Local Uniqueness in the Global Village: Heritage Tourism in Singapore

It is commonly assumed that the development of tourist attractions, the formulation of tourism policies, and the marketing of destination areas are dictated by the needs and interests of foreign visitors. What is ignored is the role that local factors and agencies play in these processes. This paper explores the way local and non-local factors are responsible for shaping the form and function of tourism development. Drawing upon the case of Singapore, I examine the country's heritage tourism phenomenon as the outcome of “local” and “global” forces. This argument is elaborated along three lines of enquiry. They include: (a) a study of the government's tourism policies; (b) an examination of marketing and promotional strategies; and (c) a look at a particular urban landscape—the Little India Historic District. To conceptualize the global-local nexus, the paper embraces two bodies of theory. They are the “locality concept” advanced by industrial geographers in the 1980s, and writings on “globalism/localism” by cultural/economic geographers in the 1990s. Both theoretical discussions reinforce the argument that place uniqueness need not be sacrificed as a result of globalization. They also provide a way of viewing tourism geographies as the product of global and local forces.     

浙江陆路交通对区域旅游空间结构及发展的影响研究

基于加权平均出行时间、“板块旅游”空间结构理论、空间计量模型等方法,探讨1996~2016年浙江陆路交通对区域旅游空间结构及发展影响。研究表明：① 交通路网建设带来城市可达性提升,其地理过程、格局呈现围绕“四大都市区”轴带放射状“Π型”演变特征。② 交通网络效应下,新增景区密集分布于邻近中心城市主要对外交通要道两侧,耦合于可达性时空演变,且“板块”旅游地域结构特征显著。③ 空间计量结果发现,交通区位、经济基础、资源禀赋等因素不同程度影响地域旅游经济发展。     

边缘型旅游地特征、形成机制与发展路径——以安徽省宣城市为例

边缘型旅游地的开发建设是中国旅游业转型升级时代面临的重要命题。随着区域经济一体化的推进和消费者消费理念的转变,一些边缘型旅游地开始逐渐成长为区域旅游发展的"潜力区",研究空间与研究意义日益凸显。以具有典型边缘性特征的宣城市为实证,从区位空间、旅游资源、旅游形象、旅游交通和旅游经济等角度剖析其多重边缘化特征,探讨边缘化形成的主要机制。地处省际交界区、地域特征典型性不足是边缘化形成的自然诱因,周边核心旅游地遮蔽效应显著是边缘化形成的空间致因,经济支撑能力薄弱是边缘化形成的经济制因,政策惠及偏少是边缘化形成的人为促因。边缘型旅游地应实施多元比附、突出个性差异、完善要素建设的发展路径。     

交通网络与城市群旅游地耦合协调演化研究

基于交通网络和城市群旅游地的双向视角,以长株潭城市群为典型案例地,构建城市群交通网络和旅游地的耦合协调演化的评价指标体系,利用综合评价法、耦合协调度模型等方法,分析二者耦合协调演化过程。结果表明：①长株潭城市群交通网络和旅游地发展水平呈协同上升态势,演化大致可以划分为两个阶段,发展水平差异呈倒“U”型下降态势。②城市群交通网络和旅游地发展空间格局均呈现出以长沙为热点区,其他城市为外围受辐射冷点区的空间格局特征,但内部空间格局的非均衡性仍然较大。③长株潭城市群交通网络和旅游地发展水平耦合协调度由“失调”阶段逐渐向“转型过渡”和“优化协调”阶段演变,长沙市一直处于高耦合协调的单极态势,中高耦合协调度地区趋于集聚于城市群东部旅游集散地,低耦合协调度区位指向远离旅游集散地的城市群西部地区。     

基于社会网络分析法的中国省际入境旅游经济增长空间关联性

收集1991~2014年有关数据,利用社会网络分析法、格兰杰因果关系检验,揭示中国省际入境旅游经济增长的空间关联特征及影响因素,结果发现：① 入境旅游经济增长空间关联网络的关联度较高,但网络整体紧密度不够。② 经济越发达的地区,个体网络密度越高,空间上呈现出阶梯式特征。③ 担任“发动机”的第二板块所含省市,将入境旅游经济增长“动能”沿发挥经纪人作用的第一板块所含省市,传递给第三、四板块所含省市。④ 入境旅游人数关联、旅游资源分布、经济发展关联、交通便捷度是影响入境旅游经济增长空间关联的重要因素。     

