国家级强对流天气分类预报检验分析

预报产品的客观检验是记录、考量各种预报业务质量,促进预报水平提高的重要手段,也是整个天气预报过程中的重要环节。本文采用"点对面"Threat Score(TS)、漏报率、空报率等客观指标首次对2010—2015年4—9月国家级强对流天气预报中雷暴、短时强降雨以及雷暴大风和冰雹等分类预报进行了检验。同时,本文也对强对流天气落区分类预报客观检验存在的问题以及未来发展进行了讨论。检验结果表明:过去6年间,6~24 h时效预报,雷暴TS评分为0.22~0.34,短时强降水为0.18~0.24,雷暴大风和冰雹为0.01~0.07;48、72 h时效预报、雷暴TS评分为0.30~0.40,强对流天气TS评分为0.16~0.23,除雷暴预报TS评分在2012—2013年有所回落外,其他类别的强对流天气预报总体上TS评分呈上升趋势,雷暴大风和冰雹预报评分明显低于其他两个类别。雷暴空报率是漏报率的2~3倍,短时强降水漏报率与空报率接近,雷暴大风和冰雹天气漏报率和空报率都在0.8以上。与美国风暴预报中心(SPC)2000—2010年定期发布的1 d对流展望产品检验结果比较,强天气预报中心雷暴和短时强降水落区预报TS评分较高,雷暴大风和冰雹评分较低。典型个例预报检验结果表明,系统性大范围的风雹天气可预报性较强,评分要显著高于平均预报水平;对于非过程性的、分散的风雹天气,预报难度大,TS评分低。     

基于T639对流参数的内蒙古强对流天气潜势预报方法初探

统计内蒙古地区2011—2014年汛期短时强降水、冰雹、大风强对流天气的基础上,利用T6391°×1°逐3 h的数值模式产品计算物理量,选取与强对流天气相关性较好的敏感对流参数作为预报因子,通过权重分析建立未来0~12 h强对流天气及落区的潜势预报方程,并确定判别不同强对流天气的阈值。通过对2013年8月进行的预报试验结果表明:发生强对流天气的平均TS评分为0.35;不发生强对流天气的平均TS评分为0.51;3种强对流天气预报中对冰雹预报效果不理想,但对大风及短时强降水预报效果好。     

山东省天气预报逐级指导技术研究

介绍了山东省天气预报逐级指导技术研究的技术方法和预报逐级指导业务系统；给出了常规要素、冰雹和暴雨预报对比试验的TS评分结果和研究结论。     

国家级强对流潜势预报业务进展与检验评估

为了推动我国现阶段天气预报业务向专业化和精细化方向发展,国家气象中心自2009年组建了强天气预报中心并开展了国家级强对流落区潜势预报业务。开发了基于加密自动气象站WS报、全国闪电定位监测网、FY系列卫星以及雷达组网等多种实况观测资料的强对流实时监测产品,制定了基于MICAPS 3.0业务平台的《中尺度天气分析规范》,研发了基于全球模式T639以及区域中尺度模式GRAPES-RUC、WRF-EPS等模式输出量的强对流动力热力参数的诊断分析产品及潜势预报方法,建立了国家级强对流天气实时预报业务并发布雷暴、雷雨大风和冰雹、短时强降水等分类落区预报指导产品。对2010年4—9月国家级预报产品进行的客观检验结果表明：6小时间隔雷暴TS评分为18%,短时强降雨为2.6%,冰雹和雷雨大风为2.1%;12小时间隔雷暴TS评分为18.4%,短时强降雨为4.1%,冰雹和雷雨大风为1.3%。     

降水集合预报集成方法研究

基于TIGGE(the THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble)资料,对中国气象局(CMA)、欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)、美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)和日本气象厅(JMA)的集合数值预报结果进行降水集成.采用算术平均法、TS评分集成法和BS评分集成法在我国东南地区进行降水集成,对比分析结果表明:基于TS评分的多模式降水集成无论在分区降水评分中,还是在东南地区的台风型降水和非台风型降水实例中,都有效地改进了大雨以上的降水预报效果;基于BS评分的集成方法和算数平均集成法预报效果次之.东南地区5个子区域的降水集成试验结果表明:各子区域基于TS评分集成后降水的平均绝对误差普遍小于基于BS评分后的降水平均绝对误差.广东东南和浙江北部区域基于TS集成后的降水TS评分值最优,浙闽沿海和广东西北部区域基于TS集成后的降水TS评分次之,处于中上水平.基于算术平均集成和BS集成的降水的TS评分值只有在广东东南区域表现出较好的效果.     

