论苗族传统知识在贵州麻山石漠化灾变救治中的价值

20世纪中期以来,麻山喀斯特山区随着周边社会环境的巨变,这些巨变冲击了麻山地区生态系统的脆弱环节,使麻山地区石漠化灾变日趋扩大。国家从20世纪60年代开始虽经多方救治,成效甚微。我们在对苗族生计方式的田野调查后发现,生息在这里的苗族积累有高效利用与精心维护喀斯特生态系统的经验和技能,发掘和利用苗族传统的地方性知识和技能,在石漠化灾变救治中具有不可替代的特殊价值。     

Experts' Perspectives on the Integration of Indigenous Knowledge and Science in Wet Tropics Natural Resource Management

Aboriginal inhabitants of the Wet Tropics of Queensland advocate for greater inclusion of their Indigenous knowledge (IK) in natural resource management (NRM) to fulfil their customary obligations to country and to exert their Native Title rights. Despite a legal and institutional framework for inclusion of IK in NRM, IK has so far been applied only sporadically. We conducted an ethnographic case study to investigate perceptions on IK, science and how they affect integration of the two knowledge systems in the Wet Tropics. Our results show that IK and science are perceived as different concepts; that integration is limited by weak Indigenous internal and external governance; and that stronger Aboriginal governance and more focused engagement strategies are required to further the application of IK in local NRM. We conclude by arguing that NRM in the Wet Tropics needs to be reconceptualised to accommodate IK holistically, by considering its epistemology and the values and ethic that underpin it.     

传统农区生态修复中的经济补偿探讨——以日本佐渡岛为例

当前,生态修复和生态补偿的相关理论在发达国家较为盛行,也有许多值得借鉴的模式。本文以日本为研究对象,重点研究了在推行生态修复和生态补偿过程中的经验教训。基于长时间在日本佐渡岛上的实地调研和深度访谈,从微观的视角分析在各级政府积极推进朱鹮生息环境修复的背景下,以农户为主体的区域居民的意识和行为,揭示了区域环境整治和农户农业经营之间的矛盾。通过深入比较传统农业经营和环境友好型农业经营在经济效益上的差异,阐明了农户反对朱鹮野化放飞和生态修复的必然性。从而提出为了尽快扭转发展中国家区域间、群体间生态效益及相关经济效益分配不公平的局面,利用经济、社会政策以及法律手段,寻求切合区域实际、各具特色的生态补偿方式的重要性。     

生物多样性相关传统知识的类型与惠益分享

2010年在日本名古屋召开的《生物多样性公约》第10次缔约方大会通过《名古屋议定书》,而与生物多样性相关传统知识的获取与惠益分享成为该议定书的核心内容。然而,国际上对传统知识的概念尚未一致,将影响其获取与惠益分享的实施。本文根据国际公约的相关概念和中国传统知识的实际,将生物多样性相关传统知识分为5个类型。进而介绍和分析了《名古屋议定书》有关传统知识获取与惠益分享的条款与规定,特别是分析了土著与地方社区之外获得的、历史上已文献化并进入公知的传统知识其惠益分享问题。还阐述了中国在传统知识保护方面的国家战略,提出了保护、传承和推广应用传统知识的措施。     

The Social Nature of Participatory Ecological Monitoring

Participatory ecological monitoring brings together conservationists and members of the public to collect data about changes in nature. This article scrutinizes the “social nature” of such monitoring, considering not only its impacts for nature, but also society, and importantly the ways in which these interact. Drawing on the field of nature–society studies we present a framework with which to explore case studies from the community forests of Nepal. We document the importance of multiple knowledges of nature, including what is referred to as “local monitoring” and its relation to the scientific procedures promoted in participatory monitoring; the consequences of participatory monitoring as a situated and embodied practice, such that it may (re)produce social inequalities; and the place of monitoring within the wider socioecological regime, with regard to possible unintended consequences for both nature and society. This article thus expands our understanding of the complexities of this increasingly popular approach to conservation.     

