Pb-Zn (Ba) deposits of the oriental Saharan Atlas (north-east of Algeria): distribution,control and implications for mining exploration

Analysis and integration of geological/metallogenic data and digitally processed gravimetric/aeromagnetic data to the oriental Saharan Atlas domain were carried out to understand the spatial distribution and structural control on Pb-Zn (Ba) deposits of the oriental Saharan Atlas. The use of this combined technique suggests that most of mineral deposits appear to be regionally controlled by structural trends (subparallel NE-SW-trending) along margins of subsiding sedimentary basins. Mineralization occurs along or near major NE-SW-trending faults, locally intersected by NW-SE-trending faults. In addition, mineral deposits are usually either inside anticlinal hinge zones (example, Merouana, Ichmoul and Ain Mimoum ore deposits) or on the flanks of anticlinal structures (example, Ain Bougda ore deposit). In “diapiric zone”, mineral deposits are generally located on diapiric structures borders (peridiapiric concentrations), related to NE-SW/NE-SW and E-W-trending faults. Other mineral concentrations occurs along the margins of tectonic troughs zones (example, Morsott trough) resulting probably by NW-SE-trending deep faults movement. In summary, our research suggested that regional parameters, such as NE-SW/NW-SE-trending lineaments, intersections of these lineament zones and margins of subsiding sedimentary basins/diapiric structures, serve as significant indicators and provides a valuable framework for guiding the early stages of Pb-Zn (Ba) mineral exploration; other considerations must then be applied in this region, like integration of surficial geochemical anomalies that allows better delineation of targets for further mineral exploration.     

Using Remote Sensing Data to Delineate the Lineaments for Hydrothermal Mineral Prediction in Heqing Area, Northwest Yunnan Province, China

Lineament extraction and analysis is one of the routine work in mapping medium and large areas using remote sensing data, most of which are satellite images. Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper （ETM） of 945×1 232 pixels subscene acquired on 21 March 2000 covering the northwestern part of Yunnan Province has been digitally processed using ER Mapper software. This article aims to produce lineament density map that predicts favorable zones for hydrothermal mineral occurrences and quantify spatial associations between the known hydrothermal mineral deposits. In the process of lineament extraction a number of image processing techniques were applied. The extracted lineaments were imported into MapGIS software and a suitable grid of 100 m×100 m was chosen. The Kriging method was used to create the lineament density map of the area. The results show that remote sensing data could be useful to extract the lineaments in the area. These lineaments are closely correlated with the faults obtained through other geological investigation methods. On comparing with field data the lineament-density map identifies two important high prospective zones, where large-scale deposits are already existing. In addition the map highlights unrecognized target areas that require follow up investigation.     

安徽晓天中生代火山岩盆地金矿成矿地质条件

本文依据区内金矿床地质特征、矿化与火山作用、矿物流体包裹体的研究,阐明区内金矿成矿条件:火山岩基底变质岩是金矿"原始矿源岩";中生代岩浆部分熔融了"原始矿源岩"所形成的后生矿源岩"为金矿成矿提供了物质来源;毛坦厂组形成时期的火山活动及与之有关的火山(次火山)热液使金发生活化、迁移,并在有利部位富集成矿;火山构造及与火山活动有关的断裂构造控制了矿化部位.流体包裹体和稳定同位素研究结果表明,成矿热液主要来自天水,少量来自岩浆.成矿物质是在低fO₂、fS₂,pH≈7的弱还原条件下沉淀的.     

中国与基性—超基性岩有关的Cu－Ni（Pt）矿床成矿系列类型

中国与基性—超基性岩有关的Ｃｕ－Ｎｉ（Ｐｔ）矿床，主要形成于以前寒武系为基底的大陆裂谷，部分形成于增生褶皱带中显生宙地层为基底的裂陷槽环境。根据形成时代、当时所在的构造环境单元及成矿岩浆系列，划分为９个矿床成矿系列和８个矿床成矿亚系列。成矿时代以元古代、晚古生代为主。现今，矿床主要分布于地台边缘，造山带中也有产出，但不代表其当时形成的地质背景。成矿物质来源为上地幔，原始岩浆以上地幔部分熔融的高ＭｇＯ拉斑玄武岩（拉斑橄榄玄武岩）岩浆系列为特征，也有钙碱性岩浆（喀拉通克）和科马提岩岩浆系列（桂北）。地壳物质混染比较普遍。矿床成因类型主要为岩浆熔离型，且以硅酸盐岩浆上侵前的深部熔离作用为主。还有热液成因类型（煎茶岭）。矿床成矿系列的时空分布与中国大陆的构造演化密切相关     

