翠湖湿地公园水域生物多样性保护与成效

探讨了北京市海淀区翠湖国家城市湿地公园的水域生物多样性及保护方法,论证了生物防治藻类、高等植被恢复等基于物质循环再生原理的方法对水域生物多样性恢复的效果。实践表明,人工湿地污水净水系统、以营养环节来控制水体富营养化的生物水体防治方法,对翠湖湿地的水质有明显的净化、保护和提升作用,对水域生物多样性的保护起到了积极的作用。     

The Spaces of Conservation and Development around Lake Nakuru National Park,Kenya

Geographically or sociologically defined resource management units, such as buffer zones or community resource management territories, seek to harmonize local land–use practices with protected–area management objectives. The geographically restricted nature of these models often results in simplistic representations of society–nature relations over time and space. Conservation areas are misrepresented as ecologically and socially homogeneous, as well as politically neutral. This study examines the limits of a spatially defined conservation and development project designed around the physical geographical unit of the watershed at Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya. It argues that politically motivated violence that has plagued the area since the early 1990s has severely undermined the suitability of such narrowly defined conservation territories. Specifically, the case study points to the permeability of the Lake Nakuru watershed to national and regional political forces that ultimately constrain participation in conservation activities. The spaces of conservation and development must be enlarged to include these extralocal arenas and processes if environmental problems are to be effectively addressed.     

Between a rock and a hard place: contested livelihoods in Qwaqwa National Park, South Africa

This paper examines rural livelihoods and the prospects for participatory conservation through a case study of Qwaqwa National Park (QNP) in South Africa. The park was established in 1992 in the context of South Africa's transition to democracy, growing ecotourism in the country and global movements towards conservation involving and benefiting local people. The paper argues that the protracted conflict between park residents and management led to new patterns of livelihood activities and household formation, and resulted in material and social differentiation amongst park households. The goals of park management, with a commitment to nature conservation and ecotourism, were at odds with the livelihood practices of park residents. Conflicts arose over stocking levels, overgrazing, wood-cutting and deforestation and over the use of other natural resources, including water and medicinal plants. The park was the site of a Rand Water project that employed many residents. Residents found themselves between a rock and a hard place as they resisted attempts by the management to reduce stocking levels and yet relied on management to gain access to sources of paid employment.     

Lasting Legacies: Conservation and Communities at Huascaran National Park,Peru

This article uses a case-study approach to investigate the challenges of protected area (PA) management for Huascaran National Park in the Peruvian Andes. The park is analyzed by situating the timing of establishment of the park boundaries within the context of two historical Peruvian events: agrarian reform (1969) and an earthquake (1970). Interviews and narratives from community members and stakeholders associated with park delimitation and management were used for the study. Analysis of narratives revealed that the establishment of park boundaries, the legal definition used for the park, and land use restrictions contribute to diminished support for the park from surrounding communities. Community and national institutions negotiate the spatial boundary of conservation in Huascaran National Park while engaging with historical narratives that invoke environmental constraints and acts of resistance.     

若尔盖湿地面临的威胁、保护现状及对策分析

若尔盖湿地是中国残存面积最大的高原泥炭沼泽,具有丰富的生物多样性和生态资源。然而长期以来,这片湿地明显萎缩,生态环境极度脆弱,正面临着空前的生态危机。在分析了若尔盖湿地及其生物多样性面临的主要威胁,包括自然因素和人为因素的基础上,总结了若尔盖湿地保护现状,包括建立保护区、加强宣传、开展科研调查活动、以及各种保护项目和工程,并从国家层次、地方层次和保护区层次上提出了有效缓解若尔盖湿地面临威胁的对策。     

云南的圣境及其在环境和生物多样性保护中的意义

圣境是由于传统的信仰文化的原因而建立和被保护的一类特殊自然－人文景观单元，对圣境的起源、分类在云南的分布和数目、生态价值和其它特征进行了描述和举例分析，提出了传统信仰文化和将乡土保护体系运用于农村生态恢复和生态多样性管理的潜在价值。以及将其纳入现代保护和开发项目的必要性。     

