数据驱动的蒸散发遥感反演方法及产品研究进展

蒸散发是水圈、大气圈和生物圈中水分循环和能量交换的纽带。在全球尺度上,蒸散发约占陆地降水总量的60%;作为其能量表达形式,潜热通量约占地表净辐射的80%。随着通量观测技术的发展,全球长期持续的观测数据得以获取和共享,近年来基于数据驱动的蒸散发遥感反演方法取得了较好的研究进展。本文针对数据驱动的蒸散发遥感反演方法和产品,从经验回归、机器学习和数据融合3个方面展开,对现有的研究进展进行了梳理、归纳和总结,并从驱动数据、反演方法、已有产品等方面指出目前仍存在的问题和不足。未来仍需开展数据驱动的高时空分辨率的蒸散发遥感反演方法的研究,有效考虑地表温度和土壤水分等可以指示地表蒸散发短期变化的重要信息,同时加强基于过程驱动的物理模型与数据驱动的模型的结合,使两类模型能互为补充、各自发挥所长,共同推动蒸散发遥感反演研究水平的进步。     

土壤蒸发和植被蒸腾遥感估算与验证

地表蒸散发是土壤—植被—大气系统中能量和水循环的重要环节,它包括土壤、水体和植被表面的蒸发,以及植被蒸腾。随着地表参数多源遥感产品的快速发展,利用不同地表参数遥感产品估算地表蒸散发以及其组分土壤蒸发和植被蒸腾成为日常监测越来越便利,监测尺度已从单站扩展到田块、区域乃至全球。目前地表蒸散发双层遥感估算模型按照建模机理的不同可分为:系列模型、平行模型、基于特征空间的模型、结合传统方法的模型以及数据同化方法。本文从模型构建物理机制、模型驱动数据以及模型输出结果验证等方面总结了上述模型的发展历史和现状,并指出在模型结构与参数化方案的优化、高分辨率模型驱动数据的发展、土壤蒸发和植被蒸腾像元尺度"地面真值"的获取等方面都仍需进一步完善。     

非均匀地表蒸散遥感研究综述

本文评述了目前常用的遥感估算地表蒸散方法,包括地表能量平衡模型、Penman-Monteith类模型、温度—植被指数特征空间方法、Priestley-Taylor类模型和其他方法。然而使用这些方法估算地表蒸散时会面临严重的尺度效应,而产生尺度效应的根本原因之一是地表异质性,在分析了非均匀下垫面对水热通量遥感反演造成的影响后,介绍了面积加权、校正因子补偿与温度降尺度3种尺度误差纠正方法;并从地面观测实验的角度简述了非均匀下垫面水热通量真实性检验的研究;最后探讨了将来建立更具时空代表性的非均匀下垫面地表蒸散遥感估算模型可能会面临的一些挑战。     

遥感反演蒸散发的日尺度扩展方法研究进展

遥感技术能够提供卫星过境时刻地表参量的瞬时值,进而通过模型构建可反演得到瞬时蒸散发。相对于瞬时蒸散发,日尺度蒸散发在实际生产生活中具有更重要的应用价值。本文系统地总结分析了遥感反演瞬时蒸散发的代表性日尺度扩展方法,包括蒸发比不变法、解耦因子不变法、辐射能量比不变法、参考蒸发比不变法、地表阻抗不变法和数据同化法,并对各方法的基本原理、估算精度、适用性等进行了对比分析。在此基础上,进一步综述了日尺度扩展方法存在的不确定性和主要问题,包括扩展方法本身误差、云覆盖、气象数据获取、夜间蒸散发估算、遥感反演同扩展误差累积及真实性检验等,并指出今后应从加强有云天及夜间蒸散发扩展机理和方法等方面的研究来提升瞬时蒸散发日尺度扩展精度。     

A simple procedure for estimating distributed daily evapotranspiration using landsat-TM data

A procedure to estimate distributed daily evapotranspiration (ET) using remotely sensed data is presented. Landsat-TM data for a part of the Western Yamuna Canal command (Haryana) has been used for model application. The model utilizes the surface reflectance in visible, infrared and thermal bands to generate surface albedo, surface temperature and leaf area index and thus surface energy fluxes to determine distributed daily ET. Result reveals a reasonable estimate of distributed daily ET. For well-watered crop, average ET by the proposed model is estimated as 1.8 mm/d, whereas using Penmen-Monteith equation it is calculated as 1.9 mm/d. The error involved in estimating ET by the proposed model is calculated about 5%, which is quite acceptable for most applications. The proposed procedure is also found computationally simple and can also be applied on current Landsat ETM+ data.     

