混凝土CT图像的几何校正

细观裂纹是混凝土CT研究的主要对象。直观地观察混凝土灰度CT图像细观裂纹的产生和变化有一定困难,需要根据差值CT图像的方法对其进行增强处理。发现差值图像存在阴阳环现象,因此在进行差值运算前首先需进行图像校正,包括整体平移校正、整体几何校正和感兴趣区域校正三种方法,感兴趣区域校正的差值图像最客观。本文提出了有效地提取混凝土CT图像内细观裂纹信息的新方法。     

CT图像中裂纹缺陷的理论分析

由于易受到其它因素的影响,用CT图像直接分析材料服役过程中损伤状态的变化往往比较困难.本文从混合体的质量衰减系数的计算角度出发,分析了质量衰减系数的计算原理,得到了它的另一个等价表示;并推导出材料服役环境下,只包含单杂质的情况时,微裂纹群的出现所带来的裂纹缺陷体积百分数、密度变化与CT图像值之间的关系式,最后得到了裂纹缺陷体积百分数与损伤变量的关系式,为后期利用CT进行材料疲劳寿命分析奠定了理论基础.     

疲劳裂纹扩展高分辨率CT分析新进展

材料疲劳破坏的本质是疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展,采用高分辨率CT研究疲劳裂纹是当前国际上的研究热点。本文首先总结了高分辨率CT设备的发展现状,指出国内也具备了开展相关研究的设备条件。其次总结分析了高分辨率CT在疲劳裂纹扩展中的应用及国内外研究现状。最后对高分辨率CT在疲劳裂纹中的应用发展趋势进行了展望。     

X射线岩石CT的历史与现状

采用X射线CT技术无损探测岩石内部结构和裂纹演化过程 ,起源于 2 0世纪 80年代后期 ,由最初对CT图像的认识逐步深化为对岩石裂纹演化规律的分析和应用研究。基于室内岩石试件扫描断面的CT图像 ,目前在岩石变形破坏过程的实时监测、加荷条件多样化、裂纹演化规律性、裂纹宽度的定量测量、岩石裂纹三维图像重建、损伤演化与损伤变量分析、CT成果应用研究等方面取得了一系列进展。岩石CT面临的主要问题是如何获得各种试验条件下精确的CT图像及其成果的应用研究。岩石CT的生命力在于自身理论、技术发展和在相关领域的应用程度     

非均匀性对岩石介质中裂纹扩展模式的影响

运用岩石破裂过程分析ＲＦＰＡ２Ｄ系统,通过对岩石试样中预置的倾斜裂纹扩展过程的数值模拟,研究了材料非均匀性对岩石介质中裂纹扩展模式的影响．数值模拟再现了受压试样在裂纹扩展过程中逐步演变的应力场和应变场,以及与岩石非均匀性有关的声发射和断裂扩展模式的“岩桥”现象．模拟结果说明,岩石的非均匀性对含裂纹试样的变形、破裂过程及其破坏模式有很大的影响．     

动力荷载作用下混凝土破裂特征的CT试验研究

汶川地震后,强震作用下的大坝混凝土动态力学性能研究广受关注.本文利用CT技术对动力荷载作用下混凝土细观破裂过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在动力荷载作用下裂纹的开裂、扩展、贯通的全过程CT图像,并给出了动力压缩、动力拉伸CT试验的初步成果.结果表明:动力压缩荷载条件下混凝土破坏时裂纹起裂点多,裂纹演化速度快,能够...     

裂纹系微破裂集结和动态扩展的实验研究

研究了裂纹系的动态破裂,重点考察了裂纹系相互作用.选用大理石、玻璃为实验材料,将其加工成薄板状,并在板内预制各种不同形态的裂纹系,在单轴压下用可见光透视观察裂纹系动态相互作用的破裂过程.实验中发现,岩石的动态破裂过程和玻璃有很大差别,岩石的裂纹系动态相互作用后期是通过微破裂演化来实现的,而在玻璃中观察不到.裂纹系的不均匀应力场分布是破裂演化的初始原因.通过实验,给出大理石材料中各种不同形态裂纹系的动态破裂演化的全场过程图像,直观地揭示了含裂纹系岩石变形破坏的实质.实验显示了不同几何形态的裂纹系的破裂发育过程有明显区别.在微破裂集结时,周围的破裂部分闭合.因此,用二维模型描述的微破裂图像和实际有很大出入.为了消除这个差距,必须研究三维破裂.本文的实验结果表明,裂纹(断层)不能起到阻碍破裂扩展的作月;裂纹(断层)作为障碍体,和预存裂纹之间存在强烈的相互作用,使得样品的强度降低几乎一个量级.讨论了上述结论对于认识地震(包括矿震)断层行为的意义.     