传统农业地区能值生态足迹分析——以贵州省从江县为例

传统农业生态系统正面临着来自现代化发展及其带来的技术经济变革的严重威胁,在一些传统农业地区现代农业替代传统农业已经引发了严重的生态环境问题。生态足迹,作为可持续发展评价的方法之一,由于无法全面衡量人类活动对生态系统造成的各种影响,因此无法揭示传统农业地区真实的生态环境状况,也无法给出科学合理的可持续发展评价。能值生态足迹是对传统生态足迹的一种改进,试图利用能值分析理论的优点囊括人类利用生态系统产品和服务的各种活动。然而,目前能值生态足迹研究往往受到传统生态足迹理论的局限,无法真正将人类消费的各种资源、产品和服务纳入进来。为此,本文将生态系统服务概念引入能值生态足迹理论框架中,进一步改进和完善了能值生态足迹模型,使之能够全面衡量人类活动的生态环境影响。本文利用改进的能值生态足迹模型,以我国传统农业地区贵州省从江县为例,开展生态环境状况评估和可持续发展评价。结果表明,从江县2007年人均能值生态承载力为9.3311 ha,人均能值生态足迹为14.5638 ha,人均能值生态赤字为5.2327 ha。可见,从江县的生态承载力仅能满足当地居民消费总需求的64%,当地处于不可持续发展状态,生态环境状况不容乐观。这与传统生态足迹的评价结果差异十分显著。传统生态足迹评价结果显示,从江县的生态承载力不仅能够满足当地居民的消费需求而且有少量生态盈余。进一步分析显示,从江县居民对生态系统的污染物吸纳服务和侵蚀控制服务的消费,在从江县总生态足迹中占有相当大的比例。这说明,从江县传统农业生产方式受现代农业影响而发生的部分改变,所产生的生态环境影响已经逐步显现。过量施用化肥农药所引起的面源污染以及频繁翻耕和砍伐森林所引起的水土流失,已经严重威胁当地的生态环境健康和可持续发展。     

Legitimacy of Different Knowledge Types in Natural Resource Governance and Their Functions in Inter-Institutional Gaps

Abstract

This study expands the Inter-Institutional Gaps (IIGs) framework to conceptualize the legitimacy associated with different types of ecological knowledge (e.g., scientific, traditional and local) used in natural resource governance. We draw on primary qualitative data, and document analysis to examine a case of inland fisheries management in the north-eastern floodplain of Bangladesh. We posit that the pragmatic, moral, cognitive, and regulative legitimacy for different types of ecological knowledge are repeatedly reevaluated by rule-makers and resource users in the process of rule-devising. Results show that inter-institutional gaps may be perpetuated when formal rules do not sufficiently consider traditional and local ecological knowledge. While it is widely proposed that systematically incorporating different knowledge types can better address local-national policy problems, this study underscores that the source of legitimacies for different knowledge types often differs across formal and informal institutional actors. Recognizing the differences is critical to fishers’ resource management.     

海南岛土壤中铝钙的地球化学特征及其对生态环境的影响

对海南岛土壤中铝、钙的含量、形态及其在成土过程中的地球化学特征进行讨论,并就这两种元素对作物生长和人类健康影响进行初步探讨。     

知识异质性视角下的地方产业演化理论前沿研究

地方产业演化是在全球化和知识经济背景下地方参与全球分工、累积地方性知识并获取价值的过程。知识是演化理论研究的核心,但是对于产业演化过程中涉及到多种类型的知识及其在演化过程中的地位和作用目前缺乏系统研究。为了深化对地方产业演化路径的认知,基于知识异质性视角对地方产业在全球化背景下演化的相关研究进行梳理和归纳。地方产业演化理论建设中,知识异质性是研究的基础,知识关系是研究的核心领域,知识异质性具有空间尺度。演化理论地方化的前沿研究领域主要集中于知识的地方化、知识异质性的测度、开放环境下的地方产业演化路径比较研究、地方产业演化的知识动力研究、演化的方法与工具的创新等方面。理论前沿的研究有助于指导分析地方产业演化基础、方向与动力,将促进地方产业发展从"基于资源的发展观"向"基于知识的发展观"转变,为改变产业增长方式提供基础理论支撑。     

基于ANP-PRS-SENCE框架的崇明岛生态安全评价

将复杂系统的网络分析法(ANP)作为生态安全评价指标体系构建的基本方法,综合复合生态系统理论(SENCE)和"压力-状态-响应"(PSR)模型,提出ANP-PRS-SENCE框架体系,并以崇明岛为例进行实证研究.结果表明,近十余年崇明岛综合得分呈现逐渐提高的趋势,2007年综合得分为0.513,处于中等偏上水平,反映了崇明岛长期交通阻隔、相对落后的经济发展状况导致生态压力和环境污染较小;随着越江隧桥工程的建成通车,未来跨越式发展将使生态安全面临巨大压力.二级综合指数中,生态风险和生态保障指数较低,因此加强生态建设,完善管理和保障措施,降低生态风险对崇明岛生态系统的影响,应是提高生态安全综合指数等级的主要途径.     

