The Perception and Impact of Natural Hazards on Fishing Communities of Kutubdia Island,Bangladesh

Natural hazards lead to unexpected and often dire situations for people who have few resources and little control over the environment in which they live. Kutubdia, an island in the southeastern part of Bangladesh, experiences frequent natural hazards that impact the livelihoods of its people and put them in vulnerable situations. The research elaborated here is the result of 300 household surveys collected from persons in Kutubdia's fishing communities. The surveys investigated the perception and consequences of natural hazards on the fishing communities. The results indicated that the experience of natural hazards—cyclones, erosion, and flooding are examples—have increased over the years. Coastal erosion displaced seventy‐two (24 percent) fishers, forcing them to relocate their houses several times and imposing multiple challenges on their lives. Literacy was not associated with perceptions of environmental changes or changes in fishing. However, young fishers—less than forty years of age—perceived that environmental changes had affected fish catch more than their older colleagues.     

Marine Geomorphology in the Design of Marine Reserve Networks

Marine environments, key life-support systems for the earth, are under severe threat. Issues associated with managing these common property resources are complex and interrelated. Networks of marine reserves can be valuable for mitigating threats to marine systems, yet the successful design and implementation of such networks has been limited. Efficient ways to conserve marine environments are urgently needed. This Focus Section of The Professional Geographer explores the development of marine reserve networks based on geomorphology, fish biology, ecological connectivity, and appropriate governance. The articles in this Focus Section offer examples of the following: (1) distinctive reef geomorphology dictating the spawning locations of reef fishes, which in turn serve as critical source sites for the replenishment of distant reefs by means of larval transport; (2) an example of a simplified oceanographic model that predicts larval transport from fish breeding sites to important nursery areas; and (3) a case study of the development of a marine reserve network that illustrates key elements of a successful strategy. In sum, this Focus Section offers case studies that show the value of marine geomorphology, oceanographic connectivity, and stakeholder involvement as key elements of multidisciplinary geographic studies applied to the design of marine reserve networks. Geographers can further contribute to the conservation and management of coastal and marine ecosystems in many ways that involve subdisciplines of remote sensing and geographic information systems, political and economic geography, political ecology, and ethnography.     

Coastal Resident Trust,Similarity, Attitudes,and Intentions Regarding New Marine Reserves in Oregon

This article examined coastal resident attitudes and behavioral intentions associated with new marine reserves (MRs) in Oregon, as well as resident perceived similarity and trust in the lead managing agency (Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife). Data were obtained from a survey of residents along the Oregon coast (n?=?596). Most residents perceived moderate similarity and trust in the agency, had stronger attitudes toward potential advantages of MRs, and would vote in support for the establishment of these reserves. Those living nearest the reserves had the most positive attitudes and were most supportive. Residents who perceived themselves as similar to the agency were more likely to trust this agency, and those with higher trust had stronger attitudes toward advantages of MRs and less agreement with disadvantages of the reserves. Residents with stronger attitudes toward advantages were most likely to vote for MRs, whereas those who agreed with disadvantages were less supportive.     

Fishing in the Amazonian Forest: A Gendered Social Network Puzzle

We employ social network analysis (SNA) to describe the structure of subsistence fishing social networks and to explore the relation between fishers’ emic perceptions of fishing expertise and their position in networks. Participant observation and quantitative methods were employed among the Tsimane’ Amerindians of the Bolivian Amazon. A multiple-regression quadratic assignment procedure was used to explore the extent to which gender, kinship, and age homophilies influence the formation of fishing networks. Logistic regressions were performed to determine the association between fishers’ expertise, their sociodemographic identities, and network centrality. We found that fishing networks are gendered and that there is a positive association between fishers’ expertise and centrality in networks, an association that is more striking for women than for men. We propose that a social network perspective broadens understanding of the relations that shape the intracultural distribution of fishing expertise, as well as natural resource access and use.     

