Generating and mapping population density surfaces within a geographical information system

Abstract

The spatially discontinuous choropleth map is a poor representation of the underlying continuous distribution of population density. A possible alternative is to derive dasymetric maps at a fine spatial resolution by making use of satellite imagery in a geographical information system. However, there are cartographic problems when these maps are displayed and further processing is needed in order to obtain approximations to a continuous density surface. Isarithmic maps of these density surfaces retain a high degree of spatial accuracy while providing pleasing and highly adaptable presentations.

The methods used to generate dasymetric and isarithmic maps are readily implemented in most raster based geographical information systems. For example, the classification of remotely sensed imagery, the subsequent processing and integration of data, and most of the cartographic display, were all undertaken in this work using the low cost IDRISI GIS that operates on standard IBM PC compatible hardware.     

地名制图应用研究——以地名普查成果为例

地名凝结了区域文化及历史过程,蕴涵丰富的文化信息。如何挖掘地名文化信息是一个有趣又重要的问题。结合文本知识、专业知识、先验知识、专家知识与第二次全国地名普查成果数据,通过建立知识库及提取规则,采用数据制图、模型制图、知识制图等制图方法实现中国大陆方言地名、地名通名制图。结果表明,制图结果可以得到相关地名的空间分布范围,揭示区域地名通名的高频词汇特征,可以为区域地名管理、规划、保护与利用提供知识支撑。     

多时相空间信息的动态可视化方法的研究及应用

目前如何处理地理信息随时间变化的动态特性成为GIS的重要研究方向之一。本文设计和实现了用于多时相空间信息几何特征、属性特征、属性专题统计特征的动态可视化的一些方法,建立了一套矢量动态符号库用于在地图上展示时空数据的几何和属性信息随时间变化的动态特性,实现了一组专题统计动态图表用于展示时空数据的属性专题统计结果随时间变化的动态特性。     

On generalised and specialised spatial information grids: are geo-services ready?

Abstract

After the set-up of a spatial data infrastructure (SDI) and a national information infrastructure (NII) in many countries, the provision of geo-services became one of the most important and attractive tasks. With the integration of global positioning system (GPS), geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS), we can, in principle, answer any geo-spatial related question: when and where what object has which changes? An intelligent geo-service agent could provide end-users with the most necessary information in the shortest time and at the lowest cost. Unfortunately there is still a long way to go to achieve such goals. The central component in such geo-services is the integration of the spatial information system with a computing grid via wire- and wireless communication networks. This paper will mainly discuss the grid technology and its integration with spatial information technology, expounding potential problems and possible resolutions. A novel categorising of information grids in the context of geo-spatial information is proposed: generalised and specialised spatial information grids.     

顾及地面POS信息的空地一体城市三维实景重建

实景三维模型为数字孪生提供了统一的数字空间底座。在城市场景中,贴近地面及在空中视角下被遮挡的地物是实景三维重建的难点。针对城市复杂空间环境和无人机飞行局限的问题,本文基于倾斜摄影与空地一体融合建模的基础理论,考虑POS信息对空地一体空三融合的影响,提出了一种顾及地面POS信息的城市实景三维重建方法,并使用此方法对佛山市历史文化街区进行了精细化建模。试验表明,与常规方法相比,该方法的模型效果好、效率高,对实景三维产品的生产与空间数据多尺度表达具有重要意义,可为数字孪生应用提供更精细的地理场景表现形式。     

面向服务的地理信息公共平台关键技术研究

地理信息公共平台是数字城市地理空间框架建设的重要内容。基于面向服务的体系架构,本文设计和研究了地理信息公共平台应用的总体模型。空间信息目录服务为分布式地理资源共享集成提供索引,数据在线维护更新和网络空间分析服务实现了多源多专题空间数据的分布式互操作机制。实验采用开放松耦合接口跨部门共建应用模式,在数字城市地理空间框架建设中实践验证本文关键技术具有应用价值。     

Spatial Data Infrastructure Requirements for Mobile Location Based Journey Planning

A growing number of services are now being offered over mobile devices. They typically combine positioning technology, wireless technology and spatial analysis methods applied to detailed geographical, time based data to offer services in support of time critical, spatial, mobile decision making. A collection of research issues need to be addressed in the successful delivery of such services that extend beyond issues of sophisticated network algorithms. Specifically, careful attention needs to be given to: (1) people and user environments; (2) access to networks; (3) policy, privacy and liability; (4) standards and interoperability; and (5) data quality. Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is the collective term for these interconnected issues and has been a traditional area of research associated with geographic information science. In this paper the particular SDI requirements for the successful delivery of Location Based Services (LBS) are explored through the development of a prototype LBS for journey planning. The initial implementation and testing of this prototype has revealed that the SDI context is well suited as a framework within which to examine the related LBS issues. From a more technical perspective, the testing has revealed that data structure and the means by which large data sets are mined (in order to gather information to present to users) is critical to the success of timely information delivery over limited bandwidth media.     

