采用不同失效准则的桩基可靠度分析

桩基的极限承载力通常是根据失效准则来确定的。由于各国采用的失效准则不同,得到的极限承载力也不同,从而获得的可靠指标也不同。因此,有必要分析和比较不同失效准则对桩基可靠性的影响,以及根据桩基技术规范采用的S-lgt失效准则确定可靠指标的状况。为此,以S-lgt失效准则为基准,引进了失效准则的偏差系数的概念,根据一组实测钻孔桩数据对另外6种失效准则的偏差系数进行了评估,进而进行了可靠度分析。结果表明,不同失效准则具有不同的偏差系数,桩基可靠度明显地受失效准则的影响。根据S-lgt失效准则确定的可靠度在7种失效准则中是偏大的,不同失效准则确定的相同名义可靠指标的桩基的实际可靠性是不一样的。     

单桩极限承载力时间效应估算方法比较

沉入饱和软土中的预制制桩的极限承载力随间歇期的增长而增大,这一现象虽已被工程界广泛认可,但至今仍然没有得到很好地解决。有效地确定单桩承载力随时间变化的规律对桩基础设计非常重要。人们提出了多种估算预制桩随时间变化的桩承载力的方法,但由于不同方法有各自的适用性和局限性,算出的结果有时差别很大,在使用时很难准确把握。首先分析了用于估算饱和软土中预制桩承载力随时间变化的几种方法：对数函数法、双曲函数法、人工神经网络法和基于超孔隙水压力消散的理论解析公式法。再以简洁性、理论性、适用性等为准则,结合工程实例,对以上几种方法进行比较,指出各自优缺点,推荐基于超孔隙水压力消散的简化解析方法来估算软土中预制桩承载力随时间变化的规律。     

Computerised processing of ground investigation data and use in predicting the load-settlement behaviour of piled foundations

A new computer program “PILESET” is developed for use in predicting the bearing capacity and load-settlement behaviour of axially loaded single piles. The program can analyse almost any soil profile and accommodates (a) displacement piles (b) replacement (c) friction piles, (d) end-bearing piles, (e) under-reamed piles and (f) partially sleeved piles. A variety of soil input data can be used, including: (i) standard penetration tests, (ii) cone/piezo-cone tests, (iii) pressure-meter tests and (iv) laboratory tests. The above data types can be combined, if desired, for pile analysis by PILESET. The program calculates the shaft and base capacities of a pile based on 23 methods published in design guides in over 10 European countries. PILESET also predicts the pile load-settlement curve using five published methods, which include two modified load transfer (t-z) approaches formulated by the author. To demonstrate the capabilities of the program, analysis is carried out for case study involving seven full-scale screw piles formed in sand and tested to failure. In each case, the load-settlement curve computed using the author’s modified method in PILESET is found to be in excellent agreement with the actual pile test results.     

基于Copula函数的CFG桩复合地基载荷-变形曲线的概率分析

CFG桩(cement-fly ash-gravel pile)复合地基是一种重要的地基处理形式,在日益增加的大面积住宅和商业开发中作用越来越突出,然而该种桩型的加卸荷-沉降变形特性仍然需深入研究,尤其在概率评估方面。根据北京星光影视股份有限公司生产科研基地项目工地中的21根CFG桩单桩静载试验和32个复合地基静载试验的原位加卸载测试成果,采用两参数的双曲线或幂曲线回归拟合了每一条加荷-变形曲线。由于土体的内在各向异性和其强度的变异性,评估整个场地的加荷-变形曲线时,其回归参数表现出了较大的离散性。将一个场地的多组回归参数组成一个随机向量,其加载-位移曲线的不确定性可由简单的两变量随机向量体现,引入双变量联结函数（Copula）描述随机回归参数间的相依性。最后,考虑正常使用极限状态,采用基于Copula函数的模拟模型计算了CFG桩复合地基的可靠度指标。研究结果有助于改进CFG桩复合地基的概率设计与评估。     

Development of partial factor design method on bearing capacity of pile foundations for Japanese Specifications for Highway Bridges

ABSTRACT

This paper shows the development of a partial factor design method on the bearing capacity of pile foundations for Japanese Specifications for Highway Bridges. Firstly, estimation design equations on the bearing capacities of pile foundations are improved by analysis of pile load test results and uncertainties in the bearing capacities are evaluated. Secondly, the reliabilities of pile foundations designed by the former specifications are evaluated based on reliability analysis considering the uncertainties in the bearing capacities and coefficients of subgrade reaction. Finally, a partial factor design method is developed based on the target reliability index obtained based on the conventional pile installation method by the pile installation methods. The factors are different for each pile installation method.     

