海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)呼吸的研究

本文对海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)的呼吸与个体大小、氧张力、温度和盐度之间的关系做了研究。结果表明:随着个体增大,单位个体的耗氧率增加,但单位干重的耗氧率降低。软体干重(X)与单位个体的耗氧率(Y)之间的关系可用Y=0.781X~(0.391)表示。随着氧张力降低,小个体的耗氧率降低得快,窒息点高于较大个体;温度由8℃升到28℃,耗氧率逐渐升高;盐度由15增到35,耗氧率达最大值,高于35(盐度为40),耗氧率又有所降低。     

海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)海上保苗技术的研究

用网袋、塑料筒、网箱等不同器具对海湾扇贝进行海上保苗试验,保苗率分别可达到23.8％、28.3％和32.9％。网袋中贝苗的生长快于塑料筒快于网箱,在10～13.5℃条件下,平均日增长为20μm;13.5～17.5℃,平均日增长为30μm;17.5～19℃,平均日增长为140μm;19～22℃,平均日增长为80μm。作者认为,贝苗生长不仅与水温有关,而且与贝苗的不同生长阶段有关,在贝苗壳高为1.5～4.5mm这个阶段生长迅速。     

杂交与三倍体诱导对海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)幼虫的复合作用

基于2×2交叉实验设计,通过杂交和6-DMAP等诱导处理,构建了二倍体自交组、二倍体杂交组、三倍体诱导自交组和三倍体诱导杂交组等四个实验组家系,探讨了海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)幼虫期生长及存活的杂种优势和6-DMAP诱导处理效应的复合作用。分别计算各家系的孵化率,测定了各家系幼虫期第1、5、10天幼虫个体的壳长以及第5天和第10天各家系幼虫的存活率。利用一般线性模型(general linear model (GLM))计算表型变量的原因方差组分,评估了杂交和6-DMAP处理对扇贝幼虫生长和存活的影响。结果显示:6-DMAP处理组孵化率要显著低于非处理实验组(P0.05)。三倍体诱导自交组第5天幼虫存活率显著低于其他组(P0.05),到第10天三倍体自交组全部死亡。三倍体诱导杂交组第10天存活率低于二倍体组但不显著(P0.05)。在第1天幼虫生长中,三倍体诱导杂交组幼虫壳长显著小于其他组(P0.05),第5天幼虫生长中,三倍体诱导杂交组壳长则显著大于其他组,而三倍体诱导自交组则显著小于其他组(P0.05)。在第10天幼虫生长中,二倍体自交组显著小于二倍体杂交组和三倍体诱导杂交组组(P0.05)。上述结果显示扇贝幼虫生长期的杂种优势和三倍体诱导效应间存在一定相互作用。     

光合细菌(PSB)饲喂海湾扇贝幼虫的试验

光合细菌(Photo Synthetic Bacteria,简称 PSB)是一种以光为能源,以CO_2或有机物质为碳源而繁殖的微生物,广泛分布于海洋、河流、土壤及污泥表层中。光合细菌具有净化水质的能力,其菌体含有丰富的蛋白质,V_(B12)、叶酸、生长素等促生物生长因子,是鱼虾、贝幼虫的良好饵料,近几年引起国内外水产界的重视。     

海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians Lamarck)"性腺萎缩症"的组织病理学研究

利用组织学与组织化学染色方法,在光镜下研究了患"性腺萎缩症"海湾扇贝的组织病理学变化.结果表明,患病贝生殖细胞肿胀或萎缩,发育滞后;消化盲囊、鳃等器官组织也呈现明显的病理学变化特征,主要表现为结构紊乱,细胞变形、脱落甚至溃散,血细胞增生,出现强嗜碱性包涵体等异常结构.组织化学研究显示消化盲囊及消化道中酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶含量下降;鳃、外套膜中多糖类物质含量增加等.     