珲春-汪清地区成矿地质条件及找矿方向

吉林珲春-汪清地区已发现的有色金属、贵金属、稀有金属、放射性金属和黑色金属矿产计11种.这些矿产与下古生界五道沟群地层,中生代火山岩系,华力西-燕山期中酸性侵入岩、次火山岩,东西向、南北向构造及火山构造密切相关     

航空重力局部异常地质成因分类及找矿意义

以我国首次试验的航空重力数据为基础,通过局部重力异常的突出方法处理和反演拟合,结合航磁、地震、钻井等资料,按照引起局部异常的地质体性质,将研究区的局部重力异常划分为6类,即与基岩凸起有关的局部异常、与基岩凹陷有关的局部异常、与侵入岩有关的局部异常、与喷出岩有关的局部异常、与中酸性岩浆岩中老地层有关的局部异常、与深部地幔柱有关的局部异常.每类局部异常又可根据具体的地质体属性划分为若干种局部异常,并构成某种矿产资源的反映.其中,基岩凸起异常、基岩凹陷异常、岩浆岩体异常分别构成油气田、煤田、金属矿床的重要找矿标志.正确认识局部重力异常及其成因,是航空重力地质资源调查的目标之一,具有重要的找矿意义.     

鹅公山火山盆地铀多金属矿成矿条件分析

鹅公山火山盆地是赣杭构造火山岩带铀多金属矿产较丰富的火山盆地。在整理前人勘查成果资料的基础上,总结了铀、金、银成矿地质特征,从火山盆地成矿元素聚集、构造、岩浆活动、围岩蚀变、隐爆作用及幔源物质等方面对火山盆地铀多金属矿成矿条件进行了分析,认为中生代强烈的火山岩浆活动及其作用,为火山盆地火山—潜火山热液型铀多金属成矿提供了有利的地质条件。文章建议加强隐爆角砾岩与成矿关系及幔源物质参与成矿作用的研究。     

Recognition of the regional lineaments of Iran: Using geospatial data and their implications for exploration of metallic ore deposits

The relationship between major structural lineaments and locations of ore deposits in Iran has been investigated using geospatial data. In the course of lineament extraction, satellite images, aeromagnetic data, digital elevation model (DEM) and structural maps were processed and the lineaments and large-scale faults were identified. The extracted lineaments, based on subjective assessment, from each dataset were imported into GIS software and the “lineament map of Iran” was prepared by data integration. The analysis for selecting significant lineament was mainly based on fault correlated lineament and lineament with field map fractures, which was sets as benchmarks for compiling a final output map. Four major regional lineament trends of N–S, E–W, NW–SE and NE–SW were identified in the data of all images, which are corresponded to the structural zones and the major fault systems of Iran. The mineral deposits (active and abandoned) and mineral indications database compiled are based on the published maps, papers, reports and the ore deposits data files of Geological Survey of Iran. Integrating the output of these two datasets by GIS software resulted in the “Combined Map of Lineaments and Gold, Copper, Lead, Zinc and Iron Deposits of Iran”. The number and distance of ore deposits toward the lineaments were processed by the counting and cumulative methods in the GIS software's. Approximately, over 90% of the ore deposits of Iran are located in the central part of the lineaments (15 km on each side) which are concordant with a definition of large lineament. About 50% of these mineral deposits are closer than 5 km to the lineaments. There are significant correlations between lineament density and intersections with ore deposits occurrences. The observed associations at this scale are informative in establishing exploration strategy and decreasing exploration risks for detailed work on ore deposit scale.     

