关于小口径钻探工作的几个问题——任子翔同志在地质部小口径钻探工作座谈会结束时的讲话

这次小口径钻探工作座谈会，从五月九日开始，到今天结束了。会议开始时钮形平同志讲了话，他回顾了以往小口径钻探所取得的成绩和经验，指出了当前存在的问题。到会同志一致同意这个讲话。会议期间，有十多位同志在大会上介绍了经验，大家还参观了湖南局四○五队茶田矿区的施工现场，此后又分组进行了专题座谈讨论。通过会议，沟通了情况，交流了经验，商订了今后发展小口径钻探的初步规划，明确了有关技术政策，从而统一了思想，坚定了信心，对这项新技术的推广必将产生很大的推动作用。这里，我根据会议讨论的情况，谈几个问题。     

兰州市滑坡泥石流灾害与防治

本文在研究兰州市滑坡，泥石流类型、分布与发展趋势的基础上，论述了滑坡，泥石流防治现状和存在的问题，指出了加强防治工作的紧迫性，提出了滑坡，泥石流灾害防治的指导思想，目标和对策，强调了开展系统的防灾的重要性。     

蓟县电厂主厂房场地的工程地质条件

本文通过对蓟县电厂主厂房冲击钻孔灌注桩施工的监理，在详勘地质报告与实际不符的情况下，经少量的补勘工作，弄清了场地的地质条件，用冲击钻孔的岩渣差别基岩风化程度，对场地进行了工程地质分区，使桩基施工缩短了工期，节约了造价，经检测，桩基强度完全满足了设计要求。     

宁波市主要环境地质问题及其防治对策研究

论文讨论了宁波市的主要环境地质问题并提出了相应的防治对策，作者对由于长期开采承压含水层中的地下水导致的地面沉降及海水入侵问题进行了探讨了，研究评价了软土地基的稳定性，在通过资料收集，分析，对软土的变形及强度特性的基础上进行研究，建立了岩土数据库，并对软土的微结构及演化历史作了定量研究，还综合分析了影响地基稳定的各种因素，利用模糊数学对地基稳定性进行了评价，在考虑地面沉降的现状及其影响因素的情况下，     

双桦煤田磁异常特征与焦煤分布关系探讨

在航磁资料电算处理的基础上，研究了磁异常特征，断裂，隐伏岩分布规律，论述了磁异常区与煤变质带的分布关系，探讨了本区煤变质特点，对城子河组煤变质带分布进行了预测，指出了寻找焦煤方向和主要分布区。     

山东省第二轮区域地质调查主要进展

山东省第二轮区调工作始于70年代末，完成了1：20万填图面积112326km^2和1：5万填图面积63137km^2，基础地质研究取得巨大进展：地层方面，建立了一些新的岩石地层单位，重新厚定了地层层序，进行了以岩石地层为主的地层多重划分对比，对各时代地层的沉积作用进行了探讨；侵入岩方面，初步完成了我省侵入岩岩石谱系单位的统一划分工作，研究了侵入岩的演化，成因、侵位机制和形成时代，尤其是从前寒武纪基底中识别出大量变形变质或未变形变质侵入岩，并对其进行了岩石谱系单位划分；变质岩方面，分析了原岩建造及形成环境，划分了变质岩系的变质相，变质相系和叠加变质作用，测定了大量pT数据，确定了一些变质岩的PTt轨迹，对变质作用类型进行了研究，发现了高压，超高压变质带并对其进行了探讨；构造方面，发现了研究了大量韧性变形带，对胶南－威海造山带7和郯庐断裂带进行了深入研究，矿产方面，主要是对各种矿产的成因和形成规律进行了探讨。     

火山岩熔融,结晶,淬火实验及其岩石学意义

本文对我国福建，江西，河南等地某些典型玄武岩和部分安山岩以及意大利威苏维火山的白响岩质碱玄岩进行了实验研究，其中包括熔融，结晶，淬火实验。根据实验结果，分析了熔浆成分对首晶矿物的影响，阐明了晶体形态与结晶温度，生长速度及成核密度的关系，研究了斜长石，白榴石的晶出及其矿物学，岩石学意义，论述了橄榄石，辉石的成分特生上春晶出后熔浆成分的演化趋势，讨论了单斜辉石的淬火效应与压力效应。     

加拿大近十年固体矿产勘查进展

加拿大作为世界上最大的矿业国之一，近十年来采取了一系列措施，固体矿产的勘阳取得重大进展，结束了加拿大没有原生金刚石矿床的历史，发现了20多个储量较大，经济价值较高的金伯利岩型金刚石矿床，同时还发现了活艾斯贝（Voisey‘sBay)世界级高品位铜镍硫化物矿床，使加拿大铜，镍保障和蔼大幅度提高，更通过深部探矿工作，延长了许多矿山的寿命。     