Rescaling of Access and Property Relations in a Frontier Landscape: Insights from Jambi,Indonesia

The recent expansion of protected areas and oil palm plantations in Jambi (Sumatra), Indonesia, has been notably disruptive. This article investigates the scalar dimensions of land conflicts within a privately managed conservation area. We built on qualitative research focusing on struggles related to the formation of two informal settlements within the conservation area. Results indicate that, especially in the context of rapid rescaling (e.g., decentralization), new power constellations emerge, thereby altering preexisting property relations. We argue that competing scales of meaning and regulation are structuring the ability of actors to access land and, consequently, reflect tensions between structure and agency.     

国家公园运动的教训、趋势及其启示

国家公园源自美国,100多年来已经扩展到了世界上100多个国家,现已成为人类迈向生态文明时代的国际运动。通过对美国、加拿大等国国家公园发展的历程、经验教训的回顾,阐述了国家公园运动发展的新趋势。针对当前中国的实际提出了应该严格控制旅游设施建设的快速膨胀,加强生态科学在资源管理中的应用,重视景观设计师的参与等建议。     

Shifting Tides,Complex Lives: The Dynamics of Fishing and Tourism Livelihoods on the Kenyan Coast

This article investigates the complexities of fisher livelihoods and their interactions with the tourism industry on the Kenyan coast, to better understand how the prospects for alternative livelihoods, such as tourism, reduce fishing pressure. Data were derived from a questionnaire of 123 households and 30 interviews. Results showed that fishers cover the whole socioeconomic spectrum and that the role of fishing in livelihoods is heterogeneous both between individuals and for individuals over time. The majority of fishers do not combine tourism and fishing simultaneously, but livelihoods are characterized by a process of moving in and out of various activities as opportunities present themselves. There was no evidence of systematic or permanent displacement of fishers as a result of tourism. Given that fishing is not only an occupation carried out by those with no alternatives, prospects for alternative livelihoods systematically reducing fishing effort, predicated on this assumption, are questioned.     

Beyond slash-and-burn: The roles of human activities,altered hydrology and fuels in peat fires in Central Kalimantan,Indonesia

Near-annual landscape-scale fires in Indonesia's peatlands have caused severe air pollution, economic losses, and health impacts for millions of Southeast Asia residents. While the extent of fires across the peatland surface has been widely attributed to widespread peatland drainage for plantation agriculture, fires that transition from surface into sub-surface soil-based fires are the source of the most dangerous air pollution. Yet the mechanisms by which this transition occurs have rarely been considered, particularly in diversely managed landscapes. Integrating physical geography methods, including active fire scene evaluations and hydrological monitoring, with qualitative methods such as retrospective fire scene evaluations and semi-structured interviews, this article discusses how and why sub-surface peat fire transition occurs in an intensively altered peatland ecosystem in Indonesia's Central Kalimantan province. We demonstrate that variable water table levels and flammable surface vegetation (fire fuels) are co-produced socio-political and biophysical phenomena that enable the conditions in which surface fire is likely to transition into peat fire and increase landscape vulnerability to ongoing, uncontrollable annual fires. This localized understanding of peat fire transition counters normative causal narratives of tropical fire such as ‘slash-and-burn’, with implications for the management of new fire regimes in inhabited landscapes.     

These roads were made for walking? The nature and use of rural public transport services in Garut Regency,West Java,Indonesia

Public passenger transport services receive relatively little space in the literatures on rural transport in developing economies, which mostly focus on the provision, or socioeconomic impacts, of roads. The implication is either that rural people are able to purchase or have access to motorized transport – or that they can walk on thoroughfares intended for vehicles. Statistics from Indonesia show that a low proportion of rural households own motor vehicles, but that rural bus services have seen a substantial expansion since the late 1970s; however, the coverage of the rural population is not complete. Based on survey data from villages ( desa ) in West Java, Indonesia, this paper explores several issues with respect to bus operations and motorcycle taxi ( ojek ) services in rural areas: the nature of public passenger services, the users of those services and the nature of trips made.     