基于交通基础地理信息的网络发布研究与实现

近年来随着WebGIS技术的日趋成熟,采用WebGIS技术管理空间数据并进行网络发布,供用户快速查询与使用,实现空间信息的网络共享,为空间数据的充分利用和可视化表达提供了一种有效的解决方案。本文以北京市交通地理信息系统开发为例,探讨了交通基础地理信息的网络发布平台构架设计与实现过程,并针对系统关键技术的原理及实现进行了详细阐述,构建了以J2EE为核心,基于ArcIMS的空间信息服务框架体系,是WebGIS技术在交通领域的集成应用。     

The scheme for the database building and updating of 1∶10 000 digital elevation models

［1］Balce A E. Determination of optimum sampling interval in grid digital elevation models (DEM) data acquisition.Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,1987,531:323～330 ［2］Li Z L. Sampling strategy and accuracy assessment for digital terrain modelling: [Ph. D Thesis]. UK: University of Glasgow, 1990 ［3］Li Z L. Variation of the accuracy of digital terrain models with sampling interval. Photogrammetric Record, 1992,14:113～128 ［4］Li Z L. A comparative study of the accuracy of digital terrain models(DTMs) based on various data models. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Renote Sensing,1994,49(1):2～11 ［5］Li Z L. Scale issues in geographic information science. In:Proceeding of International Workshop on Dynamic and Multi-dimensional GIS. Hong Kong, 1997. 143～158 ［6］SISM. Specification of geospatial data (Provisional) for 1:10 000 digital elevation models. The Standard Institute of Surveying and Mapping (SISM), National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, China, 1997(in Chinese) ［7］USGS. National Mapping Program: Geospatial Data Standard, 1992 ［8］Zhu Q, Cheng C J. The fast generation and dynamic updating of TIN. Journal of Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping, 1998(in Chinese)     

基于空间信息网格的数字地图分幅(块)方法

针对传统地图分幅方法的缺陷,本文提出了一种既适合数字环境又充分考虑到地球空间的自然特征和社会属性特点的地图分幅新方法。它以不破坏地物和区域的完整性为划分原则,根据分辨率和区域内地理信息的数量决定图块大小,块内每个地理实体都有一个行政区划代码属性和标识码。这种数字地图分块方法将地理区按行政体系或自然区划划分为地理空间单元,对每个空间单元记录和存储各种基础地理要素,建立空间单元地理数据文件。这种地理空间的划分和空间数据的组织方法为空间索引提供了方便,更为空间统计提供了便利。它既是空间位置的划分方法,也是特定空间位置范围内自然、社会、经济属性的信息载体,同时也是适合时空坐标系变化的空间信息的一种新的表示方法,是为了更方便地在网格计算环境下实现对空间信息资源的整合、共享与利用。     

北京市区划地名信息社会服务系统设计与开发

为实现第二次全国地名普查成果转化目的,利用普查成果数据,基于WebGIS、大数据、云平台等技术方法,开发了北京市区划地名信息社会服务系统。介绍了系统建设背景及其必要性,详细阐述了系统设计方案、总体架构及其关键技术,深入挖掘地名特色和文化内涵,以讲地名故事、检索地名信息及空间位置、统计地名图表等多种形式,满足社会公众获取权威地名信息的需求。本文以北京市区划地名信息社会服务系统建设为主线,实现全方位、多角度的展示北京市地名普查成果。     

THE SCHEME FOR THE DATABASE BUILDING AND UPDATING OF 1:10 000 DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS

The National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping of China has planned to speed up the development of spatial data infrastructure (SDI) in the coming few years. This SDI consists of four types of digital products, i. e., digital orthophotos, digital elevation models,digital line graphs and digital raster graphs. For the DEM,a scheme for the database building and updating of 1:10 000 digital elevation models has been proposed and some experimental tests have also been accomplished. This paper describes the theoretical (and/or technical)background and reports some of the experimental results to support the scheme. Various aspects of the scheme such as accuracy, data sources, data sampling, spatial resolution, terrain modeling, data organization, etc are discussed.     