基于黄河冲洪积地层试桩试验优化 桩基承载力设计的研究

以山东东营某工程为例,基于黄河冲洪积地层试桩试验成果,对试桩试验、试桩单桩极限承载力实测值与预估值相差较大（6.36%～20.19%）的原因进行分析。建立在相同桩顶标高（-5.7 m）条件下单桩极限承载力实测平均值与桩底标高（可以换算成桩长）的关系曲线,对工程桩桩基承载力设计方法进行优化。根据桩基检测结果,优化后的工程桩在相同桩长、桩径条件下单桩极限承载力实测值与预估值承载力相比提高约10%,达到发掘地质条件的潜力、减少桩数、节省工程造价的目的。相关试验方法、优化桩基承载力设计的方法可为类似地质条件的工程设计及建立区域桩基承载力数据库提供借鉴。     

南京地区复合桩基设计思考

根据笔者参与设计的南京地区复合桩基工程实例,对复合桩基的设计方法和适用情况等作了进一步的探讨,重点分析了复合桩基单桩承载力的确定、桩的布置及施工、桩基优化设计、沉降预测和安全系数等方面的内容,对推广复合桩基更为广泛的工程应用,具有积极的实际意义.     

几种缺陷单桩竖向承载性状的现场模型试验研究

为评价灌注桩在施工过程中因形成缩径、扩径、断桩、泥皮等缺陷导致单桩竖向极限承载力变化的程度,针对缺陷桩单桩开展了现场模型试验研究。进行正常桩和缺陷桩的竖向静载模型试验,测试单桩竖向极限承载力,对比缺陷桩和正常桩的单桩承载特性,分析了缩径、扩径、断桩、泥皮等缺陷对单桩承载性状的影响。对比正常桩和缺陷桩的荷载-沉降关系曲线,得出了基于文中缺陷桩设计方案的结论,缩径缺陷和泥皮缺陷均使单桩竖向极限承载力降低,降幅在正常桩极限承载力的15%范围内;扩径缺陷桩的荷载-沉降关系曲线无明显陡降点,桩顶沉降较正常桩递增缓慢;断桩缺陷影响荷载-沉降关系曲线中反弯点的出现位置,即反弯点出现时的桩顶位移与断桩缺陷距地表的距离有关。     

桩底沉渣对嵌岩钻孔灌注桩承载性状影响研究

结合某嵌岩灌注桩工程,采用弹塑性有限元方法模拟桩底有沉渣条件下,桩底沉渣对桩的承载性状影响,分析有桩底沉渣情况下荷载-沉降曲线、桩身轴力和侧摩阻力、桩端阻力和总侧阻力的变化情况,有限元模拟荷载-沉降曲线与实测曲线相符,由于桩底沉渣的存在,大大降低了桩端阻力,从而降低桩的极限承载力,增大了桩顶沉降。     

Load-settlement behavior modeling of single piles using artificial neural networks and CPT data

Pile foundations are usually used when the conditions of the upper soil layers are weak and unable to support the super-structural loads. Piles carry these super-structural loads deep into the ground. Therefore, the safety and stability of pile-supported structures depends largely on the behavior of the piles. In addition, accurate prediction of pile behavior is necessary to ensure appropriate structural and serviceability performance. In this paper, an ANN model is developed for predicting pile behavior based on the results of cone penetration test (CPT) data. Approximately 500 data sets, obtained from the published literature, are used to develop the ANN model. The paper compares the predictions obtained by the ANN with those given by a number of traditional methods and it is observed that the ANN model significantly outperforms the traditional methods. An important advantage of the ANN model is that the complete load-settlement relationship is captured. Finally, the paper proposes a series of charts for predicting pile behavior that will be useful for pile design.     

