Dynamic Analysis of Deformational Structures of the Xianniishan Fault Zone in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River

Field investigation and laboratory work reveal that inhomogeneity of the deformation of the Xiannushan fault is mainly characterized by lateral zonation, longitudinal segmentation and downward stratification. Based on these results, a 3-D deformational structure model of the fault was established and its geometrical and kinematic characteristics in two main deformational stages i.e. the main Yanshanian and Himalayan were discussed. The directions of principal and the differential stresses in these two stages were determined by using conjugate joints, striations of fault planes and microstructures of the fault zone. The direction of σI is N-S in direction with differential stresses of 150-250 MPa in the Yanshanian, and N70E with a differential stress ranging from 80-120 MPa in the Himalayan.     

Structural and Chronological Evidence for the India-Eurasia Collision of the Early Paleocene in the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis, Namjagbarwa

The eastern Himalayan syntaxis in Namjagbarwa is a high-grade metamorphic terrain formed by the India-Eurasia collision and northward indentation of the Indian continent into Asia. Right- and left-lateral slip zones were formed by the indentation on the eastern and western boundaries of the syntaxis respectively. The Dongjug-Mainling fault zone is the main shear zone on the western boundary. This fault zone is a left-lateral slip belt with a large component of thrusting. The kinematics of the fault is consistent with the shortening within the syntaxis, and the slipping history along it represents the indenting process of the syntaxis. The Ar-Ar chronological study shows that the age of the early deformation in the Dongjug-Mainling fault zone ranges from 62 to 59 Ma. This evidences that the India-Eurasia collision occurred in the early Paleocene in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis.     

Deformation at the Easternmost Altyn Tagh Fault: Constraints on the Growth of the Northern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

How the Altyn Tagh fault(ATF) extends eastwards is one of the key questions in the study of the growth of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Detailed fieldwork at the easternmost part of the ATF shows that the ATF extends eastward and bypasses the Kuantan Mountain; it does not stop at the Kuantan Mountain, but connects with the northern Heishan fault in the east. The ATF does not enter the Alxa Block but extends eastward along the southern Alxa Block to the Jintanan Mountain. The Heishan fault is not a thrust fault but a sinistral strike-slip fault with a component of thrusting and is a part of the ATF. Further to the east, the Heishan fault may connect with the Jintananshan fault. A typical strike-slip duplex develops in the easternmost part of the ATF. The cut and deformed Quaternary sediments and displaced present gullies along the easternmost ATF indicate that it is an active fault. The local highest Mountain(i.e., the Kuantan Mountain) in the region forms in a restraining bend of the ATF due to the thrusting and uplifting. The northward growth of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and the active deformation in South Mongolia are realized by sinistral strike-slipping on a series of NE–SW-trending faults and thrusting in restraining bends along the strike-slip faults with the northeastward motion of blocks between these faults.     

Extension of the Louzidian Metamorphic Core Complex and Development of Supradetachment Basins in Southern Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, China

The Louzidian metamorphic core complex (LMCC) in southern Chifeng is located on the northern margin of the North China craton. Structural analyses of the LMCC and its extensional detachment system indicate that the LMCC experienced two-stage extension. The ductile regime experienced top-to-northeast shearing extension and the brittle detachment fault underwent top-down-outwards slipping. Between these two stages, a semi-ductile regime recorded the transition from ductile to brittle. The hanging wall of the detachment fault is similar to those classic supradetachment basins in western North America. Analyses of provenance and paleocurrent directions in the basins show that there were two filling stages. In the early stage, materials came from the southwest margin of the basin and the hanging wall of the detachment system and were transported from southwest to northeast; while in the late stage, deposits were derived from the footwall of the detachment fault and transported outwards to the two sides of the     

Three-Dimensional Density Distribution and Seismic Activity along the Guxiang–Tongmai Segment of the Jiali Fault, Tibet