农村居民旅游动机分析及其对旅游目的地类型选择的影响研究——以长江三角洲地区为例

以长江三角洲地区为例,首先采用主成分分析法分析农村居民旅游动机,然后通过构建对数回归方程研究旅游动机对“现代化的大城市”、“中小城市”、“历史文化城市”、“旅游城镇”、“山区”和“乡村旅游地”等六大旅游目的地选择的影响程度。研究结果表明：① 长江三角洲农村居民外出旅游动机主要停留在观光游览层次。② 长江三角洲农村居民对探亲访友旅游动机的赞同感知度较低,但探亲访友对于不同目的地选择具有一定影响。③ 长江三角洲农村居民外出旅游非常重视通过旅游能提升其在家人、亲戚、朋友中的地位与声望的功能。④ 旅游安全问题对提升农村居民出游力非常重要,同时农村居民非常注重旅游目的地住宿设施能营造家外之家的感觉。     

HSR mechanisms and effects on the spatial structure of regional tourism in China

Chinese railway has entered the “HSR era”, while the structure of “four vertical and four horizontal” railways for transit passengers is almost completed. Taking the Beijing- Shanghai High-Speed Rail (hereinafter referred to as HSR) as an example, this paper first explores HSR’s effects on the spatial structure of regional tourist flows using the social network analysis. Next, it notes changes in the accessibility of regional transportation. After analyzing the factors including initial endowment of regional tourism resources, hospitality facilities, the density of the regional tourism transportation network, and locations, the paper discusses the mechanisms through which HSR affects regional tourist flows. The study shows the following: (1) HSR’s effects on the spatial structure of regional tourist flows are manifested through the Matthew effect, the filtering effect, the diffusion effect and the overlying effect, and (2) the Matthew effect of HSR is manifested under an obvious interaction of the location, the initial endowment of tourism resources, hospitality capacity, tourist transportation network density and “time-space compression”. The filtering effect of HSR is manifested for those tourism nodes without favorable location conditions, endowment of tourism resources, hospitality capacity, or tourist transportation network density and without obvious benefits from “time-space compression”. Those tourism nodes that boast advantages in terms of location condition, endowment of tourism resources, hospitality capacity, tourist transportation network density and obvious “time-space compression” will become sources for the diffusion effect. HSR will strengthen the aggregation effects of tourist flow in these diffusion sources, which will thereafter diffuse to peripheral tourist areas, manifesting “aggregation-diffusion”. HSR has overlapped tourists’ spatial traveling range over large-scale spaces. However, the overlying effect is only generated in those tourism nodes with a favorable location condition, an endowment of tourism resources, hospitality capacity, tourist transportation network density, and obvious “time-space compression”.     

新疆旅游经济网络特征的时空演变研究——基于修正的引力模型及社会网络分析

通过构建"旅游综合质量"评价指标,继而将引力模型进行修正以衡量各区域间旅游经济联系度并运用社会网络分析方法探究了2008—2017年新疆15个地州旅游经济的空间网络特征。结果表明:(1) 2008—2017年间,新疆旅游经济关联网络密度的均值仅为0.356、网络效率均值为0.718、网络等级度均值为0.367。(2) 10 a间,乌鲁木齐市、伊犁州直属、喀什地区、昌吉州、吐鲁番市等地属于度数中心度与中间中心度双高区域;阿勒泰地区、巴州等地属于度数中心度较高、中间中心度较低区域;克拉玛依市属于度数中心度较低,中间中心度较高区域;博州、和田地区、哈密地区、塔城地区、克州、阿克苏地区、石河子市等地属于度数中心度、中间中心度双低区域。(3)乌鲁木齐市、昌吉州、喀什地区、伊犁州直属、阿勒泰地区等地在研究时限内属于"双向溢出板块";石河子市、克拉玛依市、巴州、吐鲁番市属于"经纪人板块";博州、哈密地区、塔城地区属于"净受益板块";阿克苏地区、克州、和田地区属于"主受益板块"。本文旨在丰富旅游经济网络研究视角,同时为新疆各地州旅游经济发展与合作提供量化依据。     