Refining Population Surface Models: Experiments with Northern Ireland Census Data

This paper compares and contrasts alternative methods for the construction of discontinuous population surface models based on the census and remotely sensed data from Northern Ireland. Two main methods of population distribution are employed: (1) a method based on redistribution from enumeration district (ED) and postcode centroids, and (2) a method based on dasymetric redistribution of ED population counts to suitable land cover zones from classified remotely sensed imagery. Refinements have been made to the centroid redistribution algorithm to accommodate an empirical measure of dispersion, and to allow redistribution in an anisotropic form. These refinements are evaluated against each other and the dasymetric method. The results suggest that all of the methods perform best in urban areas, and that while the refinements may improve the statistical performance of the models, this is at the expense of reduced spatial detail. In general, the techniques are highly sensitive to the spatial and population resolution of the input data.     

Empirical modeling and spatio-temporal patterns of urban evapotranspiration for the Phoenix metropolitan area,Arizona

In this study, an empirical model for predicting urban evapotranspiration (ET) is examined for the Phoenix metropolitan area that is in a subtropical desert climate using in situ ET measurements from a local flux tower and remotely sensed moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer land products. Annual ET maps of Phoenix are then created for the period from 2001 to 2015 using the empirical model developed. A time-series trend analysis is finally performed using predicted ET maps to discover the spatio-temporal patterns of ET changes during the study period. Results suggest that blue-sky albedo and land surface temperature are two statistically significant variables explanatory to model urban ET for Phoenix. Areas that have experienced significant increases of ET are highly spatially clustered, and are mainly found on the outskirts of the city, while areas of decreasing ET are generally associated with highly developed areas, such as downtown Phoenix.     

Satellite detection of increases in global land surface evapotranspiration during 1984–2007

Abstract

As a key component of digital earth, remotely sensed data provides the compelling evidence that the amount of water vapour transferred from the entire global surface to the atmosphere increased from 1984 to 2007. The validation results from the earlier evapotranspiration (ET) estimation algorithm based on net radiation (R _n ), Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), air temperature and diurnal air temperature range (DTaR) showed good agreement between estimated monthly ET and ground-measured ET from 20 flux towers. Our analysis indicates that the estimated actual ET has increased on average over the entire global land surface except for Antarctica during 1984–2007. However, this increasing trend disappears after 2000 and the reason may be that the decline in net radiation and NDVI during this period depleted surface soil moisture. Moreover, the good correspondence between the precipitation trend and the change in ET in arid and semi-arid regions indicated that surface moisture linked to precipitation affects ET. The input parameters R _n , T _air, NDVI and DTaR show substantial spatio-temporal variability that is almost consistent with that of actual ET from 1984 to 2007 and contribute most significantly to the variation in actual ET.     

青藏高原纳木错湖冰物候变化遥感监测与模拟

湖冰物候是反映区域气候变化的直观指标.由于青藏高原湖冰物候的地面观测不足,遥感与模拟成为动态监测湖冰物候变化并揭示其变化机理的重要途径.本文以纳木错为例,通过不同遥感方法获取了纳木错2000年-2015年湖冰物候的动态变化.在此基础上,将遥感与物理基础清晰的湖泊过程模型相结合,重建了纳木错1963年-2018年的湖冰物...     