The Guxiang–Tongmai segment of the Jiali fault is situated northeast of the Namche Barwa Syntaxis in northeastern Tibet. It is one of the most active strike-slip faults near the syntaxis and plays a pivotal role in the examination of seismic activity within the eastern Himalayan Syntaxis. New study in the research region has yielded a 1:200000 gravity dataset covering an area 1500 km2. Using wavelet transform multiscale decomposition, scratch analysis techniques, and 3D gravity inversion methods, gravity anomalies, fault distributions, and density structures were determined across various scales. Through the integration of our new gravity data with other geophysical and geological information, our findings demonstrate substantial variations in the overall crustal density within the region, with the fault distribution closely linked to these density fluctuations. Disparities in stratigraphic density are important causes of variations in the capacity of geological formations to endure regional tectonic stress. Earthquakes are predominantly concentrated within the density transition zone and are primarily situated in regions of elevated density. The hanging wall stress within the Guxiang–Tongmai segment of the Jiali fault exhibits a notable concentration, marked by pronounced anisotropy, and is positioned within the density differential zone, which is prone to earthquakes.     

Slip Rate of Yema River–Daxue Mountain Fault since the Late Pleistocene and Its Implications on the Deformation of the Northeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau

The slip rate of Yema River–Daxue Mountain fault in the western segment of Qilian Mountains was determined by the dated offset of river risers or gullies. Results indicate that the left-lateral fault slip rate is 2.82 ± 0.20 mm/a at Dazangdele site,2.00 ± 0.24 mm/a at Shibandun site,and 0.50 ± 0.36 and 2.80 ± 0.33 mm/a at two sites in Zhazihu. The ideal average slip rate of the whole fault is 2.81 ± 0.32 mm/a. The lower slip rate confirms part of the displacement of Altyn Tagh fault was transformed into an uplifting of the strap mountains in the western segment of Qilian Mountains,whereas another part transformed into sinistral displacement of Haiyuan fault. This study illustrates that the slip of large strike-slip faults in the northeastern margin of the plateau transforms into crust thickening at the tip of the fault without large-scale propagation to the outer parts of the plateau.     

THRUST NAPPE STRUTRUE IN THE JINGGANG MOUNTAIN：CHARACTERISTICS AND SIGNIFICANCE FOR PROSPECTION OF ORE DEPOSITS

Nappe structure, as was first discovered by the authors during the regional geological survey at the scale of 1:50,000 in The Jinggang Mountain, is mainly comprised of a series of NNE-NE-striking thrust fault zones and thrust sheets among them. Sinian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Devonian, Carboniferous, Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous strata are involved in the thrust nappe system. The nappe structure is of the type of duplex structures formed as a result of the earlier stage migration from SE to NW and late stage migration from E to W of sedimentary cover or basement strata. Formation of the nappe structure in the studied area involves two main epochs: Early Yanshanian and Late Yanshanian to Early Himalayan. The mineral deposits and the buried coalfields in the area, especially the latter, are extensively controlled by the nappe structure.     

Analysis of the Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake’s Co-seismic Stress and Displacement Change by Using the Finite Element Method

The variation of in situ stress before and after earthquakes is an issue studied by geologists. In this paper, on the basis of the fault slip dislocation model of Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake, the changes of co-seismic displacement and the distribution functions of stress tensor around the Longmen Shan fault zone are calculated. The results show that the co-seismic maximum surface displacement is 4.9 m in the horizontal direction and 6.5 m in the vertical direction, which is almost consistent with the on-site survey and GPS observations. The co-seismic maximum horizontal stress in the hanging wall and footwall decreased sharply as the distance from the Longmen Shan fault zone increased. However, the vertical stress and minimum horizontal stress increased in the footwall and in some areas of the hanging wall. The study of the co-seismic displacement and stress was mainly focused on the long and narrow region along the Longmen Shan fault zone, which coincides with the distribution of the earthquake aftershocks. Therefore, the co-seismic stress only affects the aftershocks, and does not affect distant faults and seismic activities. The results are almost consistent with in situ stress measurements at the two sites before and after Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake. Along the fault plane, the co-seismic shear stress in the dip direction is larger than that in the strike direction, which indicates that the faulting mechanism of the Longmen Shan fault zone is a dominant thrust with minor strike-slipping. The results can be used as a reference value for future studies of earthquake mechanisms.     

DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS AND ESR DATING OF ANHUA-XUPU FAULT BELT IN THE XUEFENG MOUNATAINS, HUNAN

Anhua-Xupu fault belt plays a very important role in the formation of Xuefeng Mountains. The fault belt shows an arc-structure extruding towards NW. Fault rocks, microstructures and homogeneous temperature (concentrated around 160℃) of fluid inclusions in the quartz veins shows that the fault belt mainly underwent shallow brittle deformation and the highest-grade dynamic metamorphic rock is mylonitized sericite phyllite. The ESR (Electron Spin Resonance) dating from the quartz veins in the fault rocks shows that the fault belt underwent two intense fluid movement stages at Yanshanian(156.9-136.2Ma, 119.8-90.6Ma); moreover not only the occurrence and microstructures but also the homogeneous temperature of the quartz veins developed in that two stages show obvious diversity, which can prove that there exists the reversion period of Mesozoic extension and compression movement of Xuefeng mountains between these two stages.     

Analysis of Ore-controlling Structure in the Qifengcha-Detiangou Gold Deposit, Huairou County, Beijing

The Qifengcha-Detiangou gold deposit is a medium-sized deposit recently found in Huairou County, Beijing. It belongs to the altered mylonite type with superimposed quartz vein type and is related to the early Yanshanian magmatic activity. Characterized by multiperiodic activity, the NE-trending Qifengcha fault is a regional ore-controlling structure in the area, and gold mineralization develops only in its southeastern part. Meanwhile, gold mineralization is controlled by the Yunmengshan metamorphic core complex. The nearly N-S- and E-W-trending low-angle detachment faults, reformed by the Qifengcha fault in the northwestern part of the core complex, are the main ore-bearing faults. All discovered gold deposits are located within an area 1.5-4.0 km away from the boundary of the upwelling centre. The N-S- (NNE-) and E-W-trending ore-bearing faults are ductile-brittle structural zones developing in shallow positions and subjected mainly to compressive deformation. The structural ore-controlling effects ar     

Dynamic Analysis of Deformational Structures of the Xiannüshan Fault Zone in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River

Field investigation and laboratory work reveal that inhomogeneity of the deformation of the Xiannüshan fault is mainly characterized by lateral zonation, longitudinal segmentation and downward stratification. Based on these results, a 3-D deformational structure model of the fault was established and its geometrical and kinematic characteristics in two main deformational stages i.e. the main Yanshanian and Himalayan were discussed. The directions of principal and the differential stresses in these two stages were determined by using conjugate joints, striations of fault planes and microstructures of the fault zone. The direction of (1 is N-S in direction with differential stresses of 150(250 MPa in the Yanshanian, and N70E with a differential stress ranging from 80-120 MPa in the Himalayan.     

塔里木盆地断裂构造分期差异活动及其变形机理

本文的目的是探讨塔里木盆地断裂构造分期差异活动过程及其变形机理.在地震剖面解释、钻井资料和地质资料综合分析的基础上,通过编制塔里木盆地不同时期断裂系统图,提出控制塔里木盆地断裂构造形成和演化主要构造活动期次为:加里东早期、加里东中期、加里东晚期-海西早期、海西晚期、印支期、燕山期和喜马拉雅期.加里东早期断裂活动受伸展环境制约,沿先存基底断裂带形成张性正断层.加里东中期、加里东晚期-海西早期断裂活动以逆冲作用为主,在塔东、塔中、塘古巴斯、巴楚和麦盖提地区最为发育.海西晚期断裂活动也是以逆冲作用为特征,并从早期断裂强烈活动的塔中、塘古巴斯、玛东等地区,迁移到塔北隆起和东部地区.印支、燕山和喜马拉雅期,前陆地区断裂构造发育,形成叠瓦冲断带、褶皱-冲断带、双重构造、盐相关构造等;但在盆内稳定区,断裂构造不发育,活动性弱.古生代断裂构造发育分布的控制机理,主要与区域大地构造环境的变化和构造转换、先存基底断裂带、大型区域性不整合、滑脱带等要素密切相关.区域大地构造环境的变化和构造转换主要受控于塔里木周缘洋盆的伸展裂解、俯冲消减和洋盆闭合的时限和强度.先存基底断裂带或基底构造软弱带往往控制着后期断裂的发育位置和展布方向.大型区域性不整合和滑脱带控制着断裂构造的发育和分布层位.中、新生代断裂构造发育分布的控制机理,与区域大地构造环境及其构造转换、区域构造位置有关.中、新生代塔里木断裂构造主要分为三种环境,即前陆构造环境、盆内稳定区构造环境和隆升剥蚀区构造环境.盆内稳定区断裂构造不发育,活动性较弱.中、新生代断裂构造主体发育在前陆构造环境中,主要受控于周缘造山带强烈隆升、挤压冲断、走滑-逆冲或逆冲-走滑作用,同时与喜马拉雅晚期盆-山耦合作用及滑脱层的发育有关.     

