求,指出对政区这一类地图着色,在存在分离区域的情况下,不能保证按给定色数完成自动着色过程。     

《京杭运河遗产保护规划图》图例设计

在运河“申遗” 工作的推动下,以京杭运河为代表的大量水利工程相继成各级文物保护单位,水利、文物等部门相继开展了古代水利工程保护与管理规划的编制工作、由于古代水利工程保护的特殊性．在保护规划图编绘的过程中发现已有的规划图编绘技术标准不能满足实际工作的需求．突出地表现在现有规划要素图例不能完整地表达保护规划内容,本文根据古代水利工程保护特殊要求．结合当前已有的规划图编绘技术标准和成果,提出了京杭运河保护与管理规划图图例系统和具体设计方案。     

重庆市地质灾害监测预警信息系统建设与应用

文章从系统建设需求、系统构架、功能组成及数据集成建设、系统展示与应用六个方面介绍了重庆市地质灾害监测预警系统建设与应用。系统研发过程中利用了计算机网络、通信和3S技术,按照统一的标准和规范要求建设,旨在搭建一个重庆市地质灾害防治信息与监测预警平台,实现地质灾害防治网络化运作模式,提升地质灾害防治日常管理、监测预警、决策支持和应急处置能力,为重庆地质灾害防治提供信息服务及决策服务。     

Land suitability assessment for selected crops in Vellore district based on agro-ecological characterisation

Planning based on agro-ecological zoning aims at scientific management of regional resources to meet the food, fibre, fodder and fuel wood requirements without adversely affecting the status of natural resources and environment. An attempt has been made to map the agro-ecological units for Vellore district of Tamil Nadu and derive the crop-zone map for the four major crops namely, paddy, sugarcane, groundnut and millets. The basic theory of FAO framework for Land Evaluation was adopted to define the suitability of crops. Land quality details necessary for evaluating the agro-land suitability of crops and for delineating the agroecological units include the terrain, soil and climatic characteristics. Agro-ecological units map was generated by overlaying the agro-edaphic and agroclimatic map layers in GIS. The agro-land suitability map was generated by matching the crop requirement details with the land qualities. The results of the suitability evaluation, when compared with the current land use statistics of these crops showed that area cultivated is less than the area suitable for these crops.     

Disaggregating and mapping crop statistics using hypertemporal remote sensing

Governments compile their agricultural statistics in tabular form by administrative area, which gives no clue to the exact locations where specific crops are actually grown. Such data are poorly suited for early warning and assessment of crop production. 10-Daily satellite image time series of Andalucia, Spain, acquired since 1998 by the SPOT Vegetation Instrument in combination with reported crop area statistics were used to produce the required crop maps. Firstly, the 10-daily (1998–2006) 1-km resolution SPOT-Vegetation NDVI-images were used to stratify the study area in 45 map units through an iterative unsupervised classification process. Each unit represents an NDVI-profile showing changes in vegetation greenness over time which is assumed to relate to the types of land cover and land use present. Secondly, the areas of NDVI-units and the reported cropped areas by municipality were used to disaggregate the crop statistics. Adjusted R-squares were 98.8% for rainfed wheat, 97.5% for rainfed sunflower, and 76.5% for barley. Relating statistical data on areas cropped by municipality with the NDVI-based unit map showed that the selected crops were significantly related to specific NDVI-based map units. Other NDVI-profiles did not relate to the studied crops and represented other types of land use or land cover. The results were validated by using primary field data. These data were collected by the Spanish government from 2001 to 2005 through grid sampling within agricultural areas; each grid (block) contains three 700 m × 700 m segments. The validation showed 68%, 31% and 23% variability explained (adjusted R-squares) between the three produced maps and the thousands of segment data. Mainly variability within the delineated NDVI-units caused relatively low values; the units are internally heterogeneous. Variability between units is properly captured. The maps must accordingly be considered “small scale maps”. These maps can be used to monitor crop performance of specific cropped areas because of using hypertemporal images. Early warning thus becomes more location and crop specific because of using hypertemporal remote sensing.     

