地震灾害死亡人口快速评估方法对比研究

中国是世界上地震活动最为频繁的国家之一,属于地震多发区。在收集分析国内外关于地震灾害死亡人口评估模型的基础上,选取10种模型以2000年以来中国典型地震灾害为案例验证其适用性。结果表明：① 对于5.7级（含）以下地震,10种模型的评估结果基本都在合理范围内,可采用各评估结果的区间值来支撑应急决策;5.7~6.6级（含）地震,10种评估方法得到的结果表现出不同程度的偏差,可采用多数评估结果指向的死亡人口数量级来支撑应急决策;6.6级以上地震,则只能采用有特定适用范围的基于结构易损性的评估结果来支撑应急决策,且也存在较大的不确定性。② 从地震灾害人员伤亡动态评估方法、地震—地质灾害死亡人口快速评估方法和快速评估软件系统方面进行了相关讨论。此研究可为地震灾害死亡人口快速评估模型的改进与发展提供借鉴。     

浙江省台风灾害直接经济损失评估模型

基于浙江省1984―2007年发生的40个台风数据及历史灾情数据,从致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体和防灾减灾４个方面选取影响因子,利用模糊综合评价方法建立直接经济损失模型,并对其进行验证。结果显示：该模型具有较高的拟合率,相关性系数达到0.806;基于3次台风过程数据进行模型验证和误差分析得知其模拟值与实际统计值基本一致,模拟误差在合理的范围之内;模型能够较好地评估一次台风灾害可能造成的直接经济损失,为政府部门的防灾减灾工作提供科学依据和决策支持,具有实际意义。     

A spatial fuzzy influence diagram for modelling spatial objects’ dependencies: a case study on tree-related electric outages

Spatial objects can be interconnected and mutually dependent in complex ways. In Geographical Information Science, spatial objects’ topological relationships are not discussed together with their attributes’ dependencies, and the vagueness of spatial objects is often ignored during the spatial modelling process. To address this, a spatial fuzzy influence diagram (SFID) is introduced. Compared to the traditional statistical or fuzzy modelling approach, the influence diagram brings advantages in helping decision-makers structure complex interdependency problems. A questionnaire was developed to evaluate the applicability of using an influence diagram in modelling spatial objects’ dependencies. As a case study, an SFID is applied to tree-related electric outages. The result of the case study is represented as a vulnerability map of electrical networks. The map shows areas at risk due to tree-related electric outages. The results were first validated by using a visual comparison of the vulnerability map and electricity fault data. In the second validation step, the percentage of fault data, which has received values in different vulnerability categories, was calculated. The results of the case study can be used to support the decision-making process of electrical network maintenance and planning.     

京津冀地区县域单元地质灾害风险评估

以京津冀地区为例,探索县域单元的地质灾害风险评估方法。通过测算地质灾害危险性与承灾体易损性,以定性综合评估的方式实现县域单元地质灾害风险评估。实际评估中,将承灾体易损性分为人口安全易损性与资产易损性,分别用因灾死亡人口比与因灾直接经济损失比加以表征;再以国土资源部2001-2015年地质灾害灾情数据为基础,参考1950-2000年灾情数据,提出人口安全易损性与资产易损性的分级标准,并在京津冀地区进行了评估。结果表明：研究区整体地质灾害风险低,204个评估单元中仅有6个为中风险区,包括河北省涞源县、涞水县、武安市、青龙满族自治县、北京石景山区、延庆区,其余198个为低风险区,与实际情况相符。此方法快捷简便、数据可连续获取,符合建立资源环境承载能力监测预警机制要求。空间差异化评估结果可为主动防灾减灾、国土空间管理提供支撑。     

基于GIS的低温冷冻灾害风险区划研究——以安徽省为例

以安徽省为例,基于自然灾害风险形成原理,利用气象、基础地理信息、农业和社会经济等方面数据,从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性以及抗灾能力等4个方面来综合评估安徽省低温冷冻灾害风险程度的地区差异,最终建立综合的灾害风险指数,并将该指数应用于安徽省低温冷冻灾害进行风险区划及结果验证。结果表明,安徽省低温灾害风险评估模型比较客观,较全面地反映出安徽省的低温冷冻灾害风险水平。     