对670地区铀成矿的认识

本文分析和归纳了蒙山破火山口主要地质特征及其对６７０地区铀成矿所起的控制作用，论证了赋矿火山岩为壳幔混源、以壳源为主的岩浆产物；探讨了该区铀矿的成矿物质来源、成矿物化条件及其形成过程，认为该区铀矿属富铀基底地层重熔的火山岩浆期后含铀热液成因模式，其成矿物质由重熔岩浆分异演化而来，在近地表富氧、低温、张性火山构造中沉淀成矿。     

Late Tertiary Gold-Bearing Volcanic Belt in the Sierras Pampeanas of San Luis,Argentina

In the Sierras Pampeanas of San Luis, Argentina, Late Tertiary volcanic rocks extend along a 80-km NW-SE-trending belt, between La Carolina and Sierra del Morro. Several gold deposits, among which those in the western end of the belt are better known, are genetically related to the volcanic rocks, formed during a volcanic episode that occurred between 9.5 Ma and 1.9 Ma. Located 600 km from the Peru-Chile trench, the volcanic belt represents the easternmost and youngest mineralized magmatic manifestation associated with the shallowing of the Nazca plate in the flat-slab Andean segment extending from 28° to 33° S Lat.

The volcanic complex includes lavas and volcaniclastic rocks. Small-volume lavas were emplaced as domes, flows, and dikes. Pyroclastic deposits are associated with them in certain areas, such as at La Carolina, Cerro Tiporco, and Sierra del Morro. At La Carolina, phreatomagmatic breccias and base-surge deposits define a maar-diatreme volcanic setting. At Cerro Tiporco and Sierra del Morro, the volcaniclastic units are related to the formation of calderas. Mesosilicic magmas (SiO₂ = 59% to 68%) belong to normal to high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonitic magma types. At both local and regional scales, K enrichment accompanies progressively decreasing age. Although the volcanic rocks differ from the typical Andean series, some geochemical features, such as Ta and Ti depletion, high large-ion-lithophile-element (LILE) contents, and arc-like Ba/La and La/Ta ratios, indicate an arc signature.

In the La Carolina zone, the most important mineralization is the La Carolina volcanic-hosted, low-sulfidation, epithermal gold deposit. Here, several gold and base-metal-bearing epithermal veins cut basement rocks. In the Canada Honda district, the most important mineral deposits are the Diente Verde gold-rich porphyry copper deposit and low-sulfidation epithermal gold and base-metal veins hosted by both basement and coeval volcanics.

There is no strong evidence of gold-bearing mineral deposits on the eastern side of the volcanic belt. However, there are hydrothermal alteration zones at Cerros del Rosario and El Morro as well as traces of gold at the Santa Isabel calcareous onyx deposit and inside the Sierra del Morro caldera. In addition, favorable volcanic structures, such as the calderas at Tiporco, Cerro Lomita, and El Morro, make the eastern side of the belt an interesting target for mineral exploration.     

中国铅锌矿产资源成矿特征与资源潜力评价

近年来经济的快速发展导致铅锌矿产资源需求大量增加,使得我国的铅锌资源储备形势依然严峻。基于此,在全国开展铅锌矿产资源潜力评价工作,通过总结铅锌矿地质矿产成果,掌握铅锌矿产资源现状,预测未查明的铅锌矿产资源潜力,能够更好地满足未来铅锌矿产资源规划部署及合理利用的需要。在系统梳理全国29个省级行政单位铅锌矿产资源潜力评价成果的基础上,总结中国铅锌矿时空分布规律特征,结合传统的矿床模型以及全国重要矿产预测类型划分方案划分了铅锌矿矿产预测类型,将全国铅锌矿划分为9类矿产预测类型,分别是层控碳酸盐岩型（MVT）、碳酸盐岩细碎屑岩型（SEDEX）、砂砾岩型、沉积改造型、陆相火山岩型、海相火山岩型、岩浆热液型、夕卡岩型和风化壳型;分析了重要成矿区带的铅锌矿矿产预测类型、成矿时代,总结了各成矿区带主要类型铅锌矿区域预测要素,建立了主要类型铅锌矿区域预测模型。结合全国大地构造相图、全国成矿区带图以及全国各级预测区分布图等资料,划分了15个铅锌矿成矿省和47个Ⅲ级成矿区带,以成矿省(成矿区带)为主线开展矿产资源潜力评价和预测工作,为勘查部署提供依据。     

The giant Carlin gold province: a protracted interplay of orogenic, basinal, and hydrothermal processes above a lithospheric boundary

