数值模拟的尺度调节机理

为了使地震波正演数值模拟系统适合于不同尺度情况下的数值计算,提出了不同尺度数值模拟均需满足的4个共性条件和2个调节机理(即稳定和频散调节机理).认为空间尺度的变化与主频成反比,与时间步长成正比,在保证数值计算过程稳定和较高数值模拟前提下,根据尺度调节机理可以合理地选择波场模拟参数,实现不同尺度快速稳定、高精度的波场正演...     

流体饱和多孔介质波动方程的有限元解法

讨论了流体饱和多孔介质中波传播问题的有限元解法,首先在Ｂｉｏｔ理论的基础 上,概述了数学问题的提法,然后提出了一种新型简便的人工边界上的无反射边界条件,同时 给出了有人工边界时流体饱和多孔介质波动方程的有限元计算公式．数值试验的结果表明, 本文提出的无反射边界条件和数值方法均很有效．     

NUMERCAL COMPUTATION OF VERTICAL TWO-DIMENSIONAL NON-EQUILIBRIUM SEDIMENT MOVEMENT

INON-EQUILIBRIUMMOVEMENTContinualexchangeremainsamongthebedmaterial,bedloadandsuspendedloadinariver.Thebedloadmovesonthebedsurfaceandjumpsinsteps.Itstransportrateperwidthvarieswithvaryingflowintensity;whilethesuspendedloadmoveswithalongstep,evenifthehydraulicfactorsbecomeweaker,itwillnotretUrntothebeduntilfinishingthefallingprocess.ThismeansthatahysteresisexistsbetWeenthechangeofthesuspendedsedimentmovementandflowvelocity.Foruniformandsteadyflow,thesedimentmovementkeepsinequilibriumi…     

ABAQUS中动力问题边界条件的选取

数值模拟是研究半无限域中结构地震反应的重要手段,而边界条件的选取则直接影响到数值模拟结果的可靠性.本文应用有限元软件ABAQUS,分别采用固定边界条件、黏性边界条件和远置边界条件对简单弹性半无限介质的波源问题和散射问题进行了数值模拟分析,结果显示:使用固定边界时,波动不能穿过边界面进入半无限介质,这与波动在半无限介质中...     

基于混合边界条件的有限单元法GPR正演模拟

从Maxwell方程组出发,推导了探地雷达(GPR)有限元波动方程.阐述了透射边界条件和Sarma边界条件的原理,推导了这两种边界条件的理论公式;通过在衰减层内加入过渡带优化了Sarma边界条件的加载方法,压制了介质区和衰减层交界面处的人为反射.考虑到透射边界条件与Sarma边界条件不同的理论机制,提出了一种结合透射边界条件和Sarma边界条件的混合边界条件,它利用Sarma边界条件对到达边界区域的GPR波能量衰减功能和透射边界对GPR波能量的透射功能,使GPR波经过Sarma边界条件的衰减吸收后,再通过透射边界条件将剩余能量透射出去,集成了二者的优势.并以二维均匀模型中的中心脉冲激励源方式为例,通过Matlab程序实现,以GPR的全波场快照的直观方式,对比了有、无边界条件及不同边界条件对人工截断边界的处理效果,说明了该混合边界条件对到达截断边界处的GPR波的处理优于单一边界条件.最后,以基于混合边界条件的有限单元法对两个典型的GPR地电模型进行了正演模拟,指导了GPR数据处理与工程实践.     

MODELLING THE SENSITIVITY OF CHANNEL ADJUSTMENTS IN DESTABILIZED SAND-BED RIVERS

Comprehensive empirical data of the response of unstable streams over a range of environmental conditions are unavailable. In this study, as a substitute for empirical data, a physically based numerical model of channel evolution is used in a range of numerical simulation experiments designed to predict the sensitivity of channel response to changes in control variables. The scope of the study is limited by the scope of the numerical model which applies to straight, sand-bed streams with cohesive bank materials that have been destabilized by sediment starvation and evolve towards equilibrium through bed degradation followed by channel widening. Results are presented for stable and unstable channel conditions. Stable channel depths are most sensitive to channel discharge, though the critical threshold shear stress for the entrainment of cohesive bank materials and discharge are both significant in determining the width. The sediment load, channel gradient, bank material cohesion, size of failed bank material aggregates and the initial bank height have sensitivities an order of magnitude smaller than discharge for both width and depth. Variations in bed material characteristics within the sand-size range are found to have little impact on simulated stable channel morphology. For unstable channels, the relative dominance of parameter sensitivities is examined in the context of an empirical-conceptual model of channel evolution proposed by Thorne and Osman (1988), to highlight the relationships between parameter dominance, time, and the processes and forms characterizing individual stages of channel evolution. Rates of change with time of width and depth sensitivity parameters for five tested independent variables (discharge, sediment supply, channel gradient, bank material cohesion and bed material size) are found to vary as a function of time, such that different stages of channel evolution are characterized by variations in the relative dominance of tested variables. The results support the hypothesis proposed by Thorne and Osman (1988) that the critical bank height required to initiate mass-wasting and widening may be regarded as a geomorphic threshold.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF SCOUR AND DEPOSITION IN A CHANNEL NETWORK

