考虑土骨架非线性的饱和土-结构相互作用分析

强地震作用下,饱和土体将进入非线性,有必要考虑非线性饱和土的地震响应以及非线性饱和土-结构相互作用问题。本文采用Biot饱和多孔介质模型,基于不规则加卸载准则的修正Davidenkov模型来描述近场区域内饱和土骨架的非线性特性,并采用集中质量显式有限元方法进行分析;远场区介质假定为线弹性饱和多孔介质,通过多次透射人工边界进行模拟;结构采用Newmark隐式时步积分方法进行分析。通过自编程序实现了非线性饱和土体的地震反应分析以及非线性饱和土-基础-结构相互作用分析。通过算例,对比分析了土体非线性对饱和土体、基础和结构反应的影响。     

SV波在饱和土体自由表面的反射

基于饱和两相介质弹性波动方程分析SV波在饱和土体自由表面的反射问题,引入波动方程的势函数解答,求解出二维问题中SV波入射情况下饱和土体自由场的位移、速度、加速度和应力响应。在饱和土体自由场响应解析解基础上,建立SV波入射下饱和土体自由场静、动力有限元模型。建模中考虑了如下几方面因素:(1)在不同分析步,对土体单元赋予不同材料本构。通过*model change命令进行单元生死设定,从而实现在初始应力场平衡的静力状态下采用DuncanChang本构模型,而地震波动输入时采用Davidenkov动力本构模型;(2)采用多孔介质黏弹性人工边界条件,在人工边界上分别施加固相和液相介质的弹簧和阻尼来模拟饱和土体中能量的传播;(3)将地震波转化为作用在人工边界上的等效地震荷载,施加到人工边界节点上;(4)土体单元采用4结点平面应变孔压单元(CPE4P)。有限元计算与解析解比较结果表明:SV波在垂直入射和掠入射时,竖向位移响应为零;在45°左右入射时,水平位移响应最大;60°左右入射时,竖向位移响应最大。这些结论与解析解吻合较好,本文模型为建立土-结构动力相互作用模型打下良好的基础。     

土-结构动力相互作用人工边界分析及试验验证

利用有限元软件Ansys二次开发语言apdl进行二次开发,将多次透射边界(MTF边界)和弹阻边界(V-S边界)添加到软件中,从而实现对土-结构动力相互作用问题中无限域场地的模拟。以野外大比例(1/2)土-箱基-框架结构试验模型的牵引释放自由振动试验(波源问题)和爆破震动试验(散射问题)数据为基础,通过有限元数值计算结果和试验结果的对比可知,施加了人工边界的土体模型可以较好地模拟波在无限域土体中的传播,有效地减少有限元计算模拟时的计算规模。同时多次透射边界在计算精度以及散射问题中地震波输入的便捷性方面要优于弹阻边界。     

均匀土-箱基-结构相互作用体系的计算分析

采用通用有限元程序ANSYS，针对捱动台试验中的均匀土-箱基-结构试验进行了三维有限元分析，计算中土体的本构模型采用等效线性模型，利用面-面接触单元考虑土体与基础交界面的状态非线性。计算表明，基础底面和土体发生滑移，基础侧面和土体之间发生了滑移和脱离，上部结构柱顶加速度反应主要由基础转动引起的摆动分量组成，通过与试验结果的对照研究，二者得出的规律基本一致，验证了采用的计算模型与分析方法的合理性，为进一步计算研究和实际工程应用奠定了基础。     

土、结构特性对饱和土-地下综合管廊动力相互作用影响分析

将土体视为固-液两相介质,基于饱和土体有效应力原理,建立饱和土体-地下综合管廊结构体系相互作用动力模型：在地应力平衡的静力状态下,采用Duncan-Chang非线性弹性本构模型,在地震波作用的动力状态下,采用Davidenkov非线性黏弹性本构模型;考虑饱和土体黏弹性动力人工边界条件,并将地震动作用转化为作用在人工边界节点上的动力荷载。模型考察不同土体材料、结构特性以及土-结构接触摩擦对结构地震响应的影响,得出如下结论：（1）地震波的卓越周期与场地卓越周期相近时,引起结构上的变形最大;（2）综合管廊结构管廊壁厚越薄,埋深越深,结构尺寸越大,结构刚度越小,结构变形越大;（3）不考虑土-结构接触面的状态非线性将会增大结构变形。     

ABAQUS模拟土-结构相互作用时人工边界的选取

利用有限元数值模拟方法研究半无限空间中的动力响应问题时,人工边界的选取对于计算结果的可靠性与准确性有直接的影响。本文利用ABAQUS有限元软件计算土-结构地震响应,分析了选用不同人工边界对计算结果的影响。通过与远置边界自由场和土-结构模型的数值结果对比,讨论了底边界分别采用固定边界和黏性边界;侧边界分别采用固定边界、绑定边界、竖向约束边界和黏性边界时的计算误差。研究表明,利用ABAQUS软件计算土-结构动力相互作用影响时,黏性边界适合作为非刚性地基问题的底边界,固定边界适合作为刚性地基问题底边界。对于侧向边界当采用相对计算宽度较小模型时,固定边界和黏性边界无法再现自由场和土-结构响应;绑定边界和竖向约束边界可以模拟精确的自由场响应,并在动力土-结构作用分析中具有良好的性能。     