海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)和太平洋牡蛎(Crasostreagigas)呼吸和排泄的研究

对海湾扇贝和太平洋牡蛎的呼吸和排泄进行了实验研究。结果表明,温度和贝的体重对两种贝类的耗氧率和氨排泄率都有明显的影响,且两因子间存在着交互作用。海湾扇贝的耗氧率（ＱＯ,ｍｇ／ｇ·ｈ）和氨排泄率（ＱＮ,μｇ／ｇ·ｈ）与温度（Ｔ,℃）和湿重（Ｗ,ｇ）存在下列关系：ＱＯ＝０．０４６Ｗ－０．２７２１．０８Ｔ,ＱＮ＝６．７９Ｗ－０．３２７１．０３Ｔ;太平洋牡蛎的耗氧和氨排泄率与温度、湿重存在下列关系：ＱＯ＝０．０８５Ｗ－０．１３０１．０６Ｔ,ＱＮ＝２．６６Ｗ－０．２３６１．０１Ｔ。     

光合细菌在海湾扇贝工厂化育苗生产中的应用研究

1999年2月6日－4月10日,在青岛市崂山区海水育苗场80m3水体育苗池中,进行了几株光合细菌混合菌液作为海湾扇贝（Argopectonirradians）幼体及稚贝培育期水质净化剂及辅助饵料育苗生产试验,取得了显著效果。浮游幼体生长速度提高了18．3％,浮游期成活率提高20．3％,幼本提前30个小时出现眼点,稚贝变态率提高14．5％,产量提高94％。     

紫色无硫细菌在海湾扇贝育苗中应用

在红石崖水产养殖公司扇贝育苗场,用16m³水体育苗池,进行了用紫色无硫细菌Rhodopseudomonas sp.作为海湾扇贝苗期饵料添加剂的生产性试验.取得显着效果,成活率和变态率分别提高21.7%和12.8%,1个16m³水体育苗池增产稚贝6.61×10⁷个.     

东海大陆架异养细菌的生态分布

从海洋物质循环的观点来看,异养细菌在分解有机物质和无机化过程中起着极重要的作用。从海洋食物链的角度来看,分解各种类型有机物而得以增殖的异养细菌自身也是海洋原生动物、浮游动物及底栖动物的营养源。异养细菌在海洋生态系中占有极重要的位置。对海洋中某些细菌的代谢活动与其他海洋生物之间的相互关系的研究日益受到普遍的重视。 海洋异养细菌的生态分布资料已有不少报道。但至今尚未有人发表过东海大陆架海域海洋微生物生态调查的报告。东海大陆架海域江河交汇人海,大陆对海洋的影响极为突出,水文和底质情况复杂,水产资源丰富,因而特别富有多样化的有机物来源。调查和了解这一海域中异养细薗生态分布规律,并研究其参与物质转化过程的特异性,不仅有助于深入研究海洋生态学问题,而且对于阐述东海大陆架的特点也极有价值。本文着重讨论异养细菌在东海大陆架的生态分布特征及菌群组成的特点。     

微型异养鞭毛虫摄食选择性的研究进展

微型异养鞭毛虫(HNF)是海洋微微型浮游生物的重要摄食者,通过摄食作用对后者的种类(或类群)组成、粒径分布、数量结构和营养价值等属性具有重要的影响,而这与HNF的摄食选择性有直接关系。对HNF摄食选择性的研究有助于深入了解HNF在海洋微食物环乃至整个海洋生态系统中的作用。就国际上已开展的HNF摄食选择性相关研究进行了回顾,分析和总结了影响HNF选择性摄食的关键因素,如食物大小、游动性、营养价值及食物细胞表面的生化结构特征等,并重点介绍了HNF摄食选择性形成的主要机制以及HNF的选择性摄食在调节海洋微微型浮游生物群落结构中的作用。     

海洋围隔中异养细菌与环境中氮、磷关系的研究

利用海洋围隔生态系统实验装置,向海水中施加不同浓度的氮和磷,研究海洋异养细菌与海水环境中氮、磷的关系。结果表明,实验开始后海洋异养细菌的数量就迅速增加,并且一直维持在较高水平,第7~8天达到峰值。但在海洋异养细菌数量达到峰值后,海水中氮和磷的浓度有所回升,磷元素促进了海洋异养细菌的快速生长和繁殖,同时海洋异养细菌在一定程度上也利用了无机氮,海洋异养细菌的数量与海水环境中氮和磷的浓度具有较好的正相关性。     

A seasonal comparison of prokaryote numbers,biomass and heterotrophic productivity in waters of the KwaZulu-Natal Bight,South Africa