1 INTRODUCTION Evolution of the river bed in alluvial channels has been studied by many researchers using analytical and numerical approaches. The use of analytical approach alone is insufficient for solving natural river engineering problems. With rapid growth in computer technology, numerical models have become a popular means for the study of mobile bed hydraulics. During the past decade, several numerical models have been developed. Most of the computer codes, such as HEC2SR (Si…     

弱形式时域完美匹配层

应用高精度人工边界条件可有效提升近场波动数值模拟计算效率.完美匹配层是吸收层形式高精度人工边界条件,匹配层内场方程和界面条件通常分别采用复坐标延伸技术变换强形式无限域内波动方程和界面条件得到,亦曾将无限域界面条件当作匹配层界面条件.场方程和界面条件构建过程相互独立,可能出现匹配不合理而引发数值失稳、计算精度低下等问题.本文提出采用复坐标延伸技术变换弱形式无限域波动方程以构建完美匹配层的方法.弱形式波动方程耦合了波动方程及界面条件,进而规避了变换后所得场方程与界面条件之间的匹配不合理问题.新方法可直接建立弱形式匹配层,在此基础上亦可给出强形式匹配层.弱形式便于有限元离散,强形式便于有限差分离散.基于弱形式完美匹配层,结合勒让德谱元建立了弹性介质近场波动谱元模拟方案.利用算例验证了新方案的精度及数值稳定性.本文工作可直接推广至多相耦合介质近场波动数值模拟.     

INITIATION OF SHELL MOTION ON SAND BEDS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

1 INTRODUCTION Bivalve shells are found in biologically productive coastal regions encompassing the surf zone, tidal entrance and estuarine waters near the entrances. An example of a beach composed exclusively of shells (about 97% of the surficial sedimentary material) is the beach at John o'Groats in Scotland (Raymond and Hutchins, 1932; Komar, 1976). Southern Gulf Coast of Florida in USA (Runsak et al., 1966; Austin, 1971) and the banks of Lower Medway estuary in England (Kirby,…     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF RIVER BED CHANGE AT SIMAO PORT

LINTRODUCTIONJinghongHydraulicPowerPlant,locatedintheload,erreachesofLanchangmyer,trib.ofMekong,isintheNorthOfJinghongCity.Thepowerstationisamultipurposehydro-junction,includingelectricpowergeneration,shipping,floodcontrol,cultivahonandwatersupply.SimaoPort,animportanttransportcenterinSimaoDistriCt,YunnanProvince,isabollt80kmaamsuPStreamofthedam.Anerthereservoirisimpounded,thewaterstagewillriseandagreatamountofsedimentwillbedepositedintheriverbedinevitably.Asaresult,itisverylikelyt…     

轴对称二维任意非均匀介质中偏轴点源激励的位场数值解

对具有任意多平面分层，且每一平面分层中又具有任意多径向柱面分层的复杂非均匀介质中偏轴点源激励的位场分布进行了高效数值分析．对于这种三维非均匀位场分布，应用数值本征模展开描述其径向的基模和高阶模，用集合反射矩阵和集合透射矩阵匹配各平面界面的边界条件，各平面分层中的位场则用递推算法获得．偏轴点源位场的求解，为电法测井中高分辨薄五层探测提供了理论分析基础．     

井眼条件下弹性波传播问题的三维有限差分数值模拟

推导了二阶改进Higdon吸收边界条件．利用空间上具有四阶精度、时间上具有二阶精度的中心差分方法。数值模拟了几种复杂井眼条件下的波场．给出了正交各向异性介质地层条件和椭圆井眼条件下波场模拟的结果．考查并分析了单极子源和偶极子源条件下的波场特性，所得结论与弹性波传播理论一致．通过计算表明，利用改进的Higdon吸收边界条件，声波测井三维模拟程序可用于复杂井眼各向异性地层条件的波场传播模拟．     

2-D SIMULATION OF CHANNEL FLOWS WITH MOVEABLE BED

1 INTRODUCTIONFor many hydraulic engineering problems, the analysis of flow and bed level variations in openchannels is a fundamental prerequisite. forcal methOds fOr alluvial rivers are well develoPednowadays as far as onediInensional descriPtions are concemed. A cOmPrhensive analysis of Ihe wellknown models is Presented by Habersack(l998). HOwever, for a number of Problems such as channelwidening, flow pattem close to sPuds and etc. a more deailed knowledge of the bed level behavio…     

Transport of suspended sediment under the dam‐break flow on an inclined plane bed of arbitrary slope