鸭绿江断裂带的主要特征及其研究意义

鸭绿江断裂带是郯庐断裂带东侧的一个次级断裂,也是辽宁东部规模较大的断裂带,具有多期活动特点,先后经历了晚印支-早燕山期(T₃-J₁)左行平移韧性剪切活动、中燕山期(J_2-3)早期低角度伸展滑脱和晚期挤压逆冲活动、晚燕山期(K₁)至末燕山期(K₂)左行正走滑活动、末燕山晚期-喜马拉雅早期(N)右行走滑活动等4个阶段.它控制着侏罗纪、白垩纪岩浆岩、沉积盆地和矿产的分布,也控制着白垩纪中酸性、中基性火山岩喷发.该断裂带为切割地壳硅镁层的深断裂.最大左行平移20 km,最大垂直断距4 km.该断裂带两侧地质构造特征可以对比,对其研究具有重要的指导意义.     

江南断裂构造属性及成生环境初探

江南断裂作为江南隆起带北缘边界的区域性断裂,时空变形特点表现为前燕山期非造山性质的沉积相突变带和燕山期具造山性质的构造变形带。突变带内同生角砾岩仅具相带划分意义。构造变形带内江南断裂中浅层宏观总体表现逆冲断层;地质证据和ESR年龄证据表明断裂作用起始于燕山早期,持续至喜山早期;宏微观构造、包体测温和差异应力等综合研究显示断层总体处于脆性、低温、低差异应力构造变形环境。但江南断裂现今中浅层主要变形形迹和成生条件所表现的构造属性与空间断层性质不相对应,原因可能与中浅层构造变形样式、基底变形特征及区域应力作用特点有关。     

三峡工程库首区及狮子口重力滑动构造系统的构造应力场研究

基于野外实测和室内测试,计算分析及有限元模拟,对三峡工程库首区燕山期和喜山期的区域构造应力场以及狮子口重力滑动构造应力场进行研究。区域构造应力场的主要特征是：燕山主期σ1和σ1近水平,分别近S－N向和E－W向,σ2近直立,差异应力200MPa、变化范围150－250MPa;喜山主期σ1近水平,总体方向NNE70－SW250°,差异应力100MPa,变化范围80－120MPa,在空间变化上,前者表现为南部差异应力高于北部差异应力,后者的变化规律不太明显。狮子口重力滑动构造系统的应力场比较复杂,总体呈近E－W向的前缘挤压、后缘拉伸,而滑动系统内部叠置产出的三个滑块也分别表现出后缘拉伸、前缘挤压并交替出现的特点,反映了区域应力场背景下的局部构造应力场特征。     

东濮凹陷三叠系砂岩储层构造裂缝特征及形成期次

根据露头、 岩心、 薄片、 古地磁、 成像测井、 岩石力学实验等资料;对东濮凹陷北部三叠系砂岩储层构造裂缝特征及形成期次进行分析。东濮凹陷三叠系砂岩储层主要发育北北东、 北东和近东西向3组高角度构造裂缝;裂缝走向近于平行或垂直主断层;倾向为北西和南东。二马营组裂缝较为发育;和尚沟组和刘家沟组裂缝相对不发育。储层裂缝为3期;分别为燕山早期的北西向扩张裂缝和北北西、 北西西向剪切裂缝;燕山晚期形成北东向拉张裂缝;喜马拉雅期形成北北东、 北东向拉张裂缝、 北北东向剪切裂缝和东西向扩张裂缝。古、 今构造应力场和岩石力学性质的各向异性分析表明;现今构造应力场最大水平主应力和岩石抗压强度的各向异性均影响燕山早期北西向裂缝的张开度及有效性。储层裂缝表现为两期;分别为燕山晚期的北东向拉张裂缝、 喜马拉雅期的北北东、 北东向拉张裂缝;北北东向剪切裂缝和东西向扩张裂缝。研究结果阐明了东濮凹陷北部三叠系砂岩储层构造裂缝特征及发育规律。     