闭合裂纹面相互作用的实验研究

为了研究地震过程中断层面的相互作用,设计了四类裂纹面状况不同的断裂力学实验。实验结果表明,裂纹面的状况对于含裂纹材料的σ_c(2^1/2)值有强烈的影响,并利用断裂力学的原理对结果进行了分析。 实验中解决了如下技术关键: 1.可用三点弯曲、局部受拉、单面启裂、双面贯穿的方法,在脆性材料板状试件（玻璃板、岩石板）以及有机玻璃板中预制中心穿透裂纹。 2.在裂纹端部预计裂纹扩展的区域内粘贴电阻应变片,用以判断并测量裂纹初始扩展及其相应的破坏应力σ_c的方法。     

一种工业CT的短裂纹群扩展检测新方法

常规无损检测方法难以对构件内部短裂纹的启裂和扩展过程进行有效的监测。工业用计算机断层成象(ICT)作为一种先进的无损检测手段,有着其它常规无损检测方法所无法比拟的独特的优越性。本文采用近年来在工业CT和疲劳断裂研究方面取得的最新成果,提出一种基于图像密度场的疲劳短裂纹扩展监测新方法。实验证明,该检测方法能得到更为准确的寿命预测精度。     

动载作用下混凝土细观损伤的CT图像分割和灰度共生矩阵特征值研究

动载作用下混凝土随应力变化的系列CT图像完整地记录了混凝土内部破损过程,在CT图像中能直接观察到细观裂纹时混凝土往往已发生宏观破坏,挖掘混凝土材料损伤的细观信息是混凝土细观力学分析的核心.本文基于混凝土单轴动态压缩CT试验,获得不同应力阶段的横断面CT图像,分别应用图像分割技术和灰度共生矩阵法提取孔隙率和4个特征值,研...     

微焦点CT在含能材料密度测试中的应用研究

本文利用微焦点体积CT(μVCT)技术和同步测试方法,研究含能材料体密度与体积CT灰度值的相互关系,探讨相近密度范围内含能材料试件的密度测试方法.采用该方法可以分辨出样件间0.1%的密度差;在样件密度变化范围为2.5%时,试件体密度-体积CT灰度值的线性相关系数达到0.999.     

Shock metamorphism of some rock-forming minerals

The shock metamorphism of schist consisting of garnet, biotite, quartz, and plagioclase is studied under shock wave loading of a sample in steel recovery ampoules of plane geometry. A maximum shock pressure was reached during several circulations of waves in the sample (stepwise shock compression) and varied within the range 19–52 GPa. The recovered samples were examined by the methods of scanning electron microscopy and microprobe and X-ray phase analysis. The results were compared with natural impactites and with shock-induced alterations in minerals loaded by a spherical convergent wave. It is established that, given a plane geometry of loading (stepwise shock compression), solid-state transformations at the lattice level (migration of chemical elements and formation of shock thermal aggregates) are not observed in all of the studied minerals, in contrast to natural impact processes and spherical geometry experiments. Under the conditions of our experiments, minerals melt at higher pressures than in the case of natural impact processes and spherical geometry experiments. However, for each mineral studied, the mechanical strain patterns at close shock pressures are, on the whole, the same for all of the aforementioned three variants of shock wave loading.     