Who Is “Forest‐Dependent”? Capturing Local Variation in Forest‐Product Sale,Eastern Honduras

How researchers describe groups living within or near the world's tropical rain forests has important implications for how and why these groups are targeted for assistance by conservation and development organizations. This article explores how data about market behavior can be used to assess one aspect of forest peoples’ livelihoods: their “dependence” on forest resources as a source of market income. With the intent of revealing the importance of methodology to how we describe forest peoples’ livelihoods, I draw from a multiyear survey of market activity among the Tawahka Sumu of Honduras and distinguish nested measures of the Tawahkas’ engagement in forest‐product sale. Results indicate that whether or not the Tawahka —or any forest group — can be considered financially “dependent” on forest resources depends on the spatial and temporal scales at which data are aggregated. As a group, the Tawahka earned 18 percent of total market income from forest‐product sale, but their group profile masked a high degree of heterogeneity at the village and household level. Similarly, multiyear data indicated that while group‐level generalizations adhere from year to year, they belie considerable change in households’ market behavior across years. I discuss three ways in which the findings are relevant to the theory and practice of conservation and development in the humid tropics. I emphasize the importance of spatial scale in interventions, how market‐oriented conservation schemes can benefit from a broader conceptualization of the economic context in which forest‐product sale occurs, and how longitudinal analysis can reveal the dynamism of forest peoples’ livelihoods.     

基于UGC文本挖掘的城市旅游客流网络结构研究——以西安市为例

旅游流是旅游地理学研究的一项重要命题,理解游客的空间流动特征对城市旅游的发展有重要意义。通过对穷游网UGC文本数据的挖掘,依托图论理论构建了一种可以同时保留旅游客流的有向性与加权性的流网络结构描述方法,并对西安市区域层面与节点层面的旅游客流网络结构进行研究。结果表明:(1)城市旅游的客流存在明显的网络结构特征,客流网络结构主要由区域(节点)的中心程度决定;(2)城市旅游客流结构与旅游主体功能分区高度耦合;(3)区域(节点)主体功能的时空属性也是影响旅游客流结构的一个重要因素;(4)通过对区域(节点)净外向程度的分析,可以得到其旅游“集”“散”功能的偏重,可为具体区域的旅游发展提供借鉴与启示。     

中国中心城市旅游出行的空间分布规律与结构图谱研究

通过全国338个地级及以上城市旅游出行大数据,应用基于O-D联系的ArcGIS空间分析和Gephi网络分析,深入挖掘旅游数字足迹所蕴涵的“位空间”与“流空间”信息,全景式解析中国旅游出行的空间分布规律与结构特征。研究显示,全国旅游出行的总体空间分布呈现出“菱形”空间架构。全国旅游出行的“核心-边缘”结构特征显著,国家主要中心城市及城市群在旅游出行方面拥有强大的辐射带动作用。依据旅游出行强度指标,并综合考虑地理区位、空间联系、职能定位等因素,将中心城市按旅游出行能力划分为国家综合中心、国家门户中心、区域中心、省域中心、地方中心5个等级体系,旅游出行的城市等级规模递增特征极其明显。大数据显示,全国旅游出行的适宜距离为600~2 000 km,最佳出行距离为1 200 km,人均旅游出行距离为1 060 km,不同等级中心城市旅游出行随着空间距离增加总体上呈现波动衰减特征。旅游联系网络分析显示,在区域尺度上,全国形成了以北京-天津、上海-杭州、广州-深圳、成都-重庆为核心的4个旅游社团联系网络,区域旅游出行“各自为政”,而大空间尺度上旅游出行是“全国一盘棋”。研究通过划分不同空间距离区段,对中心城市旅游出行分布规律及其社团结构进行多尺度、分层次的扫描式空间解构,从而实现更加精准和细致的空间刻画与结构图谱展现。     