龙门山构造变形与油气关系探讨

龙门山构造变形始于印支期,经历燕山期和喜山期多次递进变形,构造变形时期具有由北向南、由西向东逐渐变晚和构造变形强度西侧强、东侧弱的特点。龙门山冲断带具有南北分段、东西分带和纵向分层的差异变形特征。龙门山逆冲推覆带构造变形强烈,油气保存条件差。山前断褶带主要发育断弯背斜、断展背斜和断挡背斜等,变形适中,油气保存条件好,龙门山山前断褶皱带有利于油气富集,形成构造油气藏。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘中—新生代构造特征及构造应力场分析

对鄂尔多斯盆地东缘黄河沿岸一带中—新生代构造特征的研究表明:盆地东缘中—新生代构造变形与印支运动、燕山运动、喜马拉雅运动密切相关。印支运动对东缘构造影响相对微弱,受扬子板块和华北板块碰撞的影响,区内形成了一套挤压应力近NS向的共轭节理。燕山运动对东缘的形成演化意义重大,其基本构造形态就是在这一时期形成的。受古太平洋板块与亚洲大陆俯冲产生的远程构造效应的影响,区内发育NE—NNE走向的褶皱带;离石断裂受到SE—SEE方向的挤压,以脆性变形为主;节理解析获得的燕山期构造应力场以NW—SE向挤压为特征。喜马拉雅运动期间,盆地东缘的挤压方向转变为NE—SW向,其动力主要来自印度板块向欧亚板块的碰撞及碰撞期后陆内俯冲所产生的远程效应。     

鄂西建始断裂工程活动性评价

本文通过对鄂西建始断裂的几何分形结构和变形结构的分析,结合其新构造活动、现今构造活动特征,探讨断裂的运动学和动力学特征以及形成演化过程。建始断裂分段特征明显,在燕山主期以逆冲作用为主,在燕山晚期以伸展作用为其主要活动特征,在喜马拉雅期则表现为平面左旋剪切活动;在新构造活动期以右旋剪切为主,北段构造活动性相对较强,中段和南段构造活动性相对较弱。断裂在Ｑ１－Ｑ２时期有过明显的活动,其最新活动测试年龄为     

川西和川东北地区差异构造演化及其对陆相层系天然气成藏的影响

川西和川东北地区处于扬子地台西北缘,均具有褶皱冲断带-前陆盆地的二元结构,其构造特征具一定相似性。根据地震资料解释和典型气藏解剖,再结合前人研究成果,分析了川西和川东北地区构造演化差异性及其对各自成藏特征的影响,结果表明：川西地区主要受龙门山造山带影响,从印支期中晚期开始发育前陆盆地,之后主要受燕山中晚期和喜马拉雅期构造运动的影响;而川东北地区从燕山早期开始发育前陆盆地,之后在燕山中期和晚期受大巴山、米仓山和雪峰山联合作用影响,最后大巴山造山带在喜马拉雅期的强烈活动使其最终定型。上述差异构造演化对川西和川东北地区陆相层系的成藏特征的影响主要表现在4个方面：烃源岩的发育、输导体系的形成、气藏的保存和天然气成藏过程。川西地区主要发育须家河组烃源岩,形成了以NE向和SN向断裂及其伴生裂缝为主的输导体系,多期构造运动形成的大型通天断裂影响了山前断褶带气藏的保存,成藏经历了印支晚期、燕山中期、晚期和喜马拉雅期4个关键时刻。川东北地区发育须家河组和下侏罗统两套烃源岩,输导体系以NW向断裂为主,隆升剥蚀和大型断裂造成了山前断褶带较差的保存条件,成藏经历了燕山中期、燕山晚期和喜马拉雅期三个关键时刻。