VGIS-AntiJitter: an effective framework for solving jitter problems in virtual geographic information systems

Abstract

With the proposition of the Digital Earth (DE) concept, Virtual Geographic Information System (VGIS) has started to play the role of a Digital Earth prototype system. Many core problems involved in VGIS, such as out-of-core management and interactive rendering of very large scale terrain and image data, have been well studied in the past decades. However, the jitter problem, a common problem in VGIS that often causes annoying visual artefacts and deteriorates the output image quality, draws little attention. In this paper, after an intensive analysis of the jitter problem, a comprehensive framework is proposed to address such a problem while accounting for the characteristics of different data types in VGIS, such as terrain or ocean mesh data, vector data and 3-D model data. Specifically, this framework provides an improved dynamic local coordinate system (DLCS) method for terrain or ocean mesh data. For vector data, the framework provides a simple and effective multiple local coordinate systems (MLCS) method. The framework provides a MLCS method for 3-D model data making full use of the existing local coordinate system of the model. The advantages of the proposed methods over current approaches are analysed and highlighted through case studies involving large GIS datasets.     

一种线框矢量模型表示的地质体折面剖切方法

线框模型是三维计算机图形学中重要的物体可视化表示模型,在矿山勘查软件中得到广泛的应用.该模型主要用于描述、管理复杂三维地质体.本文提出一种基于线框模型表达的地质体的折面剖切方法.本算法首先建立剖切模型;其次,计算折面剖切面与地质体之间的交线并求得其切割剖面;第三,分割原始线框模型地质体;第四,对分割后的线框模型进行模型...     

Volunteered geographic information systems: Technological design patterns

Volunteered geographic information (VGI) has been studied extensively within various contexts, however, generally focusing on isolated aspects of data. Therefore, we still need to advance the structured knowledge of the mechanisms that affect and support its creation. This article aims to contribute to the integrated study of VGI systems (VGIS) in order to enhance design processes that lead to a more systematic and efficient VGI management. We define VGIS, their main components, and general architectures. Then, we use the service blueprinting technique to conduct the case study of several systems, identifying system actions to find the processes and technologies forming the different functional components of VGIS: elements of the technological infrastructure that implement diverse processes to facilitate participation and data management. Integrated in the data collection component, we also propose a typology of crowdsourcing tasks that—coupled with the functional components—establishes a foundation for VGIS research and design. We characterize these components, arguing that they are necessary in the development of VGIS, however, there is still a need for a more detailed study of the flow of processes and subprocesses and how they work under the criteria of different types of projects to continue facilitating their design.     

基于光谱分析的MODIS云检测算法研究

总结了云、雪、植被、沙漠、水体等目标的光谱特性以及云和不同目标间的光谱差异，结合MODIS影像的波段范围，提出了一种对不同下垫面通用的多光谱云检测算法，试验证明了算法的有效性。     

Salient man-made object detection based on saliency potential energy for unmanned aerial vehicles remote sensing image

Abstract

It is difficult to automatically recognize complex ground objects, and massive data images with the super-high ground resolution in images captured by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In order to directly identify the salient man-made ground objects from the UAV remote sensing (RS) image, a saliency detection method based on saliency potential energy (SPE) is proposed. With a detection, filtration and backtracking strategy, the texture, shape and colour of the UAV RS image are comprehensively and numerally analysed by the SPE to detect the salient man-made objects. Both qualitative and quantitative evaluations have indicated that, compared to the state-of-art saliency detection methods, our method could achieve better performance with better accuracy and less errors, which prove that our method has great application potential in UAV RS image understanding.     