Qualitative GIS to Relate Perceptions with Behaviors among Fishers on Risky,Rocky Coasts

This article presents an innovative mixed methodology that integrates qualitative geographic information systes (GIS) methods to expand the examination of space in the context of people’s lived experiences and risk. We emphasize the specific ways in which individuals perceive risk by treating risk as relational. Conceptualizing risk as relational challenges traditional assumptions of risk by rejecting that risk is the combination of physical and social elements. Instead, a relational understanding explores the socioenvironmental interactions that are perceived as hazardous, as they emerge in space. Such claims have long animated risk research, but only recently have methodological advances opened opportunities for relational analyses. Using hazardous coasts as the case, we analyze rock fishers’ risk perceptions and whether those perceptions influence their movement. Analytically, we relate rock fishers’ Global Positioning System movement with participant observations, video, semistructured interviews, and sketch maps anchored to questions focusing on spatial understandings of risk. In doing so, fishers’ perceptions of socioenvironmental stimuli are spatially represented, with sketch mapping as a window into the perception–environment interactions that produce risk. This methodology opens new possibilities for understanding human–environment systems that typically overlook how, where, and for how long risky human–environment interactions are perceived in space, if at all. Key Words: qualitative GIS, relational, risk, risk perception, space.     

‘Where there is fish,is where I put my head’: Challenges of mobile fishers in Elmina fishing community in Ghana

Small-scale fisheries are crucial for improving livelihoods by providing fisher employment, and food security. As part of their work, fishers frequently move to different fishing communities to catch and trade in fish. This paper analyses the living circumstances of artisanal fishers and discusses their mobility patterns, lodging arrangements, and the difficulties they encounter as they carry out their work. This paper is based on a study that involved 385 artisanal fishers in the fishing community of Elmina in the Komenda Edina Equafo Abirem (KEEA) Municipality in the Central Region of Ghana. The results show that there are not many suitable places to stay for fishers when they travel from home to other fishing locations, and the few places that do offer affordable lodging also lack toilets, bathrooms and drinkable water. The paper also reflects on the gendered dynamics of these and related issues of insecurity for women in this case study. District authorities whose economies are heavily dependent on fishing ought to collaborate with private housing developers and the state to build affordable lodging facilities with standard household amenities like water, toilets and baths in fishing destinations to address the housing issues faced by fishers while travelling.     

Evaluation and Driving Force Analysis of Marine Sustainable Development based on the Grey Relational Model and Path Analysis

With the rapid development of the marine economy, the demand for marine resources development and the pressure on marine environmental protection are gradually increasing. It is critical to evaluate and analyze the driving forces of marine sustainable development in order to promote the coordinated development of the marine economy, resources and environment. Taking Jiangsu Province of China as an example, this paper constructs an evaluation index system for marine sustainable development from the three aspects of marine economy, resources and environment, and calculates the weight of the variation coefficient for each indicator. Based on the grey relational model, the average value of the relational degree, calculated by the average value method of correlation coefficients and the weighting method, is then used to evaluate the status of marine sustainable development in this province. The comprehensive index model is used to analyze the dynamic trend of the evolution of marine sustainable development. The driving forces of marine sustainable development are analyzed by the path analysis method combined with the average values of the grey relational degree for each indicator. This analysis found that the marine sustainable development in 2016 and 2012 was good, the situation in 2007 was bad, and the remaining years were intermediate. Compared with the previous years, the optimal conditions of 2008 and 2012 were obvious. The main driving factors of marine sustainable development are cargo throughput of coastal ports, economic losses caused by storm surges in coastal areas, the area of marine nature reserves in coastal areas, coastal wind power generation capacity, and marine biodiversity.     