地方性知识、主客互动与居民幸福感——对江郎山世界自然遗产地的实证研究

基于地方性知识和主客互动理论,以世界自然遗产地江郎山的当地居民为研究对象,构建了遗产地居民的地方性知识、主客互动及幸福感之间的关系模型,以回答拥有地方性知识能否促进当地居民获得幸福感及如何促进幸福感获取的问题。研究表明,知识越丰富的旅游地居民越容易获得生活、工作、心理与人际等方面的幸福感,强调了地方性知识对遗产地旅游发展的重要性,且证明了主客互动能够在地方性知识与幸福感之间搭建桥梁,发挥中介的作用。文章在理论上探讨了地方性知识在居民幸福感形成中的作用,且从主客互动的视角解释了地方性知识提升居民幸福感的机理;实践上,强调培养地方性知识和提高主客互动质量在提升遗产地居民幸福感中的重要性。     

新时代背景下基于文化自信的文化传承与空间治理——“文化传承与空间治理”专栏解读

近年来由西方主导的文化在向全球扩散的过程中逐渐暴露出一系列问题,导致对西方化的全球化能否达到全球整合目标的质疑不断出现,“各美其美”“美美与共”的多样文化并存的观点受到关注。在新时代发展背景下,需要树立对于中国本土文化的自信,从地理学的研究视角来透视全球化格局的空间治理,回答中国文化的地方性如何传承、如何把握地方性知识的核心等命题。通过继承、创新和发扬中国文化,提高空间治理、地方融合的有效性。因此,地理学关于空间治理的研究,应更多关注本土和“地方”文化。本专栏旨在系统探讨空间治理中的文化传承以及文化（历史性、地方性、乡村性）因素对空间治理的影响,涉及地域文化信仰空间、传统城市空间、乡村社区空间、乡村性、地方文化、精英实践以及身体实践等多尺度、多领域的治理问题,主要围绕历史地理、乡村性以及地方性实践三个层面的空间治理展开,并对基于文化自信的空间治理研究进行了展望,认为文化治理中的地理问题和空间治理中的地方文化研究应该予以进一步深化。     

广东省高州市根子镇生态足迹分析

运用生态足迹理论和方法对广东省高州市根子镇2005年生态足迹进行了实证计算和分析,探索根子镇可持续发展的模式和经验,为制定政策,促进可持续发展提供依据。根子镇人均生态足迹为1.5095hm2,其中足迹占用最大土地类型是耕地,为0.8400hm2/人,占55.65%,其次是林地和化石能源地。人均生态赤字达1.2088hm2,其中耕地赤字最大,为0.7285hm2/人,占60.27%。表明根子镇生态系统的压力和强度较高,处于不可持续发展状态。结合根子镇实际情况提出了开发利用沼气,增加防护林面积,发展高效生态农业等建议。     

An Evaluation of the Effect of Termites on Rangeland Degradation: The Case of Yabello,Southern Ethiopia

The infestation rate of termites in the Yabello rangeland, caused by both climatic and human factors, is of interest at certain times. This study was conducted in order to evaluate the impact of termites and determine appropriate management measures in the study area. Data was collected from three kebeles of the Yabello district (Dida Tuyura, Danbal-Waccu and Arero), the selection of which was dependent on the extent to which the termites had spread. A field survey method and semi-structured questionnaires were used for 40 community representatives from each of the selected kebeles. A total of 120 community representatives were interviewed and the interviews were supported by direct observations and informal discussions to understand the impact of termites on rangeland degradation, and to explain the trends. Historical background data of termite infestation rates in the study area was collected and evaluated .In addition to the direct impact caused by termites on forage products, buildings and crops, the linkages of termites with the environment and management mechanisms were identified. Yabello rangeland has often been under termite infestation stress and problems are increasing at an alarming rate. So in order to minimize the impact of termites on rangeland degradation identification of exact termite species and take appropriate management together with the community knowledge and scientific management system was recommended.     

GIS专业人才的素质特征、知识结构与培养方案研究

GIS学科的工具性、工程性及横断性等特征促使GIS的应用格局以及社会对GIS专业人才的需求朝着多层次、多元化的方向发展。该文在调查分析国内外GIS专业人才培养现状的基础上,指出GIS专业人才应具备以下素质特征:1)融厚实的数理、空间知识基础与精湛的GIS专业知识于一体;2)融扎实的GIS基本技能与迫切的GIS求知、创新欲望于一体;3)融GIS研究、技术开发本领与GIS项目管理能力于一体。同时,GIS专业人才应掌握与之相对应的、立体的知识结构,即以数理基础和空间基础为宽度,以应用背景与应用领域为广度,以专业知识及专业技能为深度的知识结构。笔者还对GIS专业人才培养模型与GIS高、中级人才的培养方案进行探讨。     