遥感影像变化检测样本自动抽样

在遥感影像结合矢量数据先验信息的变化检测中,需要从分割后的影像对象中抽取一定数量、具有相同类别属性的样本,其中不可避免地抽到类别属性不一致的样本,如何剔除这些样本是抽样过程中必须解决的重点问题,在目前已有的方法中,一般是通过人工目视判别完成的。样本的自动提取是实现自动变化检测的关键环节,本文提出一种变化检测样本自动抽样方法,主要包括样本的空间布设和异常样本自动检测两个环节。该方法首先利用矢量数据提取抽样图层,用抽样图层分割遥感影像,获取影像对象。其次是根据抽样区域范围、影像对象分布特征和地形特征布设变化检测样本。然后根据样本的先验类别属性构建特征空间向量,计算样本在特征空间的局部可达密度,由局部可达密度计算样本的异常度指数,并根据特征空间密度异常指数剔除异常样本,完成变化检测样本自动提取。最后以耕地、林地和居民地为例进行了抽样试验。结果表明,邻域参数k按样本布设总数的1/5—1/3取值、异常度阈值设定为80%时,可以实现异常样本0漏检率,能够准确、高效实现变化检测样本的自动提取。     

OESM辅助的高分辨率航空正射影像拼接线自动检测算法

针对常规拼接线检测算法在城市区域影像镶嵌时容易出现拼接线穿越建筑物从而破坏地物完整性的问题,提出了一种影像高程同步模型(OESM)辅助的拼接线自动检测算法。该算法首先通过对OESM模型规格化处理标识正射影像中的地物目标;然后在非地物目标区利用改进贪婪蛇算法检测拼接线。通过对建筑物密集分布的城市区域影像进行拼接线检测实验表明,该算法是一种理想的拼接线检测算法。     

An approach to extracting information of residential areas from Beijing-1 image based on Gabor texture segmentation

Abstract

According to the features of high-resolution panchromatic imagery of Beijing-1 small satellite, an approach to extracting information of residential areas is proposed in this paper based on Gabor texture segmentation. The algorithm extracts the features in different directions and different scales by building the Gabor filter, uses cluster analysis of multiple features to segment the image, and performs the fusion processing based on morphological scale space. It solves the problems in image processing resulting from low contrast between remote sensing objects and background, the blurring of image edges and high noise. It has the benefits of direction selection and frequency selection with strong self-adaptive ability. Our experiments prove the effectiveness of the approach for extracting information of residential areas from Beijing-1 high-resolution imagery.     

SAR polarimetric change detection for flooded vegetation

Abstract

Due to spatial and temporal variability an effective monitoring system for water resources must consider the use of remote sensing to provide information. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is useful due to timely data acquisition and sensitivity to surface water and flooded vegetation. The ability to map flooded vegetation is attributed to the double bounce scattering mechanism, often dominant for this target. Dong Ting Lake in China is an ideal site for evaluating SAR data for this application due to annual flooding caused by mountain snow melt causing extensive changes in flooded vegetation. A curvelet-based approach for change detection in SAR imagery works well as it highlights the change and suppresses the speckle noise. This paper addresses the extension of this change detection technique to polarimetric SAR data for monitoring surface water and flooded vegetation. RADARSAT-2 images of Dong Ting Lake demonstrate this curvelet-based change detection technique applied to wetlands although it is applicable to other land covers and for post disaster impact assessment. These tools are important to Digital Earth for map updating and revision.     

A tree counting algorithm for precision agriculture tasks

Abstract

This study proposes an automatic procedure for individual fruit tree identification using GeoEye-1 sensor data. Depending on site-specific pruning practices, the morphologic characteristics of tree crowns may generate one or more brightness peaks (tree top) on the imagery. To optimize tree counting and to minimize typical background noises from orchards (i.e. bare soil, weeds, and man-made objects), a four-step algorithm was implemented with spatial transforms and functions suitable for spaced stands (asymmetrical smoothing filter, local minimum filter, mask layer, and spatial aggregation operator). System performance was evaluated through objective criteria, showing consistent results in fast capturing tree position for precision agriculture tasks.     

Ability to detect and locate gross errors on DEM matching algorithm

Abstract

Digital elevation model (DEM) matching techniques have been extended to DEM deformation detection by substituting a robust estimator for the least squares estimator, in which terrain changes are treated as gross errors. However, all existing methods only emphasise their deformation detecting ability, and neglect another important aspect: only when the gross error can be detected and located, can this system be useful. This paper employs the gross error judgement matrix as a tool to make an in-depth analysis of this problem. The theoretical analyses and experimental results show that observations in the DEM matching algorithm in real applications have the ability to detect and locate gross errors. Therefore, treating the terrain changes as gross errors is theoretically feasible, allowing real DEM deformations to be detected by employing a surface matching technique.     