Earth,Wind, and Fire: Wildfire Risk Perceptions in a Hurricane-Prone Environment

Wildfire is one of several potential disturbances that could have extraordinary impacts on individuals and communities in fire-prone areas. In this article we describe disturbance risk perceptions from interviews with residents in three Florida communities that face significant wildfire and hurricane risk. Although they live in areas characterized by emergency managers as having high wildfire risk and many participants have direct experience with wildfire, residents tended to share high hurricane and low wildfire risk perceptions. The different perceptions of risk seem linked to several factors: direct hurricane experience, different scales of impact, the local “hurricane culture,” effectiveness of local ordinances and development patterns, perceived predictability of the event, and perceived ability to control the event. This study shows that residents may perceive and act to reduce risk for one disturbance in relation to their perceptions, concern, and actions for another.     

中国和美国海洋经济与海洋产业结构特征对比——基于海洋GDP中国超过美国的实证分析

对比中美两国海洋经济总产值（海洋经济增加值）发现, 2011年开始,中国海洋经济总产值（海洋经济增加值）（2 849.73×10⁸美元）,已超过美国海洋经济增加值（2 779.02×10⁸美元）（实际GDP）。重点分析2005~2012年,中国海洋产业超过美国的演进过程,并以两国共同的6个海洋产业部门为例,分析了中国与美国海洋产业发展历程。为了体现中美两国海洋经差异的特征与规律性,应用标准差、变差系数、集中化指数（基尼系数）、锡尔系数等方法,分析了中、美两国在海洋经济总值（海洋经济增加值）、海洋产业与区域海洋经济的差异与特征。     

大连市海洋渔业集群空间格局演化与企业区位选择

全球化时代是发展海洋经济的时代,海洋渔业是海洋经济的重要部门,是深耕蓝色国土的重要一步.以典型海洋城市大连市为案例,基于海洋渔业企业视角研究海洋渔业产业,建立海洋渔业企业数据库,运用核密度方法分析大连市海洋渔业企业的空间格局演化规律,建立回归模型重点分析了 2011-2018年海产加工企业在区位选择时的影响因素.结果表...     

Legal implications of mobile shorelines in Great Britain

This paper highlights the three legally defined property areas that lie in the coastal zone in Great Britain (land, foreshore and seabed), and considers the mechanisms used by the two legal systems that operate on the mainland (Scots and English law) to cope with natural processes of erosion and accretion. The two legal systems are shown to be slightly different in how they accommodate erosion and accretion. However, they both have difficulty in coherently addressing the issues of coastal mobility and land ownership, which raises important questions of social justice, as they are based on the perceptions of judges in historic cases.     

Sustainable Utilisation of Fisheries as Governmentality: Constraining the Potential for Ecosystems‐Based Management?

This paper examines the constitution of ‘sustainable management’ within the context of the New Zealand marine environment. Firstly this paper examines the difference between ‘sustainable ecosystems’ and ‘sustainable utilisation’. The distinction is important if we are to make sense of the different ways in which various stakeholders (fishers, fisheries companies, scientists, fisheries managers and environmental groups) use ‘sustainability’ in the management of New Zealand's marine environment. We then examine how contestation results in sustainable management becoming a governmentality. We propose that such contestation transforms stakeholders into subjects whose everyday practices and relationships are influenced by seemingly incommensurable understandings of the lexicon that surrounds sustainable management. We conclude try considering how the potential revelation of new unknowns may be needed in order for disparate stakeholders to forge a unified approach to New Zealand's marine management.     

Gendering Marine Conservation: The Politics of Marine Protected Areas and Fisheries Access

Drawing on ethnographic case studies from Madagascar, this research shows that multiple marine conservation projects have institutionalized inequitable access to marine recourses along gendered lines. Despite discursive and institutional shifts toward more “collaborative” and “community-based” conservation programing, there is a deficiency of women’s nominal as well as effective participation in community management organizations. This research shows that conservation organizations’ focus on proximate drivers of marine resource use, or a politics of picking the “low-hanging fruit,” over ultimate drivers such as global commodity chains, places disproportionate emphasis on marine spatial enclosures and restricting specific, and gendered, harvest methods. To address gender bias concerning access to and control over natural resources, we must go beyond the rhetoric of “community involvement” to address gendered inequalities in conservation decision making, and whose interests are served by conservation projects.     