非洲旱灾的时序变化及健康风险评估

为分析25 a 来非洲旱灾的时间变化趋势及其对各国人口健康的风险,利用1990―2014 年国际灾害数据库（EM-DAT）数据对非洲干旱灾害发生次数、百万人口受影响人数等进行统计,分析其年际变化规律;基于灾害风险评估危险性、暴露性、脆弱性、抗灾能力4 要素,建立非洲旱灾健康风险评估模型,并结合非洲旱灾的主要健康效应,建立多指标综合评价体系,确定权重,对各国旱灾健康风险进行定量评估。结果表明：1）受全球气候变化和大尺度环流异常的影响,非洲干旱灾害发生次数呈波动上升趋势。2）霍乱、营养不良作为旱灾的主要健康效应,主要与旱灾发生频次、影响人数、人口总量、获改善饮用水人口比例、获改善卫生设施人口比例、15 岁以下儿童比例、农村人口比例、政府稳定等自然、社会经济因素有关。3）旱灾发生频次较高的地区危险性较大,对人体健康威胁较严重,而人口总量较大的国家对旱灾暴露量较大,增加了健康风险。改水改厕可提高饮 用水的卫生条件,既减小霍乱与其他水传疾病的流行,也对减少营养不良率起着至关重要的作用。政府稳定度高是国家防灾、抗灾能力建设的基本保障,而农村人口比例、15 岁以下儿童比例为粮食不安全的主要脆弱人群,受灾害健康威胁相对较大。4）从西非马里、尼日尔向东延伸至东非之角的索马里,再向南至南非,因旱灾发生频率高、人口暴露量大、脆弱性大且应灾能力相对较弱,成为旱灾健康风险较高地区。     

中国地震灾害宏观人口脆弱性评估

地震灾害脆弱性不但是国家和地区中长期规划的基础,也是地震应急时的重要决策依据,因此地震灾害脆弱性评估是当前研究的热点和重点。本文首先介绍了地震灾害人口脆弱性定义,指出了地震灾害人口脆弱性的影响因子和影响模式;然后通过分析传统地震灾害人口脆弱性的宏观和微观评价方法和模型,利用人口总量、儿童人口比例、老年人口比例、人口密度和人均GDP 5 个指标建立了地震灾害宏观人口脆弱性综合评价模型,并对全国各县市区的人口脆弱性进行了评估。结果表明：中国地震灾害人口脆弱性区域差异明显,东部地区人口脆弱性明显高于西部;人口总量是脆弱性的主要因素,宏观人口脆弱性综合评估模型对地震灾害人口脆弱性的修正作用显著。     

天津市滨海地区地面沉降灾害风险评估与区划

文章对1985~2006年累计地面沉降量及近几年地面沉降速率进行分析和叠加评价,完成天津市滨海地区地面沉降灾害危险性分区图;以人口密度和单位面积GDP为指标进行易损性分析;从每km²水准测量km数和地下水压采量占开采量百分比两方面考虑防灾减灾能力;在此基础上,借助GIS空间分析方法,将危险性分区图、易损性分区图和防灾减灾能力分区图进行叠加分析,完成天津市滨海地区地面沉降灾害风险区划图,分为低风险区、较低风险区、中等风险区、较高风险区、高风险区5等。     

地震灾害预测和应急模拟系统的设计与应用——以永安市城市应急系统为例

城市防震减灾是地震潜在频发区提高自然灾害防治能力建设的重要方面。本文结合福建省永安市城市防震减灾信息管理系统的建设,探讨设计防震减灾数值模型,分析模型集成的关键技术,构建了地震风险评估、建筑物易损性评价、生命与财产损失估算、救援与救灾管理调度等模型和基于GIS开发的震害预测和应急模拟系统。该系统在福建省永安市的实际应用表明,通过对地震灾害预测结果的分析,可加强城市抗震中的薄弱环节,为灾区政府应急响应和制订对策提供决策支持辅助信息,从而显著提高城市防震减灾的综合能力。     