盾构隧道横断面地震响应分析

随着盾构法在隧道施工中越来越广泛的应用,盾构隧道横断面抗震性能的研究日益受到业界关注。以武汉长江隧道为例,对土体采用D-P本构模型,盾构隧道结构采用梁-弹簧模型,建立盾构隧道横断面二维模型进行动力有限元计算,该模型顶部采用自由边界,侧面采用自由场边界,底部采用静态边界。选用0.1g的天津波和场地人工波作为激励,研究了盾构隧道结构的加速度、变形和内力响应。结果表明：盾构隧道的拱顶与拱底的加速度响应大于隧道左侧、右侧;隧道拱底的绝对位移响应最大;地震作用对隧道衬砌结构的内力增量较为明显。目前的隧道结构设计可以满足结构抗震性能要求。     

基于Pushover方法的漫滩软土区地铁车站抗震分析

为研究地下结构Pushover分析方法在不同条件下的适用性,基于有限元软件平台,建立长江漫滩区地铁车站土-结构二维有限元分析模型,分别采用非线性动力时程分析方法与地下结构Pushover分析方法对5种不同土体刚度模型进行抗震分析。峰值层间位移角与峰值内力的分析结果表明,当土体刚度与结构刚度一致时,地下结构Pushover分析方法计算结果与非线性动力时程分析方法计算结果相近,而当土体刚度小于结构刚度或土体刚度大于结构刚度时,Pushover分析方法计算精度下降。     

埋地管线数值模拟中土体计算区域的选取问题研究

详细论述了动力无限元基本理论，提出了一种在非一致激励时无限元边界面上地震动的输入方法。在此基础上，考虑管线-土体之间的黏结滑移效应，采用动力无限元边界，建立了埋地管线的三维有限元-无限元耦合的精细化模型，对非一致地震波激励下埋地管线的动力响应进行了数值分析，对管线周围的土体计算范围的取值进行了系统研究，给出了管线周围土体的有效计算宽度W、有效计算长度L和有效计算深度H的取值范围。结果表明：W的取值与管径D紧密相关，H可取30～60 m,L应至少包含一个地震动的卓越周期段的波长，此分析结果可满足大多数工程需求。     

高层建筑-基础-土体耦合系统的动力分析

本文应用半解析元方法对高层建筑-基础-土体耦合系统进行了动力分析。结构、基础和土体均采用三维连续体模型,在水平两方向解析、竖向离散。这样既考虑了系统的三维效应,又可大大节省计算工作景,计算可以在微机上实现,为探讨结构-基础-土体相互作用的内在机理提供了一个途径。     

土-结构相互作用地震反应分析软件及其二次开发

本文简要介绍了目前在土-结构相互作用分析中常用的有限元软件ANSYS7.0、FLAC和MSC.M arc,通过比较评价其各自优缺点和适用性后,根据高层建筑结构土-结构相互作用地震反应分析的特点,建议利用带有灵活接口的大型非线性有限元分析软件MSC.M arc作为其分析工具,并尝试对MSC.M arc进行二次开发,将多层土E-B本构关系模型作为子程序加入其中。     

三维土-结构动力相互作用的一种时域直接分析方法

本文提出了一种分析三维土-结构动力相互作用的时域直接方法。该方法采用集中质量显式有限元和透射人工边界模拟无限域地基,通过编制的FORTRAN程序实现;采用ANSYS软件对上部结构进行建模分析,并通过FORTRAN程序对ANSYS软件的调用,实现了土与结构系统在地震作用下的整体分析。该方法为显隐式相结合的方法,地基和上部结构可采用不同的时间步距进行分析,可大大提高效率。通过两算例,验证了该方法的可行性。     

Effect of foundation embedment on seismic behavior of elevated tanks considering fluid–structure-soil interaction

This paper investigates the effects of foundation embedment on the seismic behavior of fluid-elevated tank-foundation–soil system with a structural frame supporting the fluid containing tank. Six different soil types defined in the well-known seismic codes were considered. Both the sloshing effects of the fluid and soil-structure interaction of the elevated tanks located on these six different soils were included in the analyses. Fluid-elevated tank-foundation–soil systems were modeled with the finite element (FE) technique. The fluid-structure interaction was taken into account using Lagrangian fluid FE approximation implemented in the general purpose structural analysis computer program, ANSYS. FE model with viscous boundary was used to include elevated tank-foundation–soil interaction effects. The models were analyzed for the foundations with and without embedment. It was found that the tank roof displacements were affected significantly by the embedment in soft soil, however, this effect was smaller for stiff soil types. Except for soft soil types, embedment did not affect the other response parameters, such as sloshing displacement, of the systems considered in this study.     