海洋灾害对海洋经济增长影响研究——基于内生经济增长与拓展C-D函数

基于内生经济增长视角,将海洋灾害损失与海洋科技进步内生化,与海洋劳动力和资本要素一并作为海洋经济生产驱动因素,测度海洋灾害对海洋经济增长的影响。研究表明,海洋灾害对当年海洋经济增长有负向影响,对灾后第2年海洋经济增长具有拉动作用,且长期呈现负作用。究其原因,海洋灾害主要通过破坏海洋经济生产基础设施、设备以及渔业资源等生产资本影响当期海洋经济增长;通过更新海洋科技和海洋经济生产资本存量拉动灾后海洋经济增长;长期来看,海洋灾害对海洋经济生产要素破坏作用大于对要素的更新作用。     

Shifting Tides,Complex Lives: The Dynamics of Fishing and Tourism Livelihoods on the Kenyan Coast

This article investigates the complexities of fisher livelihoods and their interactions with the tourism industry on the Kenyan coast, to better understand how the prospects for alternative livelihoods, such as tourism, reduce fishing pressure. Data were derived from a questionnaire of 123 households and 30 interviews. Results showed that fishers cover the whole socioeconomic spectrum and that the role of fishing in livelihoods is heterogeneous both between individuals and for individuals over time. The majority of fishers do not combine tourism and fishing simultaneously, but livelihoods are characterized by a process of moving in and out of various activities as opportunities present themselves. There was no evidence of systematic or permanent displacement of fishers as a result of tourism. Given that fishing is not only an occupation carried out by those with no alternatives, prospects for alternative livelihoods systematically reducing fishing effort, predicated on this assumption, are questioned.     

海洋产业影响省域经济增长估计及其分异动因判识

采用静态和动态计量方法分析2006~2015年海洋经济对沿海省（市、区）经济发展的影响程度并通过空间计量方法识别差异动因。研究发现：① 海洋经济对中国省域经济发展具有显著地影响,其中天津、上海、福建、山东、广东、海南海洋经济总量贡献率高于全国平均水平;② 省域海洋产业对区域经济影响度分异呈现省际绝对差异不断扩大、相对差异不断缩小,且具有显著的空间相关性;③ 引起省域经济增长差异的海洋经济相关因素中,海洋第二产业、海洋进出口贸易额等起到正向促进作用（即拉大差异）,且海洋第二产业结构具有显著的溢出效应。相关发现有助于中国沿海省（市、区）经济的协调发展和科学决策。     

Elements for Building a Participatory,Ecosystem-Based Marine Reserve Network

This article offers a case study of the process involved in the development of a national network of marine reserves to protect multispecies reef fish spawning aggregation sites. There are two guiding principles that engendered success for this unprecedented conservation event. First was the broad participation of a diverse group of stakeholders, particularly the local fishermen providing their traditional ecological knowledge (TEK). The second involved the search for patterns in geomorphology and its association to the biology of exploited species. Using diverse and patchy sets of data including published peer-reviewed papers, gray literature reports from Belize and other Caribbean nations, remotely sensed images, coarse bathymetric maps, new bathymetric data collected with a single-beam sonar, and reports of fishermen from various parts of the country, we developed a conceptual understanding summarized by the multispecies promontory hypothesis, which suggests a common geomorphology of spawning sites for most large and commercially important reef fish species. An explicit test of the hypothesis is presently underway but is not the only focus of this article. This article also addresses the participatory process of geographic discovery and the role of the process in building consensus around a functional biophysical hypothesis, its test, and the resulting conservation action. A holistic, eclectic, inclusive geographic approach is offered as a successful example.     

