永城市浅层地下水污染分布特征及来源识别

为有效管理和保护永城市浅层地下水资源,维系水资源可续利用,必须查明其污染物的分布特征和来源。在对永城市浅层地下水采样分析的基础上,结合分析城市发展带来产业布局改变及土地利用类型分布对其造成的影响,研究其主要污染组分的来源及分布特征。结果表明：城市第二产业(工矿业)发展,GDP的增长与浅层地下水中ρ(SO^2-₄)、ρ(NO^-₃)上升存在相关性,城市工业及人口密集区与污染严重区位置趋于一致。浅层地下水污染的最主要来源是SO^2-₄含量的上升,除了直接导致水质变差外,还会间接改变水文地球化学作用的强度,造成原本难溶的碳酸盐和硅酸盐的溶解量增大,使得ρ(TDS)进一步上升而改变水质。其次,NO^-₃、COD也是浅层地下水主要的污染来源,其部分来源工业废水,部分来源于农业上农药和化肥的过量使用。     

The flux of land-based source pollutants from tumen river system entering the sea of Japan

Ｉ．ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮ“Ａｇｅｎｄａ２１”ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｚｅｓｔｈｅｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅｏｆｌａｎｄｂａｓｅｄｓｏｕｒｃｅｐｏｌｕｔａｎｔｓｔｏｍａｒｉｎｅｐｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ．Ｃｏａｓｔａｌｗａｔｅｒｉｓｏｆｇｒｅａｔｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅ...     

A study on quality of aquatic environment in Tumen River Area

ＡＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＱＵＡＬＩＴＹＯＦＡＱＵＡＴＩＣＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＩＮＴＵＭＥＮＲＩＶＥＲＡＲＥＡ①ＺｈｕＹａｎｍｉｎｇ（朱颜明）ＣｈａｎｇｃｈｕｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ｔｈｅＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,...     

The flux of land-based source pollutants from tumen river system entering the sea of Japan

The influence of land-based source pollutants to marine ecological environment is principally in coastal or enclosed sea wates. Flux of land-based source pollutants into the sea will be effected due to social and economic development in the Tumen River basin. Pollutant type and primary pollution factor of the Tumen River in Northeast China is described by weighted coefficient method in this paper. The results indicate that the river is organic pollution type and primary pollution factor is COD. Fresh water fraction proves that the estuary is not affected by tide cycle. COD annual flux entering the Sea of Japan calculated by zero-dimension model in 1993 was 90.50 × 10³ tons. It is estimated with emission coefficient method that the COD will be 176.4 × 10³ and 458.6 × 10³ tons for the years of 2000 and 2010 respectively. This work is sponored by the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory on Environmental Aquatic Chemistry.     

农事活动对水资源的非点源污染问题

农事活动对水文系统的干扰已成为水资源恶化的重要因素。通过大量事例概述了农事活动对水资源的主要影响，分析了农业区受污染地下水的地球化学类型，从保护水资源的角度，提出了防止农业非点源污染的控制和管理对策。     

Water quality evaluation in Tidal River reaches of Liaohe River Estuary, China using a revised QUAL2K model

Rivers in the Liaohe River Estuary area have been seriously polluted by discharges of wastewater containing petroleum pollutants and nutrients. In this paper, The Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model (QUAL2K) and its revised model as well as One-dimensional Tide Mean Model (1D model) were applied to predict and assess the water quality of the tidal river reach of the Liaohe River Estuary. Dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total phosphorus (TP) were chosen as water quality indices in the two model simulations. The modelled results show that the major reasons for degraded rivers remain petroleum and non-point source pollution. Tidal water also has a critical effect on the variation of water quality. The sensitivity analysis identifies that flow rate, point load and diffuse load are the most sensitive parameters for the four water quality indices in the revised QUAL2K simulation. Uncertainty analysis based on a Monte Carlo simulation gives the probability distribution of the four water quality indices at two locations (6.50 km and 44.84 km from the river mouth). The statistical outcomes indicate that the observed data fall within the 90% confidence intervals at all sites measured, and show that the revised QUAL2K gives better results in simulating the water quality of a tidal river.     