The scheme for the database building and updating of 1∶10 000 digital elevation models

The National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping of China has planned to speed up the development of spatial data infrastructure (SDI) in the coming few years. This SDI consists of four types of digital products, i. e., digital orthophotos, digital elevation models, digital line graphs and digital raster graphs. For the DEM, a scheme for the database building and updating of 1∶10 000 digital elevation models has been proposed and some experimental tests have also been accomplished. This paper describes the theoretical (and/or technical) background and reports some of the experimental results to support the scheme. Various aspects of the scheme such as accuracy, data sources, data sampling spatial resolution, terrain modeling, data organization, etc are discussed.     

An address regional tessellation method for spatial subdivision and geocoding in digital earth system

With the increased use of locational information, spatial location referencing and coding methods have become much more important to the mining of both geographical and nongeographical data in digital earth system. Unfortunately, current methods of geocoding, based on reverse lookup of coordinates for a given address, have proven too lossy with respect to administrative and socioeconomic data. This paper proposes a spatial subdivision and geocoding model based on spatial address regional tessellation (SART). Given a hierarchical address object definition, and based on the ‘region of influence’ characteristics of an address, SART creates multiresolution spatial subdivisions by irregular and continuous address regions. This model reflects most of the geographical features and many of the social and economic implications for a given address. It also better reflects the way people understand addresses and spatial locations. We also propose an appropriate method of geocoding for standard addresses (SART-GC). The codes generated by this method can record address footprints, hierarchical relationships, and spatial scales in a single data structure. Finally, by applying our methods to the Shibei District of Qingdao, we demonstrate the suitability of SART-GC for multi-scale spatial information representation in digital earth systems.     

Spatial signatures for geographic feature types: examining gazetteer ontologies using spatial statistics

Digital gazetteers play a key role in modern information systems and infrastructures. They facilitate (spatial) search, deliver contextual information to recommended systems, enrich textual information with geographical references, and provide stable identifiers to interlink actors, events, and objects by the places they interact with. Hence, it is unsurprising that gazetteers, such as GeoNames, are among the most densely interlinked hubs on the Web of Linked Data. A wide variety of digital gazetteers have been developed over the years to serve different communities and needs. These gazetteers differ in their overall coverage, underlying data sources, provided functionality, and geographic feature type ontologies. Consequently, place types that share a common name may differ substantially between gazetteers, whereas types labeled differently may, in fact, specify the same or similar places. This makes data integration and federated queries challenging, if not impossible. To further complicate the situation, most popular and widely adopted geo‐ontologies are lightweight and thus under‐specific to a degree where their alignment and matching become nothing more than educated guesses. The most promising approach to addressing this problem, and thereby enabling the meaningful integration of gazetteer data across feature types, seems to be a combination of top‐down knowledge representation with bottom‐up data‐driven techniques such as feature engineering and machine learning. In this work, we propose to derive indicative spatial signatures for geographic feature types by using spatial statistics. We discuss how to create such signatures by feature engineering and demonstrate how the signatures can be applied to better understand the differences and commonalities of three major gazetteers, namely DBpedia Places, GeoNames, and TGN.     

Stakeholder analysis of the governance framework of a national SDI dataset – whose needs are met in the buildings and address register of the Netherlands?

ABSTRACT

National spatial data infrastructures are key to achieving the Digital Earth vision. In many cases, national datasets are integrated from local datasets created and maintained by municipalities. Examples are address, building and topographic information. Integration of local datasets may result in a dataset satisfying the needs of users of national datasets, but is it productive for those who create and maintain the data? This article presents a stakeholder analysis of the Basisregistratie Adressen en Gebouwen (BAG), a collection of base information about addresses and buildings in the Netherlands. The information is captured and maintained by municipalities and integrated into a national base register by Kadaster, the Cadastre, Land Registry and Mapping Agency of the Netherlands. The stakeholder analysis identifies organisations involved in the BAG governance framework, describes their interests, rights, ownerships and responsibilities in the BAG, and maps the relationships between them. Analysis results indicate that Kadaster and the municipalities have the highest relative importance in the governance framework of the BAG. The study reveals challenges of setting up a governance framework that maintains the delicate balance between the interests of all stakeholders. The results provide guidance for SDI role players setting up governance frameworks for national or global datasets.     