The KwaZulu-Natal Bight is a shallow indentation of the eastern seaboard of South Africa, characterised by a narrow (45 km wide) extension of the continental shelf, with a shelf break at about 100 m. It has a complex hydrography: the waters of the bight are derived from the fast-flowing, southward-trending Agulhas Current, which is fed mostly by the tropical and subtropical surface waters of the South-West Indian Ocean subgyre, which are generally oligotrophic in nature, notably depleted in reduced nitrogen and phosphate except at river mouths and during periodic upwelling of deeper nutrient-rich water. Despite this, the bight is believed to be relatively productive, and it is suggested that efficient nutrient recycling by prokaryotes may sustain primary productivity efficiently, even in the absence of new nutrient inputs. Here we have measured bacterial numbers, biomass and heterotrophic productivity during summer and winter in conjunction with phytoplankton standing stock and factors that influence it. Bacterial distribution closely matched phytoplankton distribution in surface waters, and was highest close to the coast. Bacterial standing stocks were similar to those of oligotrophic systems elsewhere (0.5–5.0 × 10⁵ cells ml^–1; 1 × 10^–8 to 1.25 × 10^–7 g C ml^–1) and increased in association with the development of phytoplankton blooms offshore and with inputs of allochthonous material by rivers at the coast. Heterotrophic productivity in summer was lowest in the far south and north of the bight (0.5 × 10^–10 g C ml^–1 h^–1) but higher close to the shore, over shallow banks, and in association with increased phytoplankton abundance over the midshelf (1.0–3.5 × 10^–9 g C ml^–1 h^–1). There were marked seasonal differences with lower bacterial standing stocks (5 × 10⁴ to 2 × 10⁵ cells ml^–1; 4–5 × 10^–9 to 1–2 × 10^–8 g C ml^–1) and very low bacterial productivity (4 × 10^–11 to 1 × 10^–10 g C ml^–1 h^–1) in winter, probably resulting from lowered rates of primary productivity and dissolved organic matter release as well as reduced riverine allochthonous inputs during the winter drought.     

Heterotrophic bacteria of the Dapeng Bay in the South China Sea: community structure, abundance, and the relationships of culturablity with environmental factors

The community composition,abundance and culturablity of heterotrophic bacterioplankton in the Dapeng Bay of the South China Sea were investigated by morphological method,bacterial cultivation and biochemical methods over an annual cycle.Aeromonas and Pseudomonas were the predominant genera among the Gram-negative bacteria.The bacterioplankton abundance fluctuated from 2.07×10 8 to 2.44×10 9 cells/dm 3 ,and culturable bacteria abundance ranged between 0.1×10 6 and 16.07×10 6 CFU/dm 3 .The Culturablity of heterotrophic bacteria ranged between 0.01% and 1.31%.The relationship between bacterial culturablity and the environmental factors was also studied in different sites of the Dapeng Bay.Throughout the bay,a significantly positive relationship was evidenced between bacterial culturability and temperature,meanswhile bacterial culturability was significantly inversely related with salinity.The positive relationship was shown at the central bay while a negative relationship was observed at the bay mouth and there was no significant correlation at top bay between bacterial culturablity and chlorophyll a of sea water.A positive relationship was found between culturability and DIN all the bay,but DIP showed a significantly negative relationship with bacterial culturability only at the mouth of the bay.     

辽河口湿地异养细菌的变化规律及影响因素研究

通过现场调查和模拟培养实验,对辽河口湿地芦苇生长期内土壤异养细菌的变化规律及其主要影响因素进行了研究。野外现场调查结果表明,异养细菌数量6月份最多,8月份最少;植被长势良好区异养细菌数量比裸滩区高1倍左右。现场培养实验结果表明,盐分、C/N、石油、植被对异养细菌数量均有影响,异养细菌数量随盐分增加而减少;C/N比值增加,异养细菌数量明显增多,碳氮比为10∶1时,异养细菌数最大,约为对照组的3倍;石油会显著抑制异养细菌生长,浓度越高,异养细菌数量越少;有植被组的异养细菌数量明显高于无植被组。     