Water quality model establishment for middle and lower reaches of Hanshui River,China

With the development of industry and agriculture,nitrogen,phosphorus and other nutrients in the Hanshui River greatly increase and eutrophication has become an important threat to the water quality of the Hanshui River,especially in the middle and lower reaches.The primary objective of this study was to establish the water quality model for the middle and lower reaches of the Hanshui River based on the model of MIKE 11.The main pollutants migration and transformation process could be simulated using the water quality model.The rainfall-runoff model,hy-drodynamic model and water quality model were established using MIKE 11.The pollutants,such as chemical oxygen demand(COD),biochemical oxygen demand(BOD),ammonia nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,phosphorus,dissolved oxy-gen(DO),were simulated and predicted using the above three models.A set of methods computing non-point source pollution load of the Hanshui River Basin was proposed in this study.The simulated and observed values of COD,BOD5,ammonia,nitrate,DO,and total phosphorus were compared after the parameter calibration of the water quality model.The simulated and observed results match better,thus the model can be used to predict water quality in the fu-ture for the Hanshui River.The pollution trend could be predicted using the water quality model according pollution load generation.It is helpful for government to take effective measures to prevent the water bloom and protect water quality in the river.     

鲁中南水文地质区水源地防污性评价

地下水防污性能评价是研究和预防地下水污染的一种有效途径,为了评价山东省鲁中南水文地质区重点地下水水源地防污性能,本文采用DRASTIC评价模型对区内112个水源地地下水防污性能进行评价研究。研究表明,区内大部分岩溶水源地和孔隙水源地防污性能处于中等以上,且岩溶水源地整体防污性能要高于孔隙水源地。岩溶水水源地防污性能具有明显的区域性特点,不同水文地质亚区岩溶水源地防污性能差异较大,且岩溶水系统功能分区是影响岩溶水源地防污性能的重要因素。孔隙水源地受含水层岩性、水位埋深,包气带厚度等因素控制,防污性能相对较差。本研究将为鲁中南水文地质区地下水资源保护划分、地下水资源合理开发利用提供科学依据。     

滨州地区浅层地下水持久性有机污染特征分析

地下水是重要的水资源,地下水的有机污染已引起了包括中国在内的许多国家的重视。该文通过对山东省滨州市浅层地下水污染调查,在获取大量第一手资料的基础上对滨州市浅层地下水持久性有机污染特征进行了分析,对浅层地下水中有机污染物的来源、污染途径、分布规律等进行了研究。研究结果表明,滨州地区浅层地下水已遭受有机物污染,有机物检出项目较多,共有20种,主要为卤代烃类和单环芳烃类,但总体浓度均较低,仅有3种有机指标超标,主要分布在工业园区、化工厂及皮革城附近。滨州地区有机污染物的来源主要为工业厂家"三废"的不合理排放和处置,导致流经污染源附近的地表水体受到不同程度的有机污染,而这些受污染水体又通过不同方式如污灌等进入不同地段的土壤,以垂向入渗形式进入并污染到浅层地下水。典型地段和污染源附近,有机指标检出率和超标率明显高于其他区域。     

A study on quality of aquatic environment in Tumen River Area

After the survey of pollution sources, a study on surface water quality assessment and forecast is given by means of grey system method, fuzzy mathematical method and multiple-index method. Based on it, aquatic environment quality features, treatment measures and environmental strategies of the area are proposed. The quality of aquatic environment of 5 rivers in the Tumen River area is studied. The results show that the pollution of surface water is serious; water quality of most rivers is between grade IV and V except the Hunchun River, being higher than grade IV standard; pollution levels of most rivers have been basically controlled except the of Burhatong River, which is deteriorating gradually. Pollutants of the rivers are comparatively regular, mainly are SS, COD, BOD, AR-OH, NH₃-N. The main pollution trades are chemical fibre industry, pulp and paper making industry and mining industry. If the growth rate of gross industrial product is higher than 25 percent under the encouraging-model of regional exploitation, the pollutants’ load will overtake the bearing capacity of aquatic environment. Thus some protection program against pollution must be worked out in order to achieve the harmonious development of economy society and environment. A project from “Studies on Earlier Stage of Regional Development” of the Chinese Academy of Sciences     