县域尺度下的宝鸡市农业洪水灾害脆弱性评价及区划

为探究农业洪水灾害发生机理和降低洪水灾害对农业生产的不利影响,以宝鸡市为例,利用辖区内2014年降水数据与2015年社会经济统计资料,依据自然灾害脆弱性理论,从易损性和适应性2个因子着手,选取了年降水量等12个分指标,构建了宝鸡市农业洪水灾害脆弱性评价指标体系,运用均方差赋权法确定权重,利用ArcGIS 10.2技术以县域尺度视角对研究区农业洪水灾害脆弱性进行了综合评价与区划。结果表明：（1） 高易损性区主要集中在岐山县、金台区等年降水量较高且耕地比重较大的区县。（2） 高适应性区主要包括渭滨区、金台区等经济发达地区。（3） 高脆弱性区为太白县、千阳县;较高脆弱性区为陇县、麟游县、岐山县、扶风县;中等脆弱性区为陈仓区、凤翔县;低脆弱性区为金台区、渭滨区、眉县、凤县。整体来看,宝鸡市农业水灾高脆弱区集中分布在辖区东北部,宝鸡市政府及有关部门应加强水灾风险研究,根据各区县的地理环境特征和经济发展水平来因地制宜调整土地利用结构和农业种植结构,重视防洪工程建设,降低农业水灾脆弱性以减轻农业洪水灾损。     

多灾种综合风险评估软层次模型

在复杂的灾害风险系统中,风险并非简单相加,但目前的研究成果基本是单一灾种简单相加得到的综合风险,缺乏可靠性。因此,此研究基于灾害风险系统理论,引入模糊信息粒化方法和模糊转化函数,利用模糊近似推理理论和方法,建立一个多灾种综合风险评估软层次模型。研究表明该模型的优势：1）不仅考虑了灾害风险系统中的确定性,而且还包括了随机不确定性和模糊不确定性;2）利用模糊信息粒化方法不仅减少了数据的不确定性,而且还包括了一些主观信息,使得评估结果更加接近实际,理论与实际紧密结合,更有利于风险管理者和决策者为减少损失规避风险提供依据;3）通过模糊转化函数将不同灾种得到的不同量纲的量转化同一量纲的量,以便于综合分析和模糊近似推理,获得多灾种综合风险。以云南省丽江地区（市）的地震－洪水灾害为例,验证多灾种综合风险评估软层次模型的实用性,并将其结果与世界银行灾害管理中心和哥伦比亚大学灾害和风险研究中心所建议的风险评估模型（HMU－CHRR模型）的结果进行比较分析,讨论了本研究所建模型在多灾种综合风险评估中的特点。     

小城镇灾害易损性熵权与可变模糊集评估方法研究

为了客观评估小城镇的灾害易损性,提出一种熵权和可变模糊集组合评估方法.采用熵值法确定小城镇灾害易损性评估指标的权重,采用可变模糊集理论建立小城镇灾害易损性评估模型,并以湖南省小城镇为例,进行了相关研究.研究表明:熵值法通过挖掘统计数据的熵来确定评估指标的熵权,所确定的权重是客观的;可变模糊集通过相对隶属度和相对差异函数确定综合相对隶属度,并通过参数组合变换验证了评估方法的可靠性.因而熵权和可变模糊集组合评估是小城镇灾害易损性评估的一种有效方法.     

县域尺度下的陕西省洪涝灾害风险评估及区划

洪涝灾害风险评估和区划研究对区域洪灾综合管理具有重要意义。以陕西省洪涝灾害气候背景和社会经济环境为基础,利用辖区内34个气象测站1954-2015年、月降水数据和2015年社会经济统计资料,运用自然灾害风险评估理论及方法,从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境脆弱性、承灾体暴露性和防灾减灾能力4个子系统选取17个评价指标,建立洪涝灾害风险评价指标体系,借助GIS技术进行洪涝灾害风险评估和区划。结果表明：（1）陕西省洪涝灾害致灾因子危险性等级自北向南呈递增趋势,高和次高危险区分布在陕南地区和关中盆地西部。（2）孕灾环境脆弱性空间分布差异较大,高和次高脆弱区分布在榆林北部长城沿线各县、延安市区、关中盆地渭河沿岸主要区县、陕南汉中盆地和安康市区。（3）承灾体暴露性各区县分布不均,大部分市区和农业发达地区暴露程度较高。（4）城市和经济发达地区防灾减灾能力较高,其他地区相对较低。（5）陕西省洪涝灾害综合风险等级表征为陕南汉江谷地、丹江流域和关中盆地渭河沿岸区县偏高,其他区县相对偏低。总体来看,中等以上风险区县占陕西省所辖区县的61.54%,其中陕南汉江谷地、丹江流域、关中盆地西部和渭南市应为陕西省洪涝灾害防范的重点区域。     