Water Balance Study for a Basin Integrating Remote Sensing Data and GIS

Water balance of a basin involves estimation of input precipitation, runoff, infiltration and evapotranspiration (ET). Although ET may have large variations over a big basin, it is commonly estimated using a few point measurements and this makes the estimation error prone. Satellite based remote sensing data provides few parameters for estimation of energy fluxes, at the land surface and atmosphere interaction in a distributed manner using the meteorological parameters. These parameters through surface energy balance equation have been used for the estimation of ET in this study. Various spatially distributed variables required for ET estimation; viz. NDVI, surface albedo, surface temperature etc. have been derived using remote sensing and ancillary data for Tapi basin located in western India. Beside this field data such as rainfall, air temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours etc. have been used. For computation of runoff, Soil Conservation Services (SCS) approach has been considered. Tapi basin up to Ukai dam has been selected as the study area. Satellite data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite, which carries the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), have been used for preparation of various maps required for runoff and ET analysis. The results of runoff and ET have been compared with observed data for 2 years, 2002–2003 and the results have been found in good agreement with observed data.     

The operational method of filling information gaps in satellite imagery using numerical models

Occurrence of cloud cover over remotely sensed area is a significant limitation in the ocean colour and infra-red remote sensing applications, especially when operational use of such a data is considered. A method for the reconstruction of missing data in remote sensing images has been proposed. It is based on complementing satellite data with the corresponding information from other sources of data, in our tested case it was the ecohydrodynamic model. The method solves the problem the presence of a cloud cover also during an extended period. Unlike in many other similar methods, emphasis has been put on retaining remotely sensed information to a high degree and preserving local phenomena that are usually difficult to capture by other methods than satellite remote sensing. The method has been tested on the Baltic Sea. Sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a concentration estimated from satellite data, ecohydrodynamic models and merged product were compared with in situ data. The algorithm was optimized for the two parameters that are crucial for e.g. creating algae bloom forecasts. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the final product of sea surface temperature was 0.73 °C, whereas of the input satellite images 1.26 °C or 1.33 °C and of model maps 0.89 °C. The error factor of chlorophyll a concentration product was 1.8 mg m⁻³, in comparison to 2.55 mg m⁻³ for satellite input source and 2.28 mg m⁻³ for the model one. The results show that the proposed method well utilizes advantages of both satellite and numerical simulation data sources, at the same time reducing the errors of estimation of merged parameters compared to similar errors for both primary sources. It would be a valuable component of fuzzy logic and rule-based HABs prediction.     

冬小麦旱情遥感监测模型研究

本研究依据土壤水量平衡及能量平衡的原理,提出了一套利用遥感方法监测冬小麦干旱及建模的方法。首先,用热惯性方法建立试区土壤表观热惯量与土壤水分的关系,用其估算初始土壤含水量(W_0);再用NOAA-AVHRR数字图像和气象数据相结合的方法估算冬小麦地的蒸散(E_t);从而根据水量平衡方程获得某一时段(旬)的土壤含水量(W_t);最后,根据冬小麦的需水规律和土壤有效水含量构造干旱指数模型。试验表明,此模型反映了作物干旱的本质,能大范围有效地监测作物旱情。     

Monitoring Intraurban temperature patterns and associated land cover in phoenix,Arizona using Landsat thermal data

Abstract

This study investigates urban climatologic modification associated with development and changing land use in the relatively arid urban environment of Phoenix, Arizona. An analysis of surface temperatures, as portrayed on Landsat thermal remotely sensed data, were compared to current land use patterns in regions of the rapidly expanding urban landscape. A second focus of this study involved investigation of the surface temperatures of this environment, as extracted from the radiometric data of the Landsat thermal band, to provide insights into the complexities of the relationship to the near‐surface atmospheric temperature, a parameter used extensively in climate change analyses and in models for energy and water demand in this desert region. The near surface air temperature is usually measured approximately two meters above the ground surface. In general, spatial temperature patterns of the metropolitan region were strongly correlated with the presence of open water or biomass which provide an evapotranspirative heat sink.     