集合预报产品在江苏省暴雨预报中的应用评估

利用2011—2015年6—8月TIGGE(THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble)数据集中欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF,以下简称EC)的集合降水预报数据和江苏省70个基本站逐日24 h(20时至次日20时)降水数据,通过大量暴雨样本系统检验和评估了EC集合预报及多种后处理释用产品对江苏暴雨的预报能力。结果表明:作为集合预报的初级产品,集合平均对暴雨的预报存在明显的漏报率,TS预报评分尚不及EC确定性预报;集合预报不同成员间对暴雨的预报技巧差异大,其最优成员组合的预报能力显著优于EC确定性预报,表明集合预报具有较大的应用潜力;在多种集合预报后处理释用技术中,最大值、最优百分位、降水偏差订正频率匹配法、概率预报、集合异常预报法和杜-周排序法(最大值法)的平均TS评分均较高,超过10%,其次90%分位数、融合、融合-概率匹配和杜-周排序法(集合平均或中位值法)的预报效果也均优于EC确定性预报。集合中位值、概率匹配方法对江苏暴雨的预报评分低于集合平均预报,在暴雨预报上的参考价值相对较低。该评估结果进一步加深了对各集合预报产品区域暴雨预报能力的认识,为预报员更直接快速地选取有效的集合预报产品提供参考。     

降水EFI产品在新疆夏半年极端降水预报中的检验评估

基于2013—2019年4—9月欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)集合预报的极端天气指数(EFI)资料和新疆95个气象观测站点的实况降水数据,研究了新疆夏半年(4—9月)极端降水阈值及分布情况,运用TS评分,综合分析降水EFI产品在新疆夏半年极端降水预报中的应用效果.结果表明:(1)夏半年极端降水阈值、极端降水量和极端...     

湖南6月区域持续性暴雨概率预报模型及应用

利用1979—2016年6月EAR5再分析资料,选取湿热力平流参数、热力螺旋度、散度通量、水汽散度通量和热力波作用密度5个综合因子,采用核密度估计方法,基于TS评分最优为检验标准筛选确立最优因子和权重组合,构建了湖南区域持续性暴雨概率预报模型,并进行了独立样本检验与业务试用。结果表明:2017—2019年独立样本回代检验,平均TS评分达到29.9%,相比于欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)细网格(平均TS评分为22.4%)为正技巧。在2021年、2022年汛期两次区域持续性暴雨个例的预报试验中,提前24 h的暴雨预报优于ECMWF、CMA-GFS等大尺度模式和CMA-SH、CMA-GD等区域中尺度模式,对湖南区域持续性暴雨有较强的预报能力。     

四种定量降水预报客观订正方法对比研究

基于2019年全年、不同季节、不同预报时效的欧洲中期天气预报中心模式的定量降水预报,检验评估了频率匹配、最优TS评分、最优百分位、概率匹配4种定量降水预报客观订正法的综合性能.利用理想模型研究了不同雨带位移偏差和干湿偏差情形下频率匹配法与最优TS评分的表现,并通过个例订正展示了4种定量降水预报订正法的基本特征.结果表明...     

阿勒泰地区５—９月极端干期长度的气候特征

2008年6月28日下午,山西省有62个县市出现雷雨天气,6县市伴有冰雹,7县市出现了短时大风,9县市降大雨,15个县市降中雨。本文从影响冰雹的天气特征进行了分析,并就T639客观预报对这次天气预报进行了分析,对于今后进一步做好冰雹预报防灾减灾,具有一定的指导意义。     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题

自地球形成至寒武纪将近40亿年（距今46亿～5.4亿年,通常称为前寒武纪）的气候演变是一个具有特殊难度和挑战性的研究领域,同时也是基础和前沿的研究领域。文章选择了前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题进行综述：大气演化、两次全球性的冰川期以及暗弱太阳问题。关于大气演化,本文首先描述了大气成分的演化历史,然后简述了影响大气成分演化的三个基本过程：大气逃逸、两次大气氧含量突然增加、碳酸盐-硅酸盐循环及其对气候系统的负反馈作用。两次全球性的冰川期分别发生在古元古代（距今24亿～21亿年）和新元古代（距今8亿～5.8亿年）,文章简述了其成因以及相关的气候模拟结果。暗弱太阳问题是地球历史气候演化的一个经典问题,论文简要地综述了一些最新的研究成果和观点。     

淮河流域水文极值预测模型研究

为探索气候变化影响下水文极值的非平稳性和预测方法,建立了水文极值非平稳广义极值（GEV）分布的统计预测模型。利用1952-2010年淮河上游流域累计面雨量和流量年最大值资料、同期500 hPa环流特征量资料以及17个CMIP5模式对环流特征量的模拟结果,筛选出对水文极值影响显著的年平均北半球极涡强度指数作为GEV分布参数的预测因子。分析了在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下2006-2050年淮河上游流域水文极值对气候变化的响应。结果表明,10年以下与10年以上重现期的水文极值在非平稳过程中呈现前者下降而后者上升的相反变化趋势;多模型预测的集合平均在未来情景中均呈现上升趋势,情景排放量越大增幅越大,重现期越长增幅也越大。与极值的常态相比,极值的极端态更易受气候变化影响。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.