基于GIS的区县级暴雨洪涝风险评估方法

在全球变暖大背景下,极端灾害性天气事件频繁发生,其中以暴雨洪涝灾害表现最为明显。文章基于灾害系统理论及风险评估原理,利用基础地理数据、气象数据、社会经济数据、历史灾情数据等,分别从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性、防灾减灾能力4个评价指标,建立基于评价因子的暴雨洪涝风险评估模型,并指出区县级暴雨洪涝风险评估需要解决的重点问题包括数据空间化、气象数据的序列延长、参数的确定等。最后以暴雨洪涝多发地区福建省石狮市（县级市）为研究区,利用GIS技术生成100 m×100 m分辨率的致灾因子危险性空间分布图、孕灾环境敏感性空间分布图、承灾体易损性空间分布图、防灾减灾能力空间分布图、暴雨洪涝风险评估空间分布图。结果显示：风险最高地区主要位于湖滨街道和凤里街道;其次是祥芝镇东部和西部,灵秀镇大部份地区、蚶江镇中南部、宝盖镇中南部和锦尚镇大部分地区;风险较低的地区主要是蚶江镇北部、宝盖镇北部和永宁镇大部分地区。     

热带滨海干旱地区生态环境脆弱性定量评价——以雷州半岛为例

雷州半岛是我国南方的热带滨海干旱地区,位于海陆气三相物质交接带,生态环境极度不稳定。借鉴生态环境脆弱性的定量评价方法,选择年降水量、降水变率、台风暴雨频率等10项指标,评价雷州半岛各县市的生态环境脆弱性。研究结果显示,雷州半岛南部生态环境的脆弱性高于北部。南部的徐闻县属严重脆弱区,生态环境脆弱度为0.9857;中南部的雷州市属强度脆弱区,生态环境脆弱度为0.8511;北部的廉江市、吴川市属中度脆弱区,生态环境脆弱度分别为0.6770和0.7679;中部的湛江市区和遂溪县属轻度脆弱区,生态环境脆弱度分别为0.3423和0.4346。     

THE ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY OF CARIBBEAN ISLAND NATIONS*

ABSTRACT. Within the hazards‐ and disaster‐research community consensus exists as to factors that magnify or attenuate the effects of extreme natural events on local places. But less agreement and understanding exist concerning the methods or techniques for comparing hazard vulnerability within or between places, especially small‐island developing states. Using two Caribbean nations, Saint Vincent and Barbados, as study sites, we asked which island has the greater level of hazard vulnerability, and why. Results indicate that, although neither island has a large portion of its population living in extremely hazardous locations, Barbados has many more residents in risk‐prone areas. The methods used in this research provide valuable tools for local emergency managers in assessing vulnerability, especially through the delineation of highly vulnerable hot spots. They can also help donor organizations interested in vulnerability reduction on islands use their resources more efficiently.     

A multicriteria spatial decision support system for solving emergency service station location problems

Earthquakes occurring in urban areas constitute an important concern for emergency management and rescue services. Emergency service location problems may be formulated in discrete space or by restricting the potential location(s) to a specified finite set of points in continuous space. We propose a Multicriteria Spatial Decision Support System to identify shelters and emergency service locations in urban evacuation planning. The proposed system has emerged as an integration of the geographical information systems (GIS) and the multicriteria Decision-Making method of Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation IV (PROMETHEE IV). This system incorporates multiple and often conflicting criteria and decision-makers’ preferences into a spatial decision model. We consider three standard structural attributes (i.e., durability density, population density, and oldness density) in the form of spatial maps to determine the zones most vulnerable to an earthquake. The information on these spatial maps is then entered into the ArcGIS software to define the relevant scores for each point with regards to the aforementioned attributes. These scores will be used to compute the preference functions in PROMETHEE IV, whose net flow outranking for each alternative will be inputted in ArcGIS to determine the zones that are most vulnerable to an earthquake. The final scores obtained are integrated into a mathematical programming model designed to find the most suitable locations for the construction of emergency service stations. We demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method and the efficacy of the procedures and algorithms in an earthquake emergency service station planning case study in the city of Tehran.     