Assessment of direct CPT and CPTU methods for predicting the ultimate bearing capacity of single piles

Twelve methods to determine axial pile capacity directly based on cone penetration test (CPT) and piezocone penetration test (CPTU) data are presented, compared and evaluated. Analyses and evaluation were conducted on three types of piles of different size and length. All the tested piles have failed at the end of static load test. Both the CPT methods and the CPTU methods were used to estimate the load bearing capacities of the investigated piles (Q_p). The static load test was performed to determine the measured load bearing capacities (Q_m). The pile capacities determined through different methods were compared with the measured values obtained from the static load tests. Two criteria were selected as bases of evaluation: the best fit line for Q_p versus Q_m and the arithmetic mean and standard deviation for the ratio Q_p/Q_m. Results of the analyses showed that the best methods for determining pile capacity are the two CPTU methods. Furthermore, the CPTU method is simple, easy to apply, and not influenced by the subjective judgements of operating staff. Therefore, it is quite suitable for the application in pile engineering practice.     

极限荷载下纵向截面异形桩破坏形式对比模型试验研究

由于基桩纵向截面形式的差异,竖向荷载作用下桩侧摩阻力和桩端阻力发挥存在明显的差异,尽管纵向截面异形桩在工程中得到了一定的应用,然而针对极限荷载下桩端和桩侧土体破坏形式的研究却相对较少。基于透明土材料和粒子图像测速（particle image velocimetry）技术,针对等体积的扩底楔形桩、楔形桩和等截面桩的承载特性及破坏形式进行对比模型试验,测得桩顶荷载-沉降曲线,研究了各级荷载下桩端和桩侧土体位移场的变化规律以及极限荷载下桩端和桩侧土体的破坏形式;同时分析了不同桩长情况下各类型桩的承载力特性。研究结果表明,在此试验条件下,扩底楔形桩的极限承载力约为常规楔形桩的3.5倍和等截面桩的2.5倍;极限荷载作用下各类型纵向截面异形桩桩端的破坏形式规律基本一致。     

Factors of safety and pile load tests

The factor of safety used in designing pile foundations for vertical load should depend on three things, prior information on load capacity summarized by empirical correlations with load capacity models, site specific information derived from load tests, and an objective function reflecting economic and safety considerations. A statistical approach to factor of safety selection was developed in order to suggest improvements of current standards for driven pile design. This approach recognizes a distinction between the variability of pile load capacity within individual sites, and the global variability upon which model correlations are based. Charts have been prepared for determining the FS required to achieve specified reliability indices, as a function of the number of load tests at a particular site and their outcomes.     

桩-土荷载传递机理的试验研究

静载荷试验是一项方法可行,理论上无可争议的桩基检测技术。在确定单桩极限承载力方面,它是目前最为准确,可靠的检验方法。为了进一步分析桩的荷载传递和承载力性状,预先在试验桩主筋上布置钢筋应力计以测量桩身轴向应力,在桩底埋设压力盒以测量桩端阻力。通过对实测数据的计算,便可得到试桩在各级荷载作用下的侧摩阻力和端阻力分布图,从而了解该桩的荷载传递和承载力性状。结合工程实践,通过对一工程三组测试桩静载荷实验及应力测试结果的分析,说明了桩-土的荷载传递机理。     

单桩荷载-沉降关系的数值模拟方法

以桩的荷载传递函数为基础,考虑桩-土（岩）共同作用,从理论上推导了桩身荷载与沉降关系的数值模拟的迭代模型。通过数值模拟分析得到桩顶的P-S曲线,可做为确定桩的承载力的依据。经过对工程实例的计算与实测对比分析,证明该理论可靠、方法简单,且具有较好的实用性。计算得到的P-S曲线与实测的曲线非常吻合。     