Tessellations in GIS: Part II–making changes

Abstract

We attempt to describe the role of tessellated models of space within the discipline of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) – a speciality coming largely out of Geography and Land Surveying, where there was a strong need to represent information about the land’s surface within a computer system rather than on the original paper maps. We look at some of the basic operations in GIS, including dynamic and kinetic applications. We examine issues of topology and data structures, and produced a tessellation model that may be widely applied both to traditional “object” and “field” data types. The Part I of this study examined object and field spatial models, the Voronoi extension of objects, and the graphs that express the resulting adjacencies. The required data structures were also briefly described, along with 2D and 3D structures and hierarchical indexing. The importance of graph duality was emphasized. Here, this second paper builds on the structures described in the first, and examines how these may be modified: change may often be associated with either viewpoint or time. Incremental algorithms permit additional point insertion, and applications involving the addition of skeleton points, for map scanning, contour enrichment or watershed delineation and simulation. Dynamic algorithms permit skeleton smoothing, and higher order Voronoi diagram applications, including Sibson interpolation. Kinetic algorithms allow collision detection applications, free-Lagrange flow modeling, and pen movement simulation for map drawing. If desired these methods may be extended to 3D. Based on this framework, it can be argued that tessellation models are fundamental to our understanding and processing of geographical space, and provide a coherent framework for understanding the “space” in which we exist.     

Road Detection from Optical Remote Sensing Imagery Using Circular Projection Matching and Tracking Strategy

A road detection method based on Circular Projection (CP) matching and tracking strategy is proposed in this paper. The CP matching is a template matching-based algorithm with rotation invariant and low computation characteristics. This advantage is beneficial for twisty roads detection. Take the good use of the advantage, we improve the CP matching to make it more applicable for road detection, including: optimal template radius selection, approximation control parameter, and anti-interference correction for suppressing brightness and random noise affects. The overall road detection is using a dual-directional tracking strategy. In road tracking, we use a fan-shaped scope to limit the direction of template matching to prevent backtracking. In tracking procedure, we propose an adaptive template matching algorithm, overcoming changes between the selected template and targets. Finally, SPOT-5 and GeoEye-1 remote sensing images are used for experiment. The experimental result shows that the proposed method is rotation invariant, flexible and fast, which is applicable to the twisty road detection. The experiment results also show that road detection error is about 2?~?5 m, and detection accuracy is higher than 80 %.     

Mixed Integer-Real Valued Adjustment (IRA) Problems: GPS Initial Cycle Ambiguity Resolution by Means of the LLL Algorithm

In order to achieve to GPS solutions of first-order accuracy and integrity, carrier phase observations as well as pseudorange observations have to be adjusted with respect to a linear/linearized model. Here the problem of mixed integer-real valued parameter adjustment (IRA) is met. Indeed, integer cycle ambiguity unknowns have to be estimated and tested. At first we review the three concepts to deal with IRA: (i) DDD or triple difference observations are produced by a properly chosen difference operator and choice of basis, namely being free of integer-valued unknowns (ii) The real-valued unknown parameters are eliminated by a Gauss elimination step while the remaining integer-valued unknown parameters (initial cycle ambiguities) are determined by Quadratic Programming and (iii) a RA substitute model is firstly implemented (real-valued estimates of initial cycle ambiguities) and secondly a minimum distance map is designed which operates on the real-valued approximation of integers with respect to the integer data in a lattice. This is the place where the integer Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization by means of the LLL algorithm (modified LLL algorithm) is applied being illustrated by four examples. In particular, we prove that in general it is impossible to transform an oblique base of a lattice to an orthogonal base by Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization where its matrix enties are integer. The volume preserving Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization operator constraint to integer entries produces “almost orthogonal” bases which, in turn, can be used to produce the integer-valued unknown parameters (initial cycle ambiguities) from the LLL algorithm (modified LLL algorithm). Systematic errors generated by “almost orthogonal” lattice bases are quantified by A. K. Lenstra et al. (1982) as well as M. Pohst (1987). The solution point of Integer Least Squares generated by the LLL algorithm is = (L')⁻¹[L'◯] ∈ ℤ ^m where L is the lower triangular Gram-Schmidt matrix rounded to nearest integers, [L], and = [L'◯] are the nearest integers of L'◯, ◯ being the real valued approximation of z ∈ ℤ ^m , the m-dimensional lattice space Λ. Indeed due to “almost orthogonality” of the integer Gram-Schmidt procedure, the solution point is only suboptimal, only close to “least squares.” ? 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Analysis of mobility data – A focus on Mobile Mapping Systems