ECONOMIC APPROACH FOR CONTROL AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION IN CHINA

1 IN T R O D U C T IO NM ostofthepastw aterm anagem enthasfocused on pointsource pollution,w ith less attention to nonpointsourcepollution.A fterpointsourcesofpollution have been al-ready heavily controlled, nonpoint source pollution(N PSP) has becom e th…     

中国南方丘陵区非点源污染过程模拟研究进展

随着南方丘陵区开发利用强度的增大,氮、磷非点源污染和水体富营养化问题日益突出。由于流域尺度非点源污染过程的复杂性,难以建立大范围、重复可控的观测和实验环境,模型模拟成为非点源污染治理辅助决策的必要手段。已有学者对南方丘陵区非点源污染过程模拟开展了相关研究,但缺乏对已有成果及其存在问题的系统总结以及对下一步研究方向的分析探讨。本文首先分析了南方丘陵区非点源污染过程的机理,认为该地区的非点源污染过程模拟应满足多过程耦合、空间全分布式及考虑区域特点等要求;然后,对南方丘陵区非点源污染过程模拟研究现状以及存在问题进行了分析,总结了现有研究在描述非点源污染物迁移路径和反映区域特点等方面的不足;最后,从适合南方丘陵区特点的流域空间离散化方法、全分布式非点源污染物迁移路径的构建、特殊地物和人为活动在全分布式非点源污染模型中的综合表达等方面探讨了下一步研究方向,旨在为南方丘陵区非点源污染过程模拟研究提供参考和借鉴。     

Effect and Risk Assessment of Animal Manure Pollution on Huaihe River Basin,China

Currently the deteriorated water quality for Huaihe River Basin(HRB) in China was still serious because of the negative influence multiple pollution sources including animal manure. However, little attention was paid to the potential risk of animal manure for farmland and water quality of HRB. This study was quantified and forecasted animal manure risk and its spatiotemporal variations in HRB from 2008 to 2018, through pollution discharge coefficient method and pollution load calculation, combined with kriging interpolation method of ArcGIS technology, based on statistics principle. All the data were originated from livestock and poultry breeding in HRB from 2008 to 2018. The future risk of farmland and water environment in HRB was further forecasted. The results indicated that the livestock and poultry manure has become a key pollution source causing a negative influence on farmland and water quality owing to a large amount of animal manure production without efficient recycle utilization. The chemical oxygen demand(COD) and total nitrogen(TN) discharge of animal manure in HRB almost accounted for 17.00% and 39.00% of the whole COD and TN discharge in China. The diffusion concentration of TN and TP in those regions of Shangqiu, Zhoukou, Heze, Zhumadian, Luohe, Jining, Xuchang,Kaifeng, Taian and Zhengzhou of HRB has exceeded the threshold value 10.00 mg/L of TN and 0.08 mg/L of TP, causing water eutrophication and cancer villages. The assessment of farmland and water quality risk revealed that Zhumadian, Zhoukou, Shangqiu, Taian, Jining, Heze, Linyi and Rizhao belonged to high risk areas in HRB, which were still obtained high farmland and water quality risk index in 2030. The results provided insight into an important significance of sustainable balance of livestock and poultry development and ecosystem in HRB.     