基于遥感技术的区域地表蒸散研究进展

遥感技术的发展为大面积的区域地表蒸散(evapotranspiration,ET)反演和估算提供了一种新的手段,国内外学者围绕该领域在理论和技术方法上开展了大量研究。能量平衡原理是遥感估算地表ET的理论基础,由此发展出多种遥感ET模型与算法。在分析几种常见ET模型算法的基本原理及优缺点的基础上,阐述了不同方法的适应性及相关研究进展情况,提出了目前遥感ET研究所存在的问题,展望了遥感ET的发展趋势。     

热红外地表温度遥感反演方法研究进展

地表温度是表征地表过程变化的一个非常重要的特征物理量,是地表—大气能量交换的直接驱动因子,广泛地用于地表能量平衡、气候变化和资源环境监测等研究领域。本文系统地评述了热红外地表温度遥感反演方法,包括单通道算法、多通道算法、多角度算法、多时相算法和高光谱反演算法。回顾了地表温度反演的基础理论和方法;并在此基础上,进一步综述了地表温度遥感反演的验证方法,以及地表温度的时间和角度归一化方法;最后对未来提高地表温度反演精度的研究方向提出了建议。     

地表蒸散定量遥感的研究进展

简要介绍了遥感监测地表蒸散和能量平衡研究的科学意义和应用价值，回顾了国内外的研究历史和现状，分析了目前该领域存在的一些问题和难点，并对今后的工作重点和研究方向提出了建议。     

基于频域滤波的高分辨率遥感图像城市河道信息提取

提出一种基于频域滤波的城市河道信息提取方法。首先对高分辨率遥感图像进行傅里叶变换得到频谱图, 并利用径向和角向分布图分析城市河道的频谱特征。其次, 基于城市河道的双线型特点, 将其分为边缘特征和低频信息两个部分, 并根据周期性纹理的频谱模型和地物频谱能量分布规律确定两个部分的频域识别标志。然后设计相应的扇环形带通log Butterworth滤波器和低通Butterworth滤波器分别对城市河道的边缘特征和低频信息进行提取, 并根据该两部分信息实现城市河道信息提取。最后对城市河道信息提取结果进行定量评价, 结果表明, 本文方法可以有效地实现城市河道的信息提取。     

遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验研究进展

地表蒸散发是连接土壤—植被—大气连续体的纽带,结合遥感技术估算地表蒸散发已成为获取区域乃至全球尺度时空连续地表蒸散发量的有效手段。由于遥感估算地表蒸散发容易受到地表空间异质性和近地层气象条件复杂性的影响,在模型机理与变量参数化方案、输入数据和时间尺度扩展等方面存在不确定性,影响了其准确度的提高和应用范围的拓展,因此需要开展真实性检验。本文综述了当前遥感估算地表蒸散发(包括植被蒸腾和土壤蒸发)真实性检验研究的相关成果,重点归纳并总结了应用于遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验的直接检验法和间接检法的主要原理、适用性和优缺点,在此基础上阐述了当前遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验研究所面临的挑战。分析表明：由于地表空间异质性的普遍存在,遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验研究在理论和方法方面还受到诸多挑战,今后应打破地表蒸散发遥感产品真实性检验局限在均匀地表的传统思路,发展非均匀地表遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验的理论框架,包括地表水热状况空间异质性的度量、非均匀地表验证场的优化布设、非均匀下垫面地表蒸散发的多尺度观测试验、卫星像元/区域尺度地表蒸散发相对真值的获取、验证过程中的不确定性分析以及遥感估算地表蒸散发的实证研究等,并构建一个多源、多尺度、多方法、多层次的真实性检验技术流程,以期把遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验作为突破口,提升相应遥感产品的应用水平,推动定量遥感科学的发展。     

Remotely sensed estimation of forest canopy density: A comparison of the performance of four methods

In recent years, a number of alternative methods have been proposed to predict forest canopy density from remotely sensed data. To date, however, it remains difficult to decide which method to use, since their relative performance has never been evaluated. In this study the performance of: (1) an artificial neural network, (2) a multiple linear regression, (3) the forest canopy density mapper and (4) a maximum likelihood classification method was compared for prediction of forest canopy density using a Landsat ETM+ image. Comparison of confusion matrices revealed that the regression model performed significantly worse than the three other methods. These results were based on a z-test for comparison of weighted kappa statistics, which is an appropriate statistic for analysis of ranked categories. About 89% of the variance of the observed canopy density was explained by the artificial neural networks, which outperformed the other three methods in this respect. Moreover, the artificial neural networks gave an unbiased prediction, while other methods systematically under or over predicted forest canopy density. The choice of biased method could have a high impact on canopy density inventories.