Northern Nevada hosts the only province that contains multiple world-class Carlin-type gold deposits. The first-order control on the uniqueness of this province is its anomalous far back-arc tectonic setting over the rifted North American paleocontinental margin that separates Precambrian from Phanerozoic subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Globally, most other significant gold provinces form in volcanic arcs and accreted terranes proximal to convergent margins. In northern Nevada, periodic reactivation of basement faults along this margin focused and amplified subsequent geological events. Early basement faults localized Devonian synsedimentary extension and normal faulting. These controlled the geometry of the Devonian sedimentary basin architecture and focused the discharge of basinal brines that deposited syngenetic gold along the basin margins. Inversion of these basins and faults during subsequent contraction produced the complex elongate structural culminations that characterize the anomalous mineral deposit “trends.” Subsequently, these features localized repeated episodes of shallow magmatic and hydrothermal activity that also deposited some gold. During a pulse of Eocene extension, these faults focused advection of Carlin-type fluids, which had the opportunity to leach gold from gold-enriched sequences and deposit it in reactive miogeoclinal host rocks below the hydrologic seal at the Roberts Mountain thrust contact. Hence, the vast endowment of the Carlin province resulted from the conjunction of spatially superposed events localized by long-lived basement structures in a highly anomalous tectonic setting, rather than by the sole operation of special magmatic or fluid-related processes. An important indicator of the longevity of this basement control is the superposition of different gold deposit types (e.g., Sedex, porphyry, Carlin-type, epithermal, and hot spring deposits) that formed repeatedly between the Devonian and Miocene time along the trends. Interestingly, the large Cretaceous Alaska–Yukon intrusion-related gold deposits (e.g., Fort Knox) are associated with the northern extension of the same lithospheric margin in the Selwyn basin, which experienced an analogous series of geologic events.     

通化二密地区中生代火山成矿作用及找矿方向

通过对二密地区中生代火山活动规律，岩浆演化序列、火山喷发期次与成矿作用的研究，对控制火山活动的基底断裂构造的调查，以及松顶山石英闪长岩（次火山岩）岩石单位的划分，认为：该地区成矿与中生代侏罗纪火山活动密切相关；成矿时间长、期次多、矿体类型复杂；区内尚存在很好的找矿远景，按照新的找矿方向，在火山活动中心成矿条件有利于段采用有效的找矿手段，有望找到新的矿产基地或隐伏的工业矿体。     

Copper‐gold mineralisation in New Guinea: Tectonics,lineaments, thermochronology and structure

In New Guinea, the upper crust is rich in Late Miocene and Pliocene copper‐gold deposits, yet the host intrusives are mainly in the New Guinea Fold Belt and are of mantle origin and not directly subduction‐related. Structural, thermochronological and geodynamic analyses of the Grasberg, Porgera, Ok Tedi and Frieda River deposits show that the richest deposits occur along the eastern edge of the intersections between long‐lived crustal transfers perpendicular to strike and strike‐parallel crustal extensional faults that were strongly inverted during Late Miocene ‐ Pliocene orogenesis. The deposits are all associated with north‐northeast‐trending transfers, parallel to the aeromagnetic grain in basement, across which the continent‐ocean suture shows >50 km horizontal separation, as identified by the southern limit of the central New Guinea ophiolites. In the fold belt, the transfers coincide with the termination of regional anticlines or uplifts that are 150–200 km long and 30–60 km wide. Balanced sections reveal that the southern limit of these regional anticlines is commonly fault‐bound and coincides with major facies and thickness changes, indicating long‐lived, crustal extensional faults that were inverted. Fission track and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar cooling ages show that mineralisation occurred during inversion of these faults and, hence, correlates with propagation of orogenesis from northeast to southwest. It is proposed that the pre‐compression New Guinea margin comprised step‐like promontories and embayments delineated by long‐lived crustal fracture zones, as on Australia's North West Shelf. During Late Miocene ‐ Pliocene compression the crust was thickened, accompanying melting of the underlying mantle, and the crustal fracture zones were reactivated as transfers. Where the transfers intersected crustal extensional faults that were being inverted, local zones of dilation occurred, allowing emplacement of mantle magmas and associated mineralisation. When the deformation propagated southwards, so did the crustal thickening and the reactivation of major faults, allowing emplacement of younger magmas and mineralisation.     