PRODUCTIVITY RATINGS BASED ON SOIL SERIES: A METHODOLOGICAL CRITIQUE

How researchers describe groups living within or near the world's tropical rain forests has important implications for how and why these groups are targeted for assistance by conservation and development organizations. This article explores how data about market behavior can be used to assess one aspect of forest peoples’ livelihoods: their “dependence” on forest resources as a source of market income. With the intent of revealing the importance of methodology to how we describe forest peoples’ livelihoods, I draw from a multiyear survey of market activity among the Tawahka Sumu of Honduras and distinguish nested measures of the Tawahkas’ engagement in forest-product sale. Results indicate that whether or not the Tawahka —or any forest group — can be considered financially “dependent” on forest resources depends on the spatial and temporal scales at which data are aggregated. As a group, the Tawahka earned 18 percent of total market income from forest-product sale, but their group profile masked a high degree of heterogeneity at the village and household level. Similarly, multiyear data indicated that while group-level generalizations adhere from year to year, they belie considerable change in households’ market behavior across years. I discuss three ways in which the findings are relevant to the theory and practice of conservation and development in the humid tropics. I emphasize the importance of spatial scale in interventions, how market-oriented conservation schemes can benefit from a broader conceptualization of the economic context in which forest-product sale occurs, and how longitudinal analysis can reveal the dynamism of forest peoples’ livelihoods.     

旅游业能源消耗与碳排放研究进展及启示

随着旅游业的快速发展,旅游业能源消耗和碳排放已成为影响全球气候变化的重要因素之一。在概述国内外旅游业能源消耗和碳排放研究历程的基础上,对区域旅游业、旅游交通、旅游住宿、旅游活动、旅游景区的能耗和碳排放测度、旅游业对全球气候变化的缓解与适应等方面的国内外相关文献进行了系统的梳理和分析。结果显示:国外研究相对综合和深入,对旅游业能耗与碳排放的结构及其定量测算与情景分析方面进行了系统分析,形成了基于"测定—减排—补偿"体系化的节能减排措施。国内研究起步较晚,需在旅游业能耗和碳排放重点领域的定量测度、情景分析和动态预测、深化研究内容等方面更加深入,为我国旅游业节能减排、低碳发展提供科学依据。     

Alternative tourism geographies: Leveraging the ironic case of Pennsylvania's Route 666 for economic development

Our paper reconciles dark tourism with phantasmal destination tourism in order to promote the potential for successfully marketing roadways numbered “666” as an economic development strategy appropriate to distressed localities in the USA. We focus our attention on the David Zeisberger Highway in rural Pennsylvania as a case study. We propose a routes 666 phantasmal tourism promotion that socially constructs a “magical reality” with niche tourism potential by tapping into what we identify as the already latent power of “The Beast” widespread in the public imagination as inspired by the Book of Revelation 13:18 (“Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six.”). We combine the premises and conceptualizations set forth in dark tourism, phantasmal destination, applied tourism and rural geography, and rural tourism research with scientific insights provided by “the fallacy of selective thinking” to argue that 666 roadways can offer a marketable “looking for the Beast” experience. Our case study of Pennsylvania Route 666 envisions the potential of this roadway as a prototype “Route 666 looking for The Beast experience”. We find a synergy and new economic potential in the combination of dark tourism and phantasmal destination tourism concepts that inspire explorations of new frontiers in tourism for economic development. Our study is innovative in its conception and proposes a rational and specific plan for rural economic development involving niche tourism promotion.     