海洋地缘政治研究进展与中国海洋地缘环境研究探索

通过梳理西方100多a海洋地缘政治的发展脉络,系统总结和归纳其海洋地缘政治发展的4个阶段与特征：自然演进模式下的海洋地缘政治理论形成阶段（ 1890s前）、国家空间-权力关系下的理论发展阶段（两次世界大战前后）、海洋地缘政治的现代化阶段（1960s-1990s）、新海洋地缘政治理论阶段（1990s后）。与国外相比,中国的海洋地缘政治研究起步较晚且未得到足够的重视,通过分析新中国成立以来中国地缘政治学者在海洋地缘政治领域的探索历程发现：中国海洋地缘政治发展缺乏相关学科理论的支撑和整合,难以形成完整的理论体系,研究手段也较为单一并缺乏建设性的实证研究,这与中国在世界“海洋地缘环境”格局中的现状严重不符。因此,面对批判地缘政治学的“多尺度转向”背景与中国发展的具体国情,提出发展中国“海洋地缘环境”的研究作为响应,并深入探讨“海洋地缘环境”的内涵与研究的空间尺度。最后,对海洋地缘环境近期重点研究方向做出展望：① 深化海洋地缘环境理论基础与研究方法;② 加强不同尺度的海洋地缘环境时空分异格局及其形成机理研究;③ 安全转向背景下的多尺度海洋地缘环境系统脆弱性研究;④ 结合中国实际,加强边境与边界的相关研究。     

The Institutional Architecture of Extractive Reserves in Rondônia, Brazil

This paper examines the evolution and development of institutions involved in the establishment of extractive reserves. It focuses on the different actors, organizations and projects concerned with extractive reserves in Rondônia in western Amazonia, Brazil. Extractive reserves are widely seen as a means of integrating forest conservation and local socio-economic development. As such, they have gained the support of the international environmental movement, multilateral and state development organizations, and grassroots community and producer organizations. These institutions represent a vast array of diverse interests which range from conservation of biodiversity, economic and social cohesion, and regional and national development. Whilst the various actors and institutions claim mutual and complementary interests, they form shifting alliances and coalitions in order to further their interests. This paper maps these institutions and interests and describes how alliances have been formed and broken, and how this has contributed to the currently observed implementation of extractive reserves. The paper argues that extractive reserves are constrained by the dissonance or misfit in discourses and underlying worldviews, reflected by the aims and objectives, of the institutions which promote, oppose and lose and benefit from their implementation. This misfit is overcome, in part, by alliances formed between the different institutions, and in part by the creation of new institutions and projects.     

中国国家级自然保护区人类活动及变化特征

自然保护区是中国自然保护地的基础,是生物多样性保护的核心区域,国家级自然保护区更是中国自然保护区的主体。基于高分辨率影像数据,提取了中国446个国家级自然保护区2015年的人类活动及2013—2015年人类活动变化信息,分不同功能区、不同人类活动、不同区域和不同类型国家级自然保护区分析了人类活动及变化情况,并评估了2013—2015年人类活动变化强度和规律,结果表明：2015年,446个国家级自然保护区人类活动普遍存在,以农业用地和居民点占绝对优势,这两种类型人类活动总面积占国家级自然保护区人类活动总面积的88.94%、总数量占77.67%。2013—2015年,有66.59%的国家级自然保护区存在新增或规模扩大人类活动,人类活动数量增幅达到2.45%,相较于农业用地和居民点,开发建设活动的新增或规模扩大趋势更为明显。2013—2015年,33.41%的国家级自然保护区人类活动无变化,45.06%的国家级自然保护区人类活动变化较小,仅有21.53%的国家级自然保护区人类活动变化明显和较明显。从空间分布看,总体上东部的国家级自然保护区比中西部的国家级自然保护区人类活动变化强度大,沿海、沿河国家级自然保护区人类活动变化强度相对较大。