Improvement of a location-aware recommender system using volunteered geographic information

Abstract

Recommender systems (RS), as supportive tools, filter information from a massive amount of data based on the determined preferences. Most of the RS require information about the context of users such as their locations. In such cases, location-aware recommender systems (LARS) can be employed to suggest more personalized items to the users. The most current research projects on LARS focus on the development of algorithms, evaluation methods and applications. However, the role of up-to-date spatial databases in LARS is not a well-researched area. The up-to-date spatial information would potentially improve the accuracy of items which are recommended by LARS. Volunteered geographic information (VGI) could be a low-cost source of up-to-date spatial information for LARS. This article proposes an approach to enrich spatial databases of LARS by VGI. Since not all records of VGI are fitted for use in LARS, a mechanism is developed to identify useful information. Some VGI data sets refer to existing spatial data in the database while other VGI data sets are shared for the first time. Therefore, the proposed method assessed the quality of VGI with reference source (for VGI which is existed in the database) and VGI without reference source (for VGI which is shared for the first time). To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, a mobile application has been developed to recommend suitable restaurants to the users based on their geospatial locations. The evaluation of the method indicates that VGI can potentially enhance the functionality of the LARS in predicting the users’ interests.     

Satellite data and geographic information systems for fire and resource management in the Canadian arctic

Abstract

A method of analyzing remotely sensed data, a geographic information system, and an intelligent fire management system have been developed to provide integrated resource data for fire and other resources management. Natural and cultural features were digitized from 1:50,000 topographic maps using a geographic information system (GIS) to cover the 29 communities below the tree line in the western Canadian Arctic. Landsat Thematic Mapper data covering the same area were classified into land cover or fuel types. Detailed information on each fire such as location, area burned, date of discovery, fire number, fire zone, fire class and source of ignition was obtained and added to each map sheet as attribute data. A generalized vegetation cover map using NOAA AVHRR data was also obtained. The Intelligent Fire Management Information System (IFMIS) integrates relational data bases, geographic information display, and expert systems. It also has a spatial analysis procedure for forest fire preparedness planning. Linking the weather to the forest fuels through the Fire Weather Index system (FWI) and the Fire Behaviour Prediction System (FBPS), fire danger and fire behaviour are calculated and displayed, cell‐by‐cell. Values‐at‐risk and fire suppression resources are used in the dispatching and planning component of the system. The planning component allows the user to evaluate the coverage of fire suppression resources under the prevalent forecast fire behaviour conditions. Through the integration of data from the above systems, a set of maps were created which were used to analyze fire behaviour potential, identify fire hazards, and provide a basis for settlement protection strategies within the context of other land use activities such as wildlife harvesting and recreational activities.     

Effects of detailed soil spatial information on watershed modeling across different model scales

Hydro-ecological modelers often use spatial variation of soil information derived from conventional soil surveys in simulation of hydro-ecological processes over watersheds at mesoscale (10–100 km²). Conventional soil surveys are not designed to provide the same level of spatial detail as terrain and vegetation inputs derived from digital terrain analysis and remote sensing techniques. Soil property layers derived from conventional soil surveys are often incompatible with detailed terrain and remotely sensed data due to their difference in scales. The objective of this research is to examine the effect of scale incompatibility between soil information and the detailed digital terrain data and remotely sensed information by comparing simulations of watershed processes based on the conventional soil map and those simulations based on detailed soil information across different simulation scales. The detailed soil spatial information was derived using a GIS (geographical information system), expert knowledge, and fuzzy logic based predictive mapping approach (Soil Land Inference Model, SoLIM). The Regional Hydro-Ecological Simulation System (RHESSys) is used to simulate two watershed processes: net photosynthesis and stream flow. The difference between simulation based on the conventional soil map and that based on the detailed predictive soil map at a given simulation scale is perceived to be the effect of scale incompatibility between conventional soil data and the rest of the (more detailed) data layers at that scale. Two modeling approaches were taken in this study: the lumped parameter approach and the distributed parameter approach. The results over two small watersheds indicate that the effect does not necessarily always increase or decrease as the simulation scale becomes finer or coarser. For a given watershed there seems to be a fixed scale at which the effect is consistently low for the simulated processes with both the lumped parameter approach and the distributed parameter approach.