土-结构体系的混合约束模态法在ANSYS中实施研究

为了使提出的线性-非线性混合约束模态综合法能在商业软件中得到应用,本文对该方法在ANSYS软件中的运用进行了研究。对ANSYS中的超单元进行了深入分析,将线性-非线性混合约束模态综合法线性部分的处理作为超单元生成的过程,并根据基于势能判据的截断模态准则,运用Matlab自编了程序,求得子结构的截取主模态数,对存在局部非线性的土-高层框架结构相互作用进行了地震反应分析;进而对采用粘弹性人工边界与自由边界状况进行了比较,讨论分析了两种土体边界对线性-非线性混合的约束模态综合法自由度缩减的影响。     

Efficient seismic analysis for nonlinear soil-structure interaction with a thick soil layer

The direct finite element method is a type commonly used for nonlinear seismic soil-structure interaction(SSI) analysis. This method introduces a truncated boundary referred to as an artificial boundary meant to divide the soilstructure system into finite and infinite domains. An artificial boundary condition is used on a truncated boundary to achieve seismic input and simulate the wave radiation effect of infinite domain. When the soil layer is particularly thick, especially for a three-dimensional problem, the computational efficiency of seismic SSI analysis is very low due to the large size of the finite element model, which contains an whole thick soil layer. In this paper, an accurate and efficient scheme is developed to solve the nonlinear seismic SSI problem regarding thick soil layers. The process consists of nonlinear site response and SSI analysis. The nonlinear site response analysis is still performed for the whole thick soil layer. The artificial boundary at the bottom of the SSI analysis model is subsequently relocated upward from the bottom of the soil layer(bedrock surface) to the location nearest to the structure as possible. Finally, three types of typical sites and underground structures are adopted with seismic SSI analysis to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed efficient analysis scheme.     

Seismic analysis of dam-foundation-reservoir system including the effects of foundation mass and radiation damping

One of the main concerns in using commercial software for finite element analyses of dam-foundation-reservoir systems is that the simplifying assumptions of the massless foundation are unreliable. In this study, an appropriate direct finite element method is introduced for simulating the mass, radiation damping and wave propagation effect in foundations of damfoundation-reservoir systems using commercial software ABAQUS. The free-field boundary condition is used for modeling the semi-infinite foundation and radiation damping, which is not a built-in boundary condition in most of the available commercial software for finite element analysis of structures such as ANSYS or ABAQUS and thus needs to be implemented differently. The different mechanism for modeling of the foundation, earthquake input and far-field boundary condition is described. Implementation of the free-field boundary condition in finite element software is verified by comparing it with analytical results. To investigation the feasibility of the proposed method in dam-foundation-reservoir system analysis, a series of analyses is accomplished in a variety of cases and the obtained results are compared with the substructure method by using the EAGD-84 program. Finally, the massed and massless foundation results are compared and it is concluded that the massless foundation approach leads to the overestimation of the displacements and stresses within the dam body.     

A simple boundary element formulation and its application to wavefield excited soil-structure interaction

A simple boundary element formulation which is based directly on the point load solutions for an elastic full-space is presented. It is integrated in a finite element program to calculate dynamic soil-structure interaction problems. The combined boundary and finite element method is applied to structures which are excited by horizontally propagating waves in the soil. For three different types of flexible structure-elastic beams, low and high (square) shear walls-and the corresponding rigid structures the vibration modes and the soil-structure transfer functions have been investigated. The flexible foundations display the same wave pattern as the exciting free-field of the soil, but the amplitudes are reduced with increasing frequency, depending on the stiffness or wave resistance of the structure. Rigid structures show, in part, quite different behaviour, giving free-field reductions caused by kinematic and inertial soil-structure interaction.     

Exact solution for horizontal displacement at center of the surface of an elastic half space under horizontal impulsive punch loading

The exact analytical solution for the horizontal displacement at the center of the surface of an elastic half space under an impulsive loading having the same spatial distribution as the contact stresses that arise underneath a rigid disk when subjected to a static, horizontal load, is obtained using the Cagniard–De Hoop method. The solution can be used to study the dynamical interaction between soil and structures, and can also be used to assess numerical computations with a finite element or a boundary element program.     

液化区埋地管线的数值模拟分析

利用ANSYS有限元分析软件,建立了由场地土液化引起的地下管道上浮反应的分析模型。用土弹簧模型模拟地下管道的受力特点,考虑了管土之间相互作用的非线性特征,通过算例分析了管道在发生上浮反应时的应力应变曲线,探讨了液化区埋地管道在发生上浮位移时的受力特征,得出了一些有意义的结果。主要有:管线的应力应变以轴向为主,并且管顶和管底的受力最大,管侧相对于管顶和管底轴向应力应变很小可以忽略;最大应变位于液化区和非液化区交界处;管线中点处等效应力达到极值等等。