Reindeer Herders Without Reindeer. The Challenges of Joint Knowledge Production on Kolguev Island in the Russian Arctic

Kolguev Island in the Russian Arctic has a unique tundra ecosystem and an indigenous Nenets population whose livelihood is traditionally based on reindeer herding. The Nenets faced a major crisis in 2013–2014 when the reindeer population collapsed. Widely different explanations for this collapse were put forward. This lack of a shared perspective points at the failure of genuine joint knowledge production (JKP) in the island’s UNEP–GEF’s ECORA project (2004–2009). The ECORA project aimed to achieve integrated ecosystem management by stimulating dialog and mutual learning among indigenous people, state agencies, and scientists. This paper analyses the failure of ECORA’s JKP, using a recently developed framework of conditions for successful JKP. The results suggest that ECORA met none of these conditions. It failed at bringing the scientific and indigenous knowledge systems together, and the produced knowledge did not resonate with indigenous people’s perception of living in Kolguev.     

基于层次分析法的张掖市湿地生态功能研究

基于层次分析法(AHP)对张掖市具有代表性的8个较大湿地区域进行生态功能综合研究,结果表明:甘肃省张掖市湿地生态功能的好坏依次排序为:祁连冰川湿地、高山灌丛草甸湿地、黑河干支流沿岸湿地、肃南明海湿地、临泽双泉湖草本沼泽、民乐永固沼泽湿地、甘州区城郊芦苇(Phragmites australis)湿地、高台盐田湿地。这一结论可为张掖市湿地资源恢复、保护和可持续发展提供科学依据。     

北部湾涠洲岛珊瑚礁的研究历史、现状与特色

分析多年来涠洲岛珊瑚礁的研究成果,得出以下认识：1）近20多年来涠洲岛活珊瑚覆盖率呈快速下降趋势,北部活珊瑚覆盖率由2005年的63.70%下降到2010年的12.10%,东南部由1991年的60.00%下降到2010年的17.58%,西南部由1991年的80.00%下降到2010年的8.45%;2）处于相对高纬度区域的涠洲岛珊瑚礁,是研究全球气候变暖背景下珊瑚向高纬度或相对高纬度海域迁移的珊瑚避难所这一假说的理想区域;3）涠洲岛的珊瑚礁直接发育于火山基岩之上,是检验达尔文关于环礁成因假说的理想场所;4）涠洲岛珊瑚礁主要受到极端气候事件与人类活动的双重影响,是研究珊瑚礁响应人类活动和极端气候事件的天然实验室。因此,涠洲岛珊瑚礁除了与其他珊瑚礁一样具备重要的资源、生态与环境特征之外,还具有独特的科学研究价值,需要引起高度重视并进行有效保护,为南海珊瑚的北向迁移创造条件。     

武威绿洲城镇化的生态效应情景分析

绿洲是人地关系地域系统研究的典型地区,城镇化是影响绿洲生态系统稳定性的重要人类活动之一,选择合理的城镇化模式对绿洲地区可持续发展至关重要。本文以石羊河流域武威绿洲为研究区,采用情景分析方法,对该地区常规城镇化和快速集约型城镇化两种情景的生态效应展开系统动力学模拟。结果表明：在快速集约型城镇化情景下,到2025年,武威绿洲年农业用水将控制在6×108 m3以内,相比目前水平可节约3×108～4×108 m3,生产和生活对生态用水的占用也将相应减少,年总用水量将控制在8×108 m3以内,水资源供需矛盾可得到缓解,下游民勤绿洲生态退化可得到有效控制;而在常规城镇化情景下,水供需矛盾将继续恶化,无法遏制石羊河下游生态退化趋势。因此,快速集约型城镇化模式是维持武威绿洲及石羊河流域生态系统稳定性的可取城镇化模式之一。     

The Current Status,Problems and Prospects of Researches on the Carrying Capacities of Ecological Environment in China

Determining the carrying capacity of ecological resources is the key to finding contradictions between human activities and the environment, as well as the links between economic growth, environmental protection and social development. In recent years, the carrying capacity of the ecological environment has been extensively studied at home and abroad. Through extensive literature research and analysis, this paper discusses the current status and main problems of recent research on the carrying capacity of the ecological environment in China. For example, two of the main problems are that: 1) the concepts and connotations are not clear enough, and 2) the research content is not systematic enough. This is followed by a summary of the evaluation index system and main calculation methods. Finally, according to the research status and development trends at home and abroad, the possible direction for the development of this research field in the future is proposed.