一种热中子CT图像预处理与后处理的集成方法

热中子CT成像是一种极为重要的核成像技术,借以进行被检物的无损检测与无损评价。针对热中子CT成像过程中产生一系列导致CT图像降质的因素,本文在探讨了影响中子CT成像图像降质的一些因素基础上,提出了将成像过程中的图像预处理与后处理技术进行统一考察和集成处理的方案。研究结果表明,基于MATLABGUI集成处理器,研究开发了一套集图像预处理与后处理技术于一体的处理程序分析方法,能够有效改善热中子CT成像的图像质量,为无损检测与评价提供可靠的保证,对热中子CT成像技术研究具有参考价值。     

应用CT技术研究瘦煤在不同温度下孔隙变化特征

应用µCT225kvFCB型高精度(µm级)CT试验分析系统,对直径1 mm的瘦煤从18 ℃到600 ℃高温下的热破裂过程进行了显微CT观测和分析.发现了瘦煤的热破裂规律:300 ℃煤样中大量小的孔隙贯通成大的孔隙团,因此瘦煤的热破裂阈值在300 ℃附近,从常温到300 ℃煤样的孔隙率增加了0.5倍左右.研究了煤样在100~600 ℃范围内热破裂孔隙分布的分形规律,研究发现:从100 ℃到600 ℃,煤样的分形维数D随温度升高呈现先减小、后增加的趋势.孔隙的演化规律:由初始较规则的小孔隙变形,过渡到大量较规则、小孔隙贯通成不规则的大的孔隙团,之后孔隙团缩合减小趋于规则.分布初值的对数随温度升高呈现先降低后增加的趋势;从18 ℃到600 ℃孔隙数量的演化规律为先减小后增加.     

高压注射器在CT增强扫描的应用与探讨

目的探讨高压注射器在CT增强扫描中的应用.方法高压注射器增强扫描2338例,手推注射法300例.全部患者用优维显1ml静脉注射做碘过敏试验阴性,注射速率2-3ml/s,小儿0.5-1.5ml/s,剂量50-80ml,高压注射器与手推法剂量相同,小儿按公斤体重计算.结果:高压注射器注射的副反应;过敏性休克4例,占0.17%,中度反应27例,占1.2%,轻度反应56例,占2.4%,造影剂注射失败9例,占0.39%.手推法副反应;过敏性休克1例,占0.3%,轻度反应5例,占1.6%,没有静脉渗漏.结论:高压注射器与手推法相比,造影剂注射速率越快,图像质量好,但药物副反应的发生率较高,副反应的程度也较重.因此,既要提高注射速率,保证质量,又要确保病人安全,应根据不同年龄、不同检查部位、患者身体状况、病情轻重、以及诊断要求来确定注射速率.     

Shock-loading meteoritic b.c.c. metal above the pressure transition: Remanent-magnetization stability and microstructure

Three discrete levels of remanent-magnetization stability with associated microhardness and microstructural detail are recognized in meteoritic b.c.c. metal (α or kamacite) which has been shock loaded to peak pressures in excess of that required for the first-order crystallographic transformation. The first level ($\text{100}\text{kbar}\text{? P ? 200}\text{kbar}$) with moderately high magnetic stability is associated with shock transformation hardening in the absence of significant thermal effects. The second level ($\text{400}\text{kbar}\text{? P ? 600}\text{kbar}$) with low magnetic stability is characterized by decreasing hardness, finely structured metal, and minor recrystallization — evidence of thermal effect notably recovery. The third level ($\text{P ? 800}\text{kbar}$) with the highest magnetic stability has hardness values characteristic of an alloy quenched from ～ 1,000°C. There is extensive fine-scale recrystallization and some areas have the appearance of massive martensite. The first level is associated with shock transition remagnetization i.e., simply a consequence of the ? (antiferromagnetic) → α (ferromagnetic) reversal. The second and third regions contain a thermal component.     

油页岩热破裂规律显微CT实验研究

利用太原理工大学和中国工程物理研究院应用电子学研究所最新共同研制的μCT225kVFCB型高精度（μm级）CT试验分析系统,对油页岩从常温到600 ℃高温下的热破裂过程进行了显微观测和分析,揭示了抚顺油页岩的热破裂阈值温度为300 ℃附近.当温度低于300 ℃时,已可见到极少数较小的微裂隙出现,裂隙多发育于原生层理面以及硬质矿物颗粒的周围,形成的破裂面基本上都与层理面互相平行.当温度超过300 ℃,由于受到热分解化学反应的控制,裂隙的数量、长度和宽度剧烈增加,呈现广泛发育、集中爆发的特点,并使原有裂隙迅速延展和贯通,且裂隙面仍具有与层理面平行的特点,这是油页岩热破裂的典型特征;同时,也形成了许许多多垂直于层理方向的微小裂隙,小裂隙与大裂隙的搭接连通,形成了一个庞大的连通网络结构,从根本上提高了油页岩的渗流能力.     