地灾监测的大数据信息平台研究及应用

重点对地灾监测方面的方案研究进行了阐述,在构建大数据信息平台的设计方案时,以实现高度自动化的全方位监测功能为导向,依托导航卫星数据接收机和多源传感器,集成构建大数据信息平台的系统解决方案,主要包括扼流圈卫星天线、GNSS数据接收机、MEMS传感器、环境测量单元、防雷区域单元等功能元件的组成、多传感器的系统集成,以及全方位监测的功能实现。按照地灾监测大数据信息平台建设、构建大数据平台关键技术突破及检测数据解算软件功能实现的顺序,完成了GNSS实时监测预警应用网络系统HCmonitor的研发。综合应用多种手段实现地灾监测的功能升级,为解决重大灾害预警提供了新的思路和解决方案,该项成果在甘肃舟曲的灾后重建工程得到应用与推广。     

基于市县“十三五”基础测绘规划的编制工作研究

市县基础测绘是国家、省基础测绘工作的重要组成部分,是对国家、省级基础测绘规划的衔接和延续。按照我国的基础测绘分级管理要求,市县测绘行政主管部门应依据本规划会同其他同级政府部门编制本级行政区域的"十三五"基础测绘规划。基础测绘规划编制隶属政府专项规划,不同于专业技术设计,审批后需要对外公开发布,所以在语言概括、章节结构和思想表达上有其特殊性。结合笔者编制多个市、县、区的"十三五"基础测绘规划经验,参考其他专题的规划编制工作,从市县基础测绘规划编制的框架结构、规划内容等开始推进,并重点对市县基础测绘规划编制的发展基础、发展趋势、需求分析、指导思想和发展目标、主要任务和保障措施等章节进行了编制研究。本文总结了在编制市县"十三五"基础测绘规划时的一般步骤、编制重点和注意事项,为编制此类规划提供了有益借鉴。     

GIS-based stratification of malaria risk zones for Zimbabwe

Abstract

Malaria burden has considerably declined in the last 15 years mainly due to large-scale vector control. The continued decline can be sustained through malaria risk stratification. Malaria stratification is the classification of geographical areas according to malaria risk. In this study, ecological niche modelling using the maximum entropy algorithm was applied to predict malaria vector habitat suitability in terms of bioclimatic and topographic variables. The output vector suitability map was integrated with malaria prevalence data in a GIS to stratify Zimbabwe into different malaria risk zones. Five improved and validated malaria risk zones were successfully delimited for Zimbabwe based on the World Health Organization classification scheme. These results suggest that the probability of occurrence of major vectors of malaria is a key determinant of malaria prevalence. The delimited malaria risk zones could be used by National Malaria Control programmes to plan and implement targeted malaria interventions based on vector control.     

Suitability Analysis of Groundwater Quality for Domestic and Irrigation Usage in Yamuna Nagar District, India: A GIS Approach

The main source to fulfill the enormous needs of water both for domestic and agricultural purposes in the densely cultivated region of Yamuna Nagar district of Haryana (India) is the water under earth. Since enough quantity of good quality water has been readily available, the water quality concerns are often neglected. In the present study analysis of the geochemical characteristics of groundwater to assess its suitability for domestic and irrigation purposes has been done. Fifty-five samples were collected in the months of June (pre-monsoon) and October (post-monsoon) from the bore wells. These samples were analysed for various parameters and were compared with various national and international standards to determine the suitability of water for domestic and irrigation use. The thematic maps for hydrogen ion concentration (pH), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), electric conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), percent sodium (Na%) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) were prepared in GIS environment. These maps were further classified as per given standards to study the spatial variations of quality parameters and their suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. Investigations revealed that groundwater in general was hard for domestic use. However it was within the safe limits for drinking. Furthermore groundwater quality was well within the desirable to permissible limits for irrigation purpose.     

湖北省高精度行政区域界线测绘的技术方法

行政区域界线是国家实施有效管理的重要依据。随着信息化时代的快速发展,对多尺度、高精度的行政区域界线数据的应用需求越来越广。详细介绍了基于高分辨遥感影像的湖北省1∶10 000比例尺行政区域界线测绘的内容和工作流程,并对行政区域界线测绘的关键技术进行了探索与研究;分析总结了行政区域界线测绘中存在的典型问题,并提供了相应的解决方案,为今后大比例尺行政区域界线测绘工作提供了经验。     

An Evaluation of the Use of Grid Squares in Computerised Choropleth Maps

Abstract

There are numerous computer programs to produce choropleth maps and some work has also been published on the use of a grid matrix as a way of dividing an area into discrete units. The purpose of this paper is to combine the two approaches and evaluate the suitability of using a network of grid cells, each containing a representative value of the variable being mapped, as a way of producing choropleth maps on a computer.     