Enclaves and ethnic ties: The local impacts of Singaporean cross‐border tourism in Malaysia and Indonesia

Cross‐border tourism is often proposed by governments as an incentive for economic growth, but critics have suggested that its impacts are, in fact, overplayed. This paper presents research in the Indonesia‐Malaysia‐Singapore Growth Triangle (IMS‐GT). It examines the broad economic impacts of Singaporean cross‐border tourism on local host communities in two locations: Kukup, a traditional Malaysian fishing village in Johor, southern Peninsular Malaysia, and Bintan in Riau Islands Province in western Indonesia. The study found that cross‐border tourism generated income, employment and some local economic linkages. In Kukup clear economic benefits with increased income and employment were unevenly distributed between ethnic groups. The Bintan enclave development had some linkages to the island economy but was reliant on immigrant labour. Cross‐border ethnic ties, particularly Chinese, also played an important role in the growth of tourism in the IMS‐GT. The paper shows that cross‐border tourism can be a useful addition to more conventional forms of international tourism within national tourism planning and could lead to significant economic benefits for local communities.     

韩国农业和渔业遗产系统的保护与管理(英文)

农业和渔业社区,除食物生产这一基本功能之外,其生物多样性及历史、文化功能正在日益引起人们的兴趣。一直以来,农业遗产系统及韩国重要农业遗产系统的发展都是大韩国民国中央政府的关键目标。在农业遗产系统发展的大前提下,一旦遗产受到损坏,假定其恢复及技术转让变得不可能,则需要开展针对其保护管理的详细研究。作者分析了几个由地方政府上报的韩国重要农业遗产系统实践案例,主要目标是确认每个案例的独特性,同时考量遗产性质、遗产面临的威胁,以及当前保护措施。作者发现,最常见的威胁是,由于农业环境的变化,维护遗产的种群在减少。相应地,每处遗产地都把大力发展当地旅游活动作为解决措施,但当前围绕旅游业制定的管理计划可能导致遗产地受到进一步的损害。作者根据分析,提出未来规划三大重要方面:加深对遗产的理解和认识;要有足够的空间来维护遗产的特性;要有新的产业计划以维持生产活动。这些建议将确保遗产保护和自然环境保护,以及通过生物多样性来确保农业和渔业社区获得有益养护。     

西溪国家湿地公园模式的实践与探索

作为首个国家湿地公园,杭州西溪国家湿地公园全力探索“西溪模式”,寻求科学保护与适度利用之间的平衡点,努力走出一条保护与利用的“双赢”之路。在建设西溪国家湿地公园的过程中,主要抓住“规划、保护、管理、研究”4个环节建设好西溪湿地天堂。坚持规划先行,构筑区域性人与自然和谐发展的规划体系;实施科学保护,调整并规划区内人类活动的强度与容量;注重精心管理,实现湿地生态环境、生态资源的科学保护和合理利用;做好深入研究,努力为湿地保护利用提供决策依据和理论指导。     

Haze and Health in Brunei Darussalam: The Case of the 1997‐98 Episodes

A study of the impacts of the 1997‐98 haze episodes in Brunei Darussalam was carried out in two districts between September 1997 and September 1998 through random surveys of households. The aim of the study was to understand health problems caused by haze; whether such health impacts differed amongst different groups in the population; and the nature of the differences that might exist. The study also sought to understand whether health impacts of haze varied between urban and rural areas. Furthermore, the study aimed to understand respondents' perception of the haze problem. Some hypotheses formulated to establish the existence or otherwise of significant difference between health conditions during haze (September 1997 and January‐June 1998) and haze‐free periods (January‐June 1997 and September 1998) were verified through the p‐value statistical approach. The conclusions from the verifications are that adverse health effects of the haze were statistically significant and were not uniform with respect to different groups in the population. For example, the deleterious effects of haze appeared skewed towards the young (age 1‐5 years) and the aged (≥60 years). A higher proportion of urban population was more adversely affected than in rural areas and, other things being equal, a higher proportion of outdoor workers was more adversely affected by haze than their indoor counterparts. The paper suggests cooperative efforts amongst ASEAN governments to reduce poverty in communities that burn forests; improve their socioeconomic opportunities; lessen their dependence on land; and share information related to haze to prevent or mitigate its adverse effects. There is a need to intervene especially in the private sector with respect to work schedules of those who work outdoors (e.g. construction workers) and the housing of immigrant workers occupying makeshift structures to escape rents in proper accommodation. There is also a need for greater and sustained programme of educating the public on environmental hazards to mitigate their adverse impacts on society.     