长江口邻近海域浮游细菌分布与环境因子的关系

利用2003年9-10月"东海陆架水交换"调查航次期间获得的浮游异养细菌、寡营养细菌和光合细菌的分布资料和实测水环境数据,探讨了这三类细菌的分布特征及其与相关环境因子的关系。结果表明:在长江口邻近海域,以30等盐线为界,三类细菌的空间分布具有显著差异;调节制约这三类细菌类群生长和分布的环境因子不同;表层硝酸盐浓度1μmol/L可作为一个特征浓度,高于1μmol/L的海域,陆源输入的硝酸盐对于这三类细菌的生长和分布具有重要影响,低于1μmol/L的海域,硝酸盐的影响较小或无影响。同时,采用法国梅里埃API STAPH系统,结合电镜观察,对两株已获得纯培养的有色菌株进行了属种的鉴定,分别是变异微球菌(Micrococcus varians)和玫瑰微球菌(Micrococcus roseus),目前尚未发现这两种细菌在长江口及其邻近海域分布的报道。     

海洋微生物对石油烃降解的研究 Ⅰ.浙江省海岛海域石油烃降解细菌的生态分布

本文报导了浙江省海岛海域中石油烃降解细菌的丰度分布及其种群组成。在整个浙江海域所布设的１０２个站位中，９６％的站位可以分离到石油烃降解细菌，其数量分布范围在３．０×１０２～１．１×１０５个／ｄｍ３；低值出现在南麂列岛附近海域；在杭州湾南部水域所布设的２６个站位中１００％的站位可以分离到石油烃降解细菌，其数量分布范围在４０×１０２～１．２×１０５个／ｄｍ３；石油烃降解细菌与异养细菌比值的高低与该海区受油类物质污染程度呈正相关关系；本海区所分离到的石油烃降解菌的优势菌为假单胞杆菌属Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ和黄单胞菌属Ｘａｎｔｈｏｍｏｎａｓ。     

Effects of an Artificial Breakwater on the Distributions of Planktonic Microbial Communities

The summer distributions of planktonic microbial communities (heterotrophic and phtosynthetic bacteria, phtosynthetic and heterotrophic nanoflagellates, ciliate plankton, and microphytoplankton) were compared between inner and outer areas of Lake Sihwa, divided by an artificial breakwater, located on the western coast of Korea, in September 2003. The semienclosed, inner area was characterized by hyposaline surface water (<17 psu), and by low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (avg. 0.4 mg L¹) and high concentrations of inorganic nutrients (nitrogenous nutrients >36 μM, phosphate <4 μM) in the bottom layer. Higher densities of heterotrophic bacteria and nanoflagellates also occurred in the inner area than did in the outer area, while microphytoplankton (mainly diatoms) occurred abundantly in the outer area. A tiny tintinnid ciliate, Tintinnopsis nana, bloomed into more than 10⁶ cells L¹ at the surface layer of the inner area, while its abundance was much lower (10³-10⁴ cells L¹) in the outer area of the breakwater. Ciliate abundance was highly correlated with heterotrophic bacteria (r = 0.886, p < 0.001) and heterotrophic flagellates (r = 0.962, p < 0.001), indicating that rich food availability may have led to theT. nana bloom. These results suggest that the breakwater causes the eutrophic environment in artificial lakes with limited flushing of enriched water and develops into abundant bacteria, nanoflagellates, and ciliates.     

九孔鲍肠道及其养殖水体中异养细菌产酶能力的分析

2002年5月从汕尾健生鲍鱼场养殖水体和成鲍肠道中分离筛选到26株异养细菌,其中11株来自成鲍肠道,15株来自养殖水体。对它们产胞外酶的能力进行了比较分析。结果表明肠道异养细菌中有72.7%能分泌蛋白酶、淀粉酶或明胶酶,9.1%分泌脂肪酶,45.5%分泌卵磷脂酶;水体异养细菌中则有46.7%能分泌蛋白酶或脂肪酶,66.7%分泌卵磷脂酶、淀粉酶或明胶酶。比较发现,肠道中脂肪酶或卵磷脂酶生产菌的比例小于水体异养细菌的比例;而蛋白酶、淀粉酶或明胶酶生产菌的比例却高于水体中异养细菌的比例。另外,水体异养细菌分泌多种胞外酶的能力强于肠道异养细菌。由此揭示现有鲍鱼肠道菌群结构的不完善,进而为通过添加有益菌而提高鲍鱼饲料利用率提供了可能。