小小改革

钻头水口铣床内蒙古地质局一○二队车间 李大龙我队原有一台简陋的钻头水口小铣床，由于机械化程度不高，刀片寿命短，生产不安全，劳动强度大，故生产效率不高。后来，我队着重从以下几个方面改装了这台铣床：1．使用行程开关，取代了倒顺开关，安上了停车开关，自动代替了手动，铣完一个钻头便自动停车，实现了卡盘定时自转，并安有停车警报器和安全保护开关。2．提高了皮带轮的传动比，铣床主轴转速由600转/分提高到2100转/分，大大提高了工效。     

济阳坳陷天然气的复式聚集

为了研究济阳坳陷天然气复式聚集规律，该文总结了研究区３６年来的勘探成果，区内天然气呈三元环带对应结构，纵向上有深层气富集带，中层气富集带和浅层气富集带，横向上内环带为深层气，中环带来中层气，外环带为浅层气。文中就此对应结构从烃源岩，温度场，压力场，盖层，构造及圈闭等因素作了分析，比较多的篇幅论述了深层气田形成的基本地质条件，这就是丰富的烃源岩，较大型构造，储层次生孔隙带，归纳了成藏类型，指出了勘探     

中小流域防洪规划决策支持系统──Ⅰ系统研究

根据我国中小河流的基本特征,首先说明了我国中小流域防洪规划的目的、意义,然后阐述了我国中小流域防洪规划的主要内容和基本步骤,最后详细介绍了我国中小流域防洪规划决策支持系统的建立和使用.决策支持系统作为一种新型的研究方法与手段,它在防洪规划中的应用必将加强我国中小流域防洪规划的研究,简化防洪规划的过程,使得我国中小流域的防洪规划更加科学、准确.     

Engineering Strategies on Flood Control in Middle Reach of Yangtze River, China

CAUSE FOR FL OODS IN MIDDL E REACH OF YANGTZERIVERFlood,a kind of interface disaster,occurs atthe interfacebetween atmosphere and lithosphere. Flood happens when at-mosphere and lithosphere interplay and couple each other(ofcourse,biosphere may also join in this) . Both meteorologicaland geographical factors can bring about flood;the formercontrols the time of flood and the latter controls the place ofdisaster. The second Neocathaysian tectonic subsidence area(L i,1973) is the…     

对未来防洪减灾形势和对策的一些思考

简要介绍了20世纪90年代我国大江大河的防洪形势。重点指出:河道萎缩,江河泄洪能力下降,行洪水位抬高,城市水灾突出,洪涝矛盾加重和水灾损失急剧增加的特点。探讨了防洪减灾的目标和标准,在进行防洪策略历史回顾的基础上,阐述了防洪减灾对策和基本措施方向。     

From flood control to flood adaptation: a case study on the Lower Green River Valley and the City of Kent in King County,Washington

Despite massive investment in flood control infrastructure (FCI), neither cities nor rivers have been well served—flooding continues to challenge cities around the world, while riverine ecosystems are degraded by FCI. Although new flood hazard management concepts have shifted the focus away from FCI, many cities continue to count on FCI to prevent flood damage. It is assumed that existing built-up areas can only count on FCI, as large-scale retreat is often impossible. However, flood adaptation—retrofitting the built environment to prevent damage during flooding—as an option is often ignored. This paper argues against the continual use of FCI to prevent flood damage by reviewing FCI’s established problems. The paper examines human–river interactions associated with FCI, focusing on the feedback mechanisms in the interactions, with a case study on the Lower Green River (LGR) valley in King County, Washington, USA. An urban ecology research model is employed to organize the case study, where interactions between floodplain urbanization, FCI, flow and sediment changes, flood risk, and riverine ecosystem are explored and two feedback mechanisms—river adjustment and flood risk perception—are explicitly addressed. The resulting complex dynamics, in terms of cross–scale interactions, emergence, nonlinearity, and surprises, are synthesized and limitations of FCI outlined. Flood adaptation is explored as a plausible alternative to flood control to nurture flood resilience. A management scenario of flood adaptation for the City of Kent—the largest municipality in the LGR valley—is developed to discuss the implications of flood adaptation on flood risk and river restoration.     

新疆阿勒泰地区的洪水特性

受洪水补给来源和阿尔泰山山势影响,阿勒泰地区洪水发生时间比新疆其他以高山永久积雪和冰川融水补给为主的河流偏早。因此,从认识洪水特性、预防洪水灾害角度出发,对阿勒泰地区洪水发生机制、时空分布和变化特点进行分析研究是很有必要的。利用阿勒泰地区各主要河流1960~2011年历年洪峰、冬季和汛期降水、气温和700hPa高空温度资料,对洪水发生机制、时空分布和变化特点进行分析。结果表明:(1)本区洪水类型有融雪型洪水、融雪与降水混合型洪水和暴雨型洪水;(2)洪水与冬季积雪和汛期气温、降雨有关;(3)汛期过程相对短,主汛期发生时间以5月下旬至6月中旬期为主;(4)洪水挟沙能力强,汛期含沙量占年含沙量近90%;(5)暴雨洪水多发生于阿勒泰地区的中东部区域河流上;(6)全区洪水具有同步性,洪水年际变化相对小。     

长江防洪决策支持系统——防洪决策风险分析

针对长江中游防洪决策过程,筛选出几个主要的风险因子.考虑暴雨洪水历史资料,短期洪水位预报以及中长期雨洪预报三种不同信息条件,建立防洪决策风险分析模型,针对长江三峡至螺山河段防洪系统,是否启用分蓄洪区的各种防洪决策方案,给出决策风险的定量描述.     