Assessing physical vulnerability for multi-hazards using an indicator-based methodology

Globally, many built-up areas are threatened by multiple hazards which pose significant threat to humans, buildings and infrastructure. However, the analysis of the physical vulnerability towards multiple hazards is a field that still receives little attention although vulnerability analysis and assessment can contribute significantly to risk reduction efforts. Indicator-based vulnerability approaches are flexible and can be adjusted to the different hazards as well as to specific user needs. In this paper, an indicator-based vulnerability approach, the PTVA (Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment), was further developed to be applicable in a multi-hazard context. The resulting multi-hazard version of the PTVA consists of four steps: the identification of the study area and relevant hazards as well as the acquisition of hazard information, the determination of vulnerability indicators and collection of data, the weighting of factors and vulnerability assessment and finally, the consideration of hazard interactions. After the introduction of the newly developed methodology a pilot application is carried out in the Faucon municipality located in the Barcelonnette basin, Southern French Alps. In this case study the vulnerability of buildings to debris flows, shallow landslides and river flooding for emergency planning and for general risk reduction purposes is assessed. The implementation of the methodology leads to reasonable results indicating the vulnerable buildings and supporting the priority setting of different end-users according to their objectives. The constraints of the presented methodology are: a) the fact that the method is not hazard-intensity specific, thus, vulnerability is measured in a rather qualitative and relative way and b) the high amount of data required for its performance. However, the advantage is that it is a flexible method which can be applied for the vulnerability analysis in a multi-hazard context but also it can be adjusted to the user-specific needs to support decision-making.     

A new assessment model for evacuation vulnerability in urban areas

In the high-speed urbanization process of China, the urban population has been increasing significantly, leading to a high-density aggregation of population. However, the sharp increase in population density has not produced commensurate improvements in the road networks. On the contrary, the population increase induced a serious evacuation vulnerability, which cities experience during various hazards and catastrophic events. Therefore, research on evacuation vulnerability is important to urban planning. To assess the evacuation vulnerability, the optimal and worst scenarios should be considered because all possible evacuation plans occur between these extremes. However, most previous evacuation vulnerability studies are based on the worst-case scenario, only providing an upper bound of a potential evacuation assessment. To provide a more comprehensive theoretical basis for decision-makers to understand the consequences caused by all possible evacuations, this paper proposes an optimal evacuation vulnerability assessment model that provides the lower bound on potential evacuation difficulties. The model is solved by a stepwise spreading algorithm based on Graph Theory. Subsequently, to evaluate the effectiveness of the model, the study adopts the model to assess the evacuation capability of different road network topologies. A comparison with previous research was performed. The model was demonstrated in an application to the South Luogu Alley of Beijing, China. The significance of this paper is that the combination of our model with previous research may provide a more complete theoretical basis for an evacuation vulnerability assessment.     

典型鼠疫疫源地环境-健康脆弱性评价

鼠疫是对人类危害最重的自然疫源性传染病,它的发生、传播与地理环境密切相关。由于目前还未完全弄清它的病因形成机理,因此研究鼠疫疫源地环境-健康脆弱性,对预防鼠疫流行很有必要。选择黄鼠鼠疫疫源地典型地区内蒙古自治区赤峰市,应用13个自然与人文指标,研究鼠疫疫源地环境-健康脆弱性,分析该地区环境变化的趋势和对鼠疫流行的影响。经聚类分析和矩阵运算,得出该地区环境-健康脆弱性指标阈值。在此基础上对不同环境-健康类型区的脆弱性进行综合评价。结果表明,森林覆盖增大或城市化的地区,原来黄鼠生存的环境改变为不适宜生存的环境,发生鼠疫流行的风险性小,环境-健康脆弱度低;自然环境条件恶劣、草场退化的地区,环境-健康脆弱度高,再次流行鼠疫的可能性大。从而揭示,改善生态环境,是改变鼠疫疫源地环境-健康脆弱性、预防鼠疫流行的根本途径