挤扩支盘桩侧阻力分析

假定支盘桩直桩段的桩侧摩阻力和含有分支或承力盘桩段的等效侧摩阻力q与相应桩土相对位移s的关系可用双曲线函数表示,根据实测数据采用最小二乘法求出所需系数,并用所得的双曲线与实测各分段的q-s关系进行对比。结果表明,在各分段达到极限承载力前,q与s基本上符合双曲线关系,用该法可以估算各分段的极限摩阻力。      

大直径超长钻孔灌注桩荷载分层传递特性试验分析

基于＂上海市虹桥综合交通枢纽交通中心工程西交通广场＂工程现场静载荷试验和桩身应力测试结果,分析竖向荷载作用下大直径超长钻孔灌注桩在成层土中的荷载传递特性。本工程试桩已加载至破坏,对此试验结果进行分析,能为深入研究大直径超长钻孔灌注桩的承载性状提供有价值的工程参考。本次试验结果表明：1）大直径超长钻孔灌注桩桩端承载力所占比例较低,荷载-沉降关系为陡降型,存在明显拐点;2）桩侧与桩端阻力非同步发挥且相互影响,而上下土层侧阻力系先后发挥至极限;3）根据试桩实测数据,土层埋深对桩周具有相似物理力学性质土层的侧摩阻力影响较大。     

钻孔灌注桩桩侧泥皮分布对桩承载性状影响研究

泥皮的存在会使灌注桩承载力降低,由于受施工工艺、方法以及现场条件影响,泥皮并不全部分布于整个桩壁四周,而是存在于部分区域。用折减桩土接触面参数的方法来模拟泥皮作用,对不同高度分布的泥皮进行数值方法模拟,分析不同泥皮分布高度对灌注桩的承载性状影响。计算结果表明,泥皮分布高度越高,荷载-沉降曲线越陡,拐点位置不断前移,当泥皮性状比α=0.8时,极限承载力损失约在5%~25%,当α=0.6时,极限承载力损失约在5%~50%。泥皮分布高度对桩侧摩阻力的影响与上部荷载作用下泥皮性质能够提供的极限摩阻力有关;有泥皮存在的部位,桩身轴力传递速率明显加快,泥皮分布高度越高,桩身轴力传递速率越快,且越向下部,泥皮分布高度对轴力的影响越大;泥皮分布越高,桩侧摩阻力就越容易达到极限摩阻力,导致泥皮分布越高,桩端阻力越大。     

软岩地基中大直径布袋桩抗拔试验研究

西北地区深大基础工程日益增多,兼顾基础抗浮和耐久性问题的研究空白,借助西宁火车站综合改造工程,引入大直径布袋桩技术,有效解决了基础抗浮和耐久性问题;选择6根试桩进行了现场单桩抗拔载荷试验,最大加载量为9 060 kN;运用MATLAB软件分别拟合出3种抗拔极限承载力预测函数模型的曲线,同时运用PLAXIS软件对不同等级荷载桩-土位移进行模拟,并与实测的荷载-位移曲线对比分析。研究发现：双曲线和幂函数模型较适合此类抗拔桩极限承载力预测;本地区类似地基预测大直径缓变形抗拔桩极限荷载所需的极限位移标准应由0.030D减小为0.025D;仅根据土层的物理力学特征确定抗拔桩桩周土的极限摩阻力不够完善,至少还要考虑埋深不同对具有相似物理力学特征土层性质的影响。     

桩端条件对灌注桩荷载传递特性的影响

以荷载传递法为基础,研究了桩端条件对灌注桩荷载传递特性的影响。采用考虑桩侧软化的三阶段荷载传递函数,并以三折线模型模拟桩端土劣化或沉渣的影响,通过静力平衡条件建立微分控制方程。以桩端沉降和端阻力为边界条件,并将桩侧双曲线段的非线性两阶常微分方程转化为积分方程,并用数值方法求解,可以得到桩身任意截面的沉降、轴力和侧摩阻力。通过参数分析,研究了不同桩端刚度和不同沉渣厚度下灌注桩的荷载-沉降曲线和桩侧摩阻力的分布情况,讨论桩端条件对单桩荷载传递特性的影响。对两组相邻试桩的工程实例进行分析计算,结果表明,该方法能较好地反映实际情况。