Injection and acceleration of H+ and He2+ at Earth’s bow shock

We have performed a number of one-dimensional hybrid simulations (particle ions, massless electron fluid) of quasi-parallel collisionless shocks in order to investigate the injection and subsequent acceleration of part of the solar wind ions at the Earth’s bow shock. The shocks propagate into a medium containing magnetic fluctuations, which are initially superimposed on the background field, as well as generated or enhanced by the electromagnetic ion/ion beam instability between the solar wind and backstreaming ions. In order to study the mass (M) and charge (Q) dependence of the acceleration process He²⁺ is included self-consistently. The upstream differential intensity spectra of H⁺ and He²⁺ can be well represented by exponentials in energy. The e-folding energy E_c is a function of time: E_c increases with time. Furthermore the e-folding energy (normalized to the shock ramming energy E_p) increases with increasing Alfvén Mach number of the shock and with increasing fluctuation level of the initially superimposed turbulence. When backstreaming ions leave the shock after their first encounter they exhibit already a spectrum which extends to more than ten times the shock ramming energy and which is ordered in energy per charge. From the injection spectrum it is concluded that leakage of heated downstream particles does not contribute to ion injection. Acceleration models that permit thermal particles to scatter like the non-thermal population do not describe the correct physics.     

基于特征学习的低剂量CT成像算法研究进展

随着CT（computed tomography）技术在临床中的大量应用,其辐射伤害问题也越来越受到人们的关注。与此同时,高性能低剂量的成像也已经成为近年来CT研究领域中的重要研究方向。随着学习型算法的提出及广泛应用,为低剂量CT成像算法的发展带来了新的方向。在影像大数据环境下,基于特征学习方法的低剂量CT成像有着更广阔的发展空间。本文将从稀疏表示和深度学习两个方面,介绍一些国内外应用于改善CT成像质量的相关技术,包括CT成像技术的发展趋势,特征学习相关算法的研究现状,提高低剂量CT扫描成像质量的相关方案等。本文对近年来在低剂量CT成像及特种学习算法等领域的研究成果进行了介绍,并进行相关总结和分析。     

Explosive magma-water interactions: Thermodynamics,explosion mechanisms,and field studies

Physical analysis of explosive, magma-water interaction is complicated by several important controls: (1) the initial geometry and location of the contact between magma and water; (2) the process by which thermal energy is transferred from the magma to the water; (3) the degree to and manner by which the magma and water become intermingled prior to eruption; (4) the thermodynamic equation of state for mixtures of magma fragments and water; (5) the dynamic metastability of superheated water; and (6) the propagation of shock waves through the system. All of these controls can be analyzed while addressing aspects of tephra emplacement from the eruptive column by fallout, surge, and flow processes. An ideal thermodynamic treatment, in which the magma and external water are allowed to come to thermal equilibrium before explosive expansion, shows that the maximum system pressure and entropy are determined by the mass ratio of water and magma interacting. Explosive (thermodynamic) efficiency, measured by the ratio of maximum work potential to thermal energy of the magma, depends upon heat transfer from the pyroclasts to the vapor during the expansion stage. The adiabatic case, in which steam immediately separates from the tephra during ejection, produces lower efficiencies than does the isothermal case, in which heat is continually transferred from tephra to steam as it expands. Mechanisms by which thermal equilibrium between water and magma can be obtained require intimate mixing of the two. Interface instabilities of the Landau and Taylor type have been documented by experiments to cause fine-scale mixing prior to vapor explosion. In these cases, water is heated rapidly to a metastable state of superheat where vapor explosion occurs by spontaneous nucleation when a temperature limit is exceeded. Mixing may also be promoted by shock wave propagation. If the shock is of sufficient strength to break the magma into small pieces, thermal equilibrium and vapor production in its wake may drive the shock as a thermal detonation. Because these mechanisms of magma fragmentation allow calculation of grain size, vapor temperature and pressure, and pressure rise times, detailed emplacement models can be developed by critical field and laboratory analysis of the resulting tephra deposits. Deposits left by dense flows of tephra and wet steam as opposed to those left by dilute flows of dry steam and tephra show contrasts in median grain size, dispersal area, grain shape, grain surface chemistry, and bed form.