广州大学城湾咀头湿地保护与生态恢复研究

分析了广州大学城湾咀头湿地现状,研究了其湿地保护与生态恢复工程,旨在通过有效措施保护湿地鸟类、提升湿地生物多样性、净化区域珠江水质,形成集湿地保护、生态恢复和自然观赏于一体的广州特色湿地。     

The meaning of place: Attachments to Femundsmarka National Park,Norway, among tourists and locals

In Norway, the management of natural and cultural resources is subject to increasing public scrutiny. Conflicts are escalating over many issues concerning the balance between preservation and utilisation. Traditionally conflicts over issues like growth in commercial nature tourism, predator control, forest policies, protected areas management, cultural heritage protection, and rights associated with common access, have been explained in terms of opposing values, attitudes, and goals between urban and rural interests. However, historical differences between the urban and rural in terms of social conditions, employment opportunities, services, cultural norms, and lifestyles are no longer clear-cut or predictable. Nor can differences between urban and rural communities easily explain attitudes or values held in relation to the environment. To examine how a local community and a population of tourists feel about an area we examine data from two separate surveys from the Femundsmarka-Røros region in Southern Norway. This region includes a wilderness-type national park and a historic mining town recognised as a World Heritage Site and including a diverse agricultural landscape. We compare the perspective of the community with that of tourists regarding the strength and nature of attachment to place, and reasons and priorities for resource protection. We also assess how residence and experience of using the area affect attachment to place and attitudes to management priorities. The results have implications both for the management of this particular area, and for how we approach attitude diversity in resource management.     

Diaspora strategies in the sending states of Southeast Asia: Rights,skills and questions of value

Over the past decade there has been a surge of academic and policy interest in the contributions of transnational migrants in furthering national development objectives in their ‘home’ countries. These approaches tend to be bifurcated into two distinct categories: (1) ‘diaspora strategies’ that target the participation in national development objectives of sought‐after elite, high‐skilled migrants and (2) migration‐as‐development strategies, which focus on facilitating and channeling the economic and social remittances of nonelite, low‐skilled migrants. Although these broad categorizations have never been entirely adequate in capturing the complexity of international migration flows, a conceptual division between them persists, with very real consequences for state policies in migrant‐sending countries in Southeast Asia. This paper explores the separation between diaspora strategies and migration‐as‐development frameworks through a focus on rights and skills, and questions of relative labour value. I argue that while diaspora strategies and migration‐as‐development frameworks cannot simply be merged, the academic separation between them should be challenged and more in‐depth theoretical engagement should be encouraged. I further suggest that migration policy makers should strive to evaluate their migration policies to address the increasing complexities of contemporary migration.     

城市生产方式转变、文化变迁与历史环境保护——对珠江三角洲历史环境保护的启示

首先分析20世纪晚期西方社会经济文化转变,带来折射人类社会文化特征的建成环境风格的转变,从而导致作为建成环境一部分的历史环境保护受到全面重视,保护内容和手段不断拓展。继而揭示了珠三角地区历史环境种类丰富、分区明显、涵盖面广的特点,及保护与经济发展不同步、保护体系单一的问题。并分析21世纪珠三角主要城市也出现后工业化趋势,而文化大省战略将进一步带来对多元文化和地方特色的重现,促使区域重新审视和重视历史环境保护问题。最后借鉴西方的经验,提出通过保护的跨学科、多部门融合,保护内容的多样性和保护主体的多元化,实现多元文化背景下珠三角历史环境保护。