A story of “communities”: boundaries,geographical composition and social coherence in a forest conservation project,Northern Cambodia

Explicit notions of “communities”, as key actors in conservation and development projects across the Global South, are common. Narratives about “indigenous people” or “forest-dependent communities” in forest conservation programmes prevail, portraying a picture of “communities” as homogeneous and harmonious entities. In this study, we unfold “communities” as a construct with an empirical example of a community-based forest protection project, Northern Cambodia. Based on qualitative interviews, field observations and document analysis, we examine the “community” construct in terms of establishment of boundaries, geographical composition and social coherence. We not only find that the establishment of forest “community” boundaries are dominated by powerful external actors rather than the “community members” themselves, but that the spatial composition of “communities” is complex, and affects the ability of local people to benefit from the project. We also find that the studied “communities” show low levels of social coherence and mainly consist of migrant farmers, as opposed to common policy narratives. Taking these inconsistencies into account, we discuss implications of constructing “communities” for the success of forest conservation projects, and argue in favour of more discursive and political analyses to better understand, acknowledge and adapt to existing and changing conditions in present and prospective project locations.     

民族旅游地区家空间的主客角色冲突研究——以丽江白沙村为例

以社会角色与角色冲突的相关理论为指导,以云南丽江白沙村当地纳西族居民家的微观空间为研究对象,对当地居民与游客在互动过程中的角色冲突质性进行了研究。研究发现,当地少数民族居民与汉族游客在家空间的互动过程中,双方各自存在角色内冲突的现象,同时彼此之间也存在两种角色间冲突现象。互动双方在处理这些角色冲突的过程中,既反映出当地居民对经济利益的诉求,也反映出当地居民与游客在家空间中的地位与权力关系。     

京津冀雄旅游经济空间结构研究

利用引力模型和社会网络分析法,采用网络密度、网络中心度和核心边缘指数,对2013和2016年的京津冀雄地区的旅游经济空间结构进行分析。分析发现：① 旅游经济联系度和联系量提高显著,旅游经济联系有均质化趋势。② 网络结构呈现北部和南部相对稀疏,中东部相对密集的非均质格局。③ 雄安新区是旅游网络空间的战略节点,该区将促进京津冀旅游均质化发展。④ 具有一定的核心-边缘区结构,北京和天津为核心区;邢台和雄安为边缘地区;其他区域为中间区。石家庄和邯郸将成为除京津之外的旅游经济网络结构中心。京津冀雄逐步从“两核独大”网络格局向“两核带动,多点发展”转变,区域整体网络化初步形成。     

旅游业发展产业协同与荷兰病效应研究——基于胡焕庸线的思考

基于新古典经济增长理论,构建旅游业发展的产业结构效应理论分析模型,建立旅游业发展产业协同与荷兰病效应的评价指标,利用Theil指数及嵌套分解分析其时空差异的演变格局。以"胡焕庸线"为地理区域边界、以优秀旅游城市为关键节点,基于2000—2017年中国60个优秀旅游城市的面板数据进行实证分析显示:旅游业发展对第一、二、三产业的产业协同与荷兰病效应同时显著存在,总体上分别表现为荷兰病效应、较差的产业协同效应、较强的产业协同效应;时空演变的总体差异显著,呈现出"平稳递增-快速递减-平稳递减"的变化规律;旅游业快速发展的产业结构效应空间差异显著,不能有效突破"胡焕庸线"锁定的旅游经济地理格局。     

云南省旅游资源与生态安全协调发展的时空演化特征及障碍因子分析

自然、经济和社会构成的复合生态系统为旅游资源的赋存和开发提供条件,而丰富的旅游资源不仅能够促进旅游业发展,也为推动社会经济发展和自然环境保护提供了重要力量.运用线性加权法、耦合协调度模型和趋势分析等方法探究了云南省16个州市旅游资源与生态安全耦合协调发展现状及其障碍因子,研究发现:①尽管云南87.50％的州市旅游资源与...     

旅游孤岛效应演化机理研究——以云南普者黑旅游区为例

以云南省文山壮族苗族自治州丘北县普者黑旅游区为案例地,基于旅游地利益相关者之间的博弈关系,构建了旅游孤岛效应演化模型,探讨旅游区与周边社区相互关系及其影响的演化机理,揭示旅游孤岛效应如何实现从弱到强的转变过渡.结论显示,按博弈关系、空间形态等可将普者黑旅游区发展划分为起步、成长、孤立、对立4个阶段,对应着旅游孤岛效应演...