Relationship between economic growth and water environmental quality of Anshan city in Northeast China

Based on the decomposition model of environmental quality and univariate regression model, the relationships of industrial wastewater drainage with economic scale, economic structure, and technological level in Anshan, a mining city in Northeast China, were studied. The results showed that, due to scale effect, the drainage of three important industrial wastewater pollutants (COD, NH3-N and petroleum) increased 8505t, 671t and 384t, respectively, and due to structure effect, those pollutants drainage increased 3996t, 174t and 120t from 2001 to 2006. While due to technological effect, the drainage of COD, NH3-N and petroleum reduced 4452t, 458t and 331t, and due to cross effect, those pollutants drainage reduced 7270t, 575t and 476t simultaneously. Meantime, the relationships between household consumption structure and domestic sewage discharge were analyzed, and domestic sewage discharges in different income levels were also compared. The results showed that, the domestic sewage discharges would increase 376t with 1000 yuan (RMB) increased in the traffic and communication consumption, and they would be 344t, 219t, 428t, 1873t, respectively, in housing consumption, food consumption, medical consumption, miscellaneous commodity consumption. The proportion of domestic sewage discharge increased for high income residents significantly, but reduced for lower income residents. The industrial wastewater pollutants drainage tends to be reduced by technical progress, while domestic sewage discharge will be a more important factor for urban water environment quality.     

EFFECTS OF SEASONALITY ON STREAMFLOW AND WATER QUALITY OF THE PINANG RIVER IN PENANG ISLAND, MALAYSIA

For the Pinang River, originating in the western highlands of Penang Island, the nature, sources and extent of pollution were studied. The river water samples collected at five selected sites were analyzed for various physical and chemical parameters, namely temperature, DO, BOD, COD, SS, pH, ammoniac nitrogen (AN), and conductance. Long-term data of rainfall and temperature were analyzed to determine the seasonal variations of the streamflow.The streamflow during the dry season is extremely low compared to the wet season, thus concentrations of contaminants derived from point pollution source increase due to lack of rainfall and runoff events. On the contrary, in the predominantly urban and agricultural catchments, non-point pollution source increases during rainy season through seepage and runoff. Effects of seasonal variations consequently deterrnine the quantity and quality of the water parameters.The Jelutong River, the Dondang River and the Air Itam River carry the seepage from widely urban and residential areas to the main Pinang River systems. Water quality of the Pinang River at different points assessed by the water quality indices was compared. According to the quality indices during the study period, water quality in the upper reaches of the river is medium to good. It dwindled in the plains, due to the seepage from urban areas and discharges from the industrial and agricultural lands.     

Identifying key environmental factors influencing spatial variation of water quality in upper Shitoukoumen Reservoir Basin in Jilin Province, China

Based on the observed data in monitored drainage areas and GIS spatial analysis tools, watershed basic database of Shitoukoumen Reservoir Basin was built. The multivariate analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of water quality, identify the key environmental factors and their patterns influencing the spatial variation of water quality, and determine the main types and forms of the non-point source (NPS) pollutant export controlled by the key environmental factors. The results show that different patterns of environmental factors lead to great changes in water quality at spatial and seasonal scales. All selected environmental factors explain 64.5% and 68.2% of the spatial variation of water quality over dry season and rainy season, respectively, which shows clear seasonal difference. Over dry season, residential land is the most important environmental factor, which possesses 35.4% of the spatial variation, and drainage area is the second key environmental factor, which possesses 17.0% of spatial variation in the total variance. Over rainy season, slope length and drainage area are the key environmental factors, which possess 29.3% of the spatial variation together. Residential land influences nitrogen export by changing NH₄ ⁺-N and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) discharge over dry season, and drainage area controls phosphorus export by regulating dissolved phosphorus (DP) drainage over dry season and phosphorus associated particulate (PAP) loss over rainy season, respectively. Although slope length is an important environmental factor, it does not influence NPS pollutant export. It is interesting that soil organic matter, as a minor environmental factor, highly determines phosphorus and nitrogen export by enhancing the DP, PAP and PON loss.     