澜沧江-湄公河流域水库联合调度防洪作用

澜沧江-湄公河流域汛期洪灾频发,气候变化极有可能进一步加剧该区域洪水的量级和发生频率,需要上下游合作共同应对。建立了澜沧江-湄公河全流域分布式水文及水库调度模型,模拟1991-2005年全流域13条支流和5个干流防洪控制断面的逐日天然流量过程,在此基础上模拟全流域已建、在建和规划水库的联合调度过程,分析防洪作用。结果表明:①全流域水库联合调度对湄公河5个主要断面均有显著的防洪作用,在完全按照防洪目标对水库进行调度的情况下可将200年一遇洪水减至20~50年一遇。②湄公河左岸支流的防洪能力远高于右岸,具有较高防洪能力的支流有澜沧江、南乌河、南俄河、南屯河、濛河、色公河和桑河。③对不同断面起主要防洪作用的支流不同:在琅勃拉邦上游,澜沧江、南乌河起主要作用;在那空帕农断面,南俄河与南屯河加总的防洪作用与澜沧江基本相等;在巴色下游,濛河和色公河的作用均超过澜沧江。澜湄合作机制为上下游防洪合作提供了重要契机,研究成果可为流域国协商建立联合防洪调度机制提供参考。     

Flood prediction and mitigation in coastal tourism areas,a case study: Hurghada,Egypt

Flood mitigation involves the management and control of floodwater movement, such as redirecting flood runoff through the use of floodwalls and flood gates, rather than trying to prevent floods altogether. The prevention and mitigation of flooding can be studied on three levels: on individual properties, small communities, and whole towns or cities. The current study area is located in Hurghada on the Red Sea, which is considered an important area for coastal tourism. The study area is located at distance 7.50 km from El Gouna city along the Red Sea and east of Hurghada–Al Ismaileya road. The aim of this research is to derive the runoff flow paths across the study area and their flow magnitudes under different rainfall events of 10, 25, 50, and 100 year return periods in order to design the flood mitigation measures to protect such important areas. Field data (e.g., topographic data and rainfall intensities) were collected for the study area. The results indicated that the site is exposed to high flash flood risk and protection work is required. In order to protect the area from flood risks, locations of number of drainage channels and dams were selected and designed based on flood quantity and direction. The proposed mitigation system is capable of protecting this crucial area from flood risks and increases the national income from tourism. This study can be applied in different areas of Egypt and the world.     

中小流域防洪规划决策支持系统──Ⅱ个例分析

以洪汝河流域为研究对象,详细介绍了中小流域防洪规划决策支持系统的建立及使用,并对相关结果作了分析,个例证明把决策支持系统方法引入防洪规划问题中是有现实意义的,它不仅可以提高防洪规划的速度,同时可以提高防洪规划的准确性,是一种可行的尝试.     

Monte Carlo analysis of the effect of spatial distribution of storms on prioritization of flood source areas

Implementation of structural and non-structural flood control measures in flood-prone watersheds is on increasing demand. Different watershed areas are not necessarily hydrologically similar and impose variable effects on the outlet flow hydrograph. Meanwhile, prioritization of watershed areas in terms of flood generation is essential for economic flood control planning. Previous works have focused on the definition of a flood index that quantifies the contribution of each subwatershed unit or grid cell to the outlet flood hydrograph through the application of unit flood response (UFR) approach. In the present research, for the first time, the effect of spatial pattern of storm events on the flood index variation was assessed via a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis. To do so, the UFR approach was carried out for a large number of randomly generated rainfall spatial pattern. The proposed methodology was adopted to the Tangrah watershed in northern Iran. The watershed is frequently hit by floods that have historically caused loss of life and properties. The results indicated that for the more frequent flood events, the flood index is quite sensitive to the spatial distribution of rainfall such that for the highest ranked subwatershed (SW6), the standardized variation of the flood index values (i.e., the uncertainty range) decreases from 1.0 to 0.5 when the rainfall depth increases from 20 to 150 mm, respectively. The results further revealed that increasing the rainfall depth from 20 to 150 mm would cause the effect of rainfall spatial distribution on subwatersheds’ flood indices to diminish. The implications are that if flood control measures are designed for more frequent floods with lower return periods, an uncertainty analysis is required to identify the range of flood index variations.