The problem of transport of suspended sediment after the break of a dam on an inclined bed is considered. To that end we use the shallow‐water approximation for arbitrary, constant slopes of the bottom, taking into consideration the effect of friction. The numerical technique and the frictional model are validated by comparison with available experimental data and asymptotic analytical solutions, with special attention to the numerical solution near the wetting front. The transport of suspended sediment down the inclined bed is obtained and discussed as a function of the slope of the bed for different values of the parameters characterizing the sediment and its transport properties. For sufficiently large times we always find the formation of roll waves near the water front, which affects the transport of sediments significantly. These strong oscillations are accurately computed with the numerical method used. The relative importance of the bed load (to the suspended load) sediment transport is also discussed as a function of the size of the sediment particles and the slope of the bed for different models on the initiation of sediment suspension from bed load. We also check the dilute sediment approach and characterize the conditions for its failure. Finally, the results of the present simplified model are intended to be used as tests of more complex numerical models. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

EMPIRICAL-NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF HEADCUT MIGRATION

1INTRODUCTION A headcut is a vertical or near-vertical drop or discontinuity on the channel bed of a stream,rill or gully,at which a free overfall flow often occurs,as shown in Fig.1.A headcut is usually eroded by the action of hydraulic stress,basal sapping,weathering,or the combination of these processes.Headcut erosion can accelerate soil loss,increase sediment yields in streams,damage earthen spillways,and disturb bank stability.Therefore,the prediction of headcut migration is a very …     

ERRORS OF KINEMATIC-WAVE AND DIFFUSION-WAVE APPROXIMATIONS FOR SPACE-INDEPENDENT FLOWS ON INFILTRATING SURFACES

Error equations for the kinematic-wave and diffusion-wave approximations were derived under simplified conditions for space-independent flows occurring on infiltrating planes or channels. These equations specify error as a function of time in the flow hydrograph. The kinematic-wave, diffusion wave and dynamic-wave solutions were parameterized through a dimensionless parameter γ which is dependent on the initial conditions. This parameter reflects the effect of initial flow depth, channel-bed slope, lateral inflow and channel roughness when the initial condition is non-vanishing; and it reflects the effect of bed slope, channel roughness, lateral inflow and infiltration when the initial condition is vanishing. The error equations were found to be the Riccati equation.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN ALLUVIAL RIVER WITH FLOODPLAINS

1 INTRODUCTION The transport of sediment in rivers with active floodplains is a two-dimensional process because the main channel and the floodplain can have very different transport capacities. Therefore, two-dimensional (2D) models are often used to simulate the streamwise and transverse variations of sediment erosion and deposition. Many 2D numerical models have been presented to simulate sediment transport in floodplains (James, 1985; Pizzuto, 1987; Howard, 1992; Nicholas and Walli…     

秦岭商丹糜棱岩带构造变形环境的显微构造标志

商丹糜棱岩带不同区段石英和长石的显微构造及石英组构特征表明,商丹糜棱岩带自西向东构造变形环境显示从低绿片岩相至中- 高绿片岩相至高绿片岩相—低角闪岩相的变化规律。低绿片岩相变形环境下,石英多为Ⅰ型条带,长石主要显示脆性破裂特征,石英c 轴组构呈单一环带型式。中- 高绿片岩相变形环境下,石英主要为Ⅱ型石英多晶条带,斜长石主要处于脆性碎裂流动状态,钾长石开始向韧性转化,石英c 轴组构呈绕y 轴分布的点极密型式。高绿片岩相—低角闪岩相变形环境下,石英普遍呈现光性均匀并有120°三连点的动态重结晶和Ⅳ型条带,斜长石开始显示脆- 韧性过渡状态的变形特点,钾长石显示明显的韧性变形特点,石英c 轴组构呈Ⅰ型交叉环带型式     

地震作用下场地有限元建模时底部边界条件的影响

用有限元方法对场地进行地震反应分析时需将半无限域的场地有限化。本文针对底部人工边界的设置,采用滞回阻尼假设,推导了同时包含辐射阻尼和材料阻尼的均质场地地表位移放大系数解析式,进而研究了材料阻尼和辐射阻尼的变化对放大系数的影响。有限元建模时相当于忽略了辐射阻尼,计算误差会随着所分析场地阻抗的增加而逐渐增大,在共振区附近,忽略任一种阻尼的影响,都将显著地高估地表动力反应;远离共振区,阻尼的影响会迅速衰退。本文提出了通过增加场地材料阻尼来弥补所忽略的辐射阻尼的思路,并给出了有限元建模时考虑辐射阻尼后新的材料阻尼的确定方法。     

统一考虑地震环境和局部场地影响的建筑物易损性研究

提出了一种综合考虑地震环境和场地影响的钢筋混凝土房屋地震易损性分析方法. 将地震环境、局部场地和工程结构作为一个整体,以概率地震危险性分析的方式考虑地震环境的影响,在此基础上详细考虑了随局部场地而变化的反应谱形状对结构地震反应及其破坏概率分布的影响. 此外,还提出了另一种表述结构易损性的方式,以对应于不同超越概率地震危险水平的方式, 提供结构地震破坏概率分布的信息.