石墨矿床分布特征、成因类型及勘查进展

[研究目的]石墨已成为新兴技术产业的重要原材料,也是未来高新技术发展的重要关键性矿产资源.中国既是石墨资源大国,也是生产消费大国,摸清石墨矿产资源分布现状,总结不同成因类型石墨矿床地质特征及成矿规律对保障石墨有效供给具有重要意义.[研究方法]搜集已公开发表或出版的石墨矿产资料,对石墨矿床地质特征、物质来源及成因等内容进...     

柬埔寨柏威夏省罗文铁矿床地质特征及成因浅析

罗文铁矿位于柬埔寨北部柏威夏省罗文县境内,区域上位于罗文真基底穹窿中部,是柬埔寨铁矿产资源的重要产地。该矿区燕山期中酸性岩浆喷发-侵入活动强烈,原生矿体主要呈似层状、透镜状、脉状、囊状产于安山岩、闪长玢岩、凝灰岩等火山岩中,大部分赋矿围岩蚀变发育,主要有矽卡岩化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化、硅化、黑云母化、碳酸盐化等。通过对矿石组构、矿物共生组合、围岩蚀变特征分析,该矿床形成划分为岩浆期和热液期2个成矿期,进一步分为3个成矿阶段:透辉石-石榴子石-磁铁矿阶段、透辉石-石榴子石-透闪石-绿泥石-磁铁矿阶段、黄铁矿(黄铜矿)-镜铁矿-碳酸盐矿物阶段。笔者在野外地质调查和室内分析研究的基础上,认为罗文铁矿矿床成因与火山-次火山岩及其热液活动有关,成矿主要受火山机构尤其是火山口、火山颈相控制,属火山-次火山岩型铁矿床。     

沽源火山盆地铀钼多金属成矿地质条件分析及找矿方向

沽源火山盆地是我国北方重要的铀钼多金属矿勘查基地和矿业开发基地。文章在总结矿床地质特征的基础上,重点分析了多金属矿成矿地质条件、矿化特征和成矿时代以及成矿作用与中生代次火山岩和断裂构造关系。认为在盆地基底变质岩中寻找岩浆热液叠加改造型的层控铅锌银金矿床、在盆地火山岩盖层中寻找火山岩热液型铀钼矿床具有良好的找矿前景。     

新疆塔什库尔干县一带铁多金属矿床成矿地质特征及找矿潜力分析

作者对研究区做了多次踏勘与详细检查,对塔什库尔干县一带铁多金属矿床的成矿地质特征获得了一些新的认识。区内已发现的34处铁多金属矿产地多为中-小型规模,矿化类型以沉积变质型、矽卡岩型及岩浆热液脉型为主。通过对典型矿床的对比研究,并结合航磁异常解释和化探异常分析,认为研究区内各类型矿产分布具一定的规律性,且成矿范围广、矿化集中、品位较富。表明研究区成矿地质背景优越,具有较好的找矿前景和资源潜力。     

康滇地轴北缘新台子金矿区矿床地质特征及找矿方向浅析

新台子金矿区在成矿区带上属于海西期构造剪切带金成矿带,该带受丹巴弧形构造、大渡河韧性剪切构造及海西期基性-超基性岩浆活动的共同影响,以分布丰富的矿产资源为特征,是扬子地块西缘重要的贵金属成矿带。文章综合分析了区内矿床地质、控矿构造、矿石矿物、蚀变组合等成矿地质条件,将区内矿床成因类型确定为浅层低温热液石英脉型和构造破碎带蚀变岩型。两种矿床类型均受到地层、构造、岩浆岩的控制,具备形成小-中型规模金矿床的有利条件:①新台子金矿区及其邻区贵金属成矿带的成矿物源主要是前震旦系康定群;②深大断裂是多源成矿物质迁移的主要通道,壳源岩浆活动为成矿物质活化提供了热源;③泥盆系危关群炭质绢云板岩、千枚岩等黑色岩系作为有机化学障,使自下而上的含矿流体内的金元素沉淀、聚集成矿。     

高精度航磁资料在得耳布尔地区找矿中的应用

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