国际标准电子海图显示中几个关键技术的实现

针对我国建立基于标准电子海图显示信息系统(ECDIS)的关键技术问题,提出了相应的解决方案,包括自主知识产权的国际标准电子海图显示平台,符合国际海道测量组织(IHO)颁布的S-57、S-52和国际海事组织(IMO)颁布的(A)817、(A)694的数字海图显示标准。     

Spatial risk assessment of opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan: integrating environmental and socio-economic drivers

ABSTRACT

Recently the cultivation of opium poppy in Afghanistan reached unprecedented levels. It is agreed that the complex and coupled interactions of social, economic and environmental drivers are crucial for understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan. In this context, we present an integrated risk concept, which considers environmental and socio-economic drivers of opium poppy cultivation. A set of spatially explicit indicators for the environmental suitability and socio-economic vulnerability was established and populated from a variety of databases. Subsequently, novel methods of modelling homogeneous and spatially explicit regions of opium poppy cultivation suitability, socio-economic vulnerability and risk are developed and applied. The risk assessment results demonstrate the complex nature of the illicit crops production in Afghanistan and prompt a more profound examination of the drivers of opium poppy cultivation in a spatial context. The study also confirms what has already been widely discussed in literature: that reasons for cultivation are spatially diverse and often distinct, meaning that any formulation of generalized explanations cannot be drawn without ignoring a more complex reality. Thus, an integrative spatial view of risk, which integrates the social dimension as well as environmental parameters, is required to better identify context-specific intervention measures.     

SOUTHERN RHODESIAN MILITARY SURVEYORS IN THE WORLD WAR, 1939–1945

Abstract

The part played by Southern Rhodesian Military Surveyors in The World War, 1939–1945, would have been comparatively simple to chronicle had the “Home” and “Away” Southern Rhodesia Survey Units formed early in the War continued as separate entities until the end of hostilities. As the narrative will show, however, in order to make the best use of the personnel available they were grouped together with surveyors from other territories into composite units and, in addition, some were employed on purely General Staff duties. Accordingly the narrative is divided into chapters covering areas–cum–periods.     

Lewis Petit and his Plans of Scottish Fortifications and Towns, 1714–16

Abstract

The background and context to the cartography of the French military engineer Lewis Petit and his work in Scotland is explained. Petit was responsible for drafting the earliest plans and profiles of four castles in the north-west Highlands of Scotland (1714), as well as the earliest town plans of Perth and Inverness (1716). A consideration of their functions, particularly through the Board of Ordnance archives, allows a better understanding of these plans and their value as historical sources, as well as their accurate dating. Petit's work reflected national and international developments, including war in Europe and the Jacobite rebellions in Britain. His cartography illustrates the spread of new European military theories and practices, at a time when a professional corps of military engineers was being established in Great Britain. Through studying Petit and his maps we can gain a fuller understanding not only of the Board of Ordnance in Hanoverian Scotland, but also of the militarisation of cartography in the eighteenth century, and the emergence of standards relating to colour, scale and terminology.     

行政区划图自动着色的混合遗传算法

结合贪心算法的局部搜索能力与遗传算法的全局搜索能力,研究了政区图四色着色问题的混合遗传算法,并在此基础上提出了一些改进措施。试验结果表明,这种混合遗传算法能有效地解决行政区划图自动着色问题,并取得了较好的结果。     

国家西部测图工程标准化研究与实践

标准研制是西部测图工程的重要工作内容,为工程的顺利开展、实施提供技术依据和质量保障。本文介绍西部测图工程标准化工作,以测什么、怎么测、如何表达三个问题为视点研究制定西部测图工程内部标准——生产技术规定,提出在大型测绘工程标准化工作中解决三个问题的技术要点,设计标准化工作视图,用以指导工程标准制定及实施。