ABSTRACT

The increasing availability of devices to capture the position of moving objects (and other environmental information) leads to a very large amount and variety of mobility data. In order to obtain important information about the objects, their behavior or the environment of the objects, an automatic analysis is required. This article highlights current research questions in the context of the analysis of mobility data and presents them on the basis of work carried out at the Institute of Cartography and Geoinformatics (ikg) at Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany. A focus is put on the analysis and exploitation of information from Mobile Mapping vehicles.     

基于XML和CORBA的网络虚拟GIS设计

虚拟GIS是随着计算机图形技术和人机接口技术的发展，在传统多维GIS系统基础上发展起来的新型GIS系统。虚拟GIS在扩展GIS应用领域的同时，也给GIS设计带来了新的问题。根据当前计算机技术的新发展，特别是在网络信息表达技术和网络平台技术的最新发展，来设计面向Web的网络虚拟GIS。结合XML技术来解决网络虚拟GIS中多种信息在网络空间中的表达和传输，结合CORBA技术来设计网络虚拟GIS的网络结构。通过与这些新技术的结合，为开发有着丰富功能，完全开放的网络虚拟GIS建立了新的途径。     

摄影测量激光点云空洞修补

为修补三维激光点云中的复杂空洞,本文提出了一种基于摄影测量原理的修补算法。与常规利用空洞与空洞周围点云的关系修补空洞的方法相比,该方法对于复杂空洞的修补可靠性更高,通用性更强。实验结果表明,该空洞修补算法适用于大面积、复杂的点云空洞,能较好地保持原三维物体的细节特征。     

基于数学形态学的遥感影像边缘检测研究

针对含有复杂地物、边缘密度大的遥感影像,提出了一种基于多结构元素形态学的边缘检测方法。首先,根据遥感影像的特点,用形态学的开闭滤波器去除影像中的噪声点。然后基于多结构元素形态学进行边缘检测,最后,对边缘检测结果进行二值化及细化处理。并同Sobel及Canny算子的检测结果进行了比较。结果证明,该方法能有效地提取边缘、保护细节。     

GRAPHICAL COMPUTATION OF SPHERICAL EXCESS

Abstract

In the reduction of geodetic triangulation the computation of the spherical excess of each triangle is of great importance; for unless the amount of spherical excess is known, the accuracy with which the angles have been observed cannot be assessed, nor can the triangle itself be computed by the simple formulae applicable to plane triangles.     

A cross-analysis framework for multi-source volunteered,crowdsourced, and authoritative geographic information: The case study of volunteered personal traces analysis against transport network data

Abstract

The paper discusses the need of a high-level query language to allow analysts, geographers and, in general, non-programmers to easily cross-analyze multi-source VGI created by means of apps, crowd-sourced data from social networks and authoritative geo-referenced data, usually represented as JSON data sets (nowadays, the de facto standard for data exported by social networks). Since an easy to use high-level language for querying and manipulating collections of possibly geo-tagged JSON objects is still unavailable, we propose a truly declarative language, named J-CO-QL, that is based on a well-defined execution model. A plug-in for a GIS permits to visualize geo-tagged data sets stored in a NoSQL database such as MongoDB; furthermore, the same plug-in can be used to write and execute J-CO-QL queries on those databases. The paper introduces the language by exemplifying its operators within a real study case, the aim of which is to understand the mobility of people in the neighborhood of Bergamo city. Cross-analysis of data about transportation networks and VGI from travelers is performed, by means of J-CO-QL language, capable to manipulate and transform, combine and join possibly geo-tagged JSON objects, in order to produce new possibly geo-tagged JSON objects satisfying users’ needs.