典型纳污坑塘周边地下水污染来源识别及其健康风险评估

以典型纳污坑塘(污水库)周边地下水水质监测数据为基础,在对区内地下水污染源进行分析的基础上,采用水环境健康风险评估模型,对区内地下水污染健康风险进行了系统评价研究.污染来源识别结果表明:纳污坑塘周边第Ⅰ、第Ⅱ含水层地下水污染严重,其污染源主要为坑塘内堆放的工业污水以及工业废渣.污染健康风险评估结果表明:8号坑附近第Ⅰ含水层中砷浓度以及北库南侧第Ⅱ含水层中1,2-二氯乙烷总致癌风险分别为10-2、10-3数量级,远超可接受风险水平10-6.不同含水层中污染物平均致癌风险大小关系为,第Ⅰ含水层:砷>1,2-二氯乙烷;第Ⅱ含水层:1,2-二氯乙烷>砷>1,1,2-三氯乙烷>四氯化碳.1,2-二氯乙烷等挥发性有机污染物4种潜在暴露途径的平均致癌风险大小关系表现为:饮用地下水>皮肤接触地下水>经室外吸入空气中气态污染物>经室内吸入空气气态污染物.相对于敏感用地,非敏感用地污染物的总致癌风险以及危害商较低.     

小东江茂名段浮游生物及污染状况分析

2007年7月对茂名市小东江的浮游生物及污染状况进行调查和分析,结果共检出浮游植物122种,其中蓝藻门15属34种,占(总种类数,下同)27.9%,硅藻门16属26种,占21.3%,绿藻门29属52种,占42.6%,裸藻门3属6种,占4.9%,金藻门1属1种,占0.8%,黄藻门3属3种,占2.5%;浮游动物78种,其中原生动物门26属36种,占46.2%,轮虫动物门9属16种,占20.5%,节肢动物门枝角类8属14种,占17.9%,桡足类10属11种,占14.1%,水生昆虫1属1种,占1.3%。各调查断面浮游植物的种类数平均为37种,细胞密度在11.3×104~19.5×104/L,Ⅴ断面最高,Ⅰ断面最低,平均为14.4×104/L;浮游动物种类数平均为27种,密度平均为2 895/L。相邻断面间Jaccard种类相似性指数范围为0.13~0.23,各断面环境异质性相差较大,该季节河水流动性小。叶绿素a含量为19.9~45.3μg/L,它与细胞密度呈显著的正相关,与无机氮、无机磷和COD均不存在明显的相关性。各断面的浮游植物多样性指数为3.1~4.5,均匀度为0.62~0.85;浮游动物的多样性指数为2.7~3.9,均匀度我0.59~0.80。对βm-αm指示种种类组成和群落结构分析,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ断面水质属生态中污类型,而Ⅰ断面属生态寡污类型。以国家地表水质量标准评判,各断面COD含量为Ⅰ类水;无机氮含量除Ⅰ断面外,其他断面均为Ⅲ类水;无机磷含量均优于Ⅱ类水;石油类除Ⅰ、Ⅱ断面为Ⅳ类水外,其他断面均为Ⅴ类水。单因子污染指数分析表明,小东江流域水质为中污染至重污染之间。     

城市空气质量GIS数据模型及分析系统的集成与应用

城市空气质量模拟是目前环境与健康研究的一个重要领域。本文基于GIS技术,采用准稳态高斯扩散模型建立了城市空气质量模拟系统,着重研究了三维空间城市空气质量模型系统的集成方法,并以福州市为例,采用该模型系统对城市建城区的NO₂与SO₂年平均浓度场分布进行了模拟。     

Development and application of water environment management information system based on ARCGIS Engine

Embedded ArcGIS Engine can improve development efficiency of environmental information system. The authors designed the structure, functions and database of the Yongjiang River Basin Water Environment Management Information System (YRBWEMIS) through the integration of ArcGIS Engine software with VC. The spatial data and attribute data in the YRBWEMIS are stored and managed separately. The system functions include display, query, statistics, spatial analysis and thematic mapping for water pollution sources